Crabs have adapted in various ways to live in different environments. Their legs, carapace, claws, color and patterns all help with functions like movement, protection from predators, catching food, attracting mates, and camouflage depending on whether they live in rocky, sandy, or coral areas under the sea. The document provides examples of how specific leg shapes, carapace features, claw types, and colorations assist crabs in different habitats.
Earth is the third planet from the sun, made up of a crust, mantle, and core. It formed over 4 billion years ago from meteorites and asteroids that collided and settled into orbit around the sun, allowing life to develop over time, starting with plants and dinosaurs. However, a large comet struck Earth, destroying most life. Eventually, chimpanzees evolved into early humans who discovered tools, fire, and the wheel, allowing civilization and technology to progress. However, modern human activity has caused extensive pollution of air, water, soil, and noise, threatening the planet. Actions must be taken to reduce pollution and protect Earth.
The document summarizes the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages. During the Paleolithic Age, early humans hunted and gathered their food and lived nomadic lifestyles in temporary shelters like caves. In the Neolithic Age, humans transitioned to farming and domesticating animals, living in permanent settlements of timber or mud brick homes near their crops. Their clothing transitioned from primarily animal furs during Paleolithic times to continuing to use furs but also early wool fabrics during the Neolithic Age.
Ankylosaurs roamed the Earth during the latter half of the Cretaceous period, around 65-72 million years ago. The biggest reptiles to ever roam the planet Earth.
Visit for more information.
https://vistosa505.000webhostapp.com/
Early humans lived off the land, eating fruits and fish and raw meat since they were unaware of fire. They stood upright, unlike apes, and lived in groups in trees or caves for protection from wild animals. Their clothes were made from leaves, animal hides, and grass to protect from heat and cold. They used stone tools like hammer stones and flakes, as well as wooden and bone tools, to hunt large animals and access new foods. A key development was the discovery of fire through rubbing stones together, which allowed cooking of food and keeping warm. The invention of the wheel, initially using tree trunks as wheels, revolutionized transportation by allowing pulling of carts and connecting isolated groups.
The document provides information about dinosaurs, including that the word dinosaur means "terrible lizard," dinosaurs lived until around 65 million years ago and likely went extinct due to an asteroid or volcano, and there were two main types of dinosaurs - Saurischia and Ornithischia - which were distinguished by differences in their hip structure and included herbivorous and carnivorous subgroups.
Dinosaurs evolved from reptiles called archosaurs during the Triassic period. They walked on two legs, unlike modern crocodiles, and some evidence suggests dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Dinosaur names come from Greek and Latin words describing various physical attributes. During the Jurassic period, climate changes resulted from shifting continents and seas, creating favorable conditions for dinosaurs to diversify. The Cretaceous period saw further changes to plants and herbivore groups, as well as rising sea levels, until the mass extinction at the end of this era.
Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago before humans existed. They came in a wide range of sizes from as small as a chicken to over 30 meters long. While no one knows for sure what dinosaurs sounded like or their colors, fossils provide evidence that they were reptiles that hatched from eggs and included both herbivores and carnivores. Some of the largest dinosaurs described include Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, and Tyrannosaurus Rex, while smaller ones discussed are Stegosaurus, Iguanodon, and Triceratops. Fossils are what provide scientists information about dinosaurs since they became extinct millions of years ago before humans.
Crabs have adapted in various ways to live in different environments. Their legs, carapace, claws, color and patterns all help with functions like movement, protection from predators, catching food, attracting mates, and camouflage depending on whether they live in rocky, sandy, or coral areas under the sea. The document provides examples of how specific leg shapes, carapace features, claw types, and colorations assist crabs in different habitats.
Earth is the third planet from the sun, made up of a crust, mantle, and core. It formed over 4 billion years ago from meteorites and asteroids that collided and settled into orbit around the sun, allowing life to develop over time, starting with plants and dinosaurs. However, a large comet struck Earth, destroying most life. Eventually, chimpanzees evolved into early humans who discovered tools, fire, and the wheel, allowing civilization and technology to progress. However, modern human activity has caused extensive pollution of air, water, soil, and noise, threatening the planet. Actions must be taken to reduce pollution and protect Earth.
The document summarizes the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages. During the Paleolithic Age, early humans hunted and gathered their food and lived nomadic lifestyles in temporary shelters like caves. In the Neolithic Age, humans transitioned to farming and domesticating animals, living in permanent settlements of timber or mud brick homes near their crops. Their clothing transitioned from primarily animal furs during Paleolithic times to continuing to use furs but also early wool fabrics during the Neolithic Age.
Ankylosaurs roamed the Earth during the latter half of the Cretaceous period, around 65-72 million years ago. The biggest reptiles to ever roam the planet Earth.
Visit for more information.
https://vistosa505.000webhostapp.com/
Early humans lived off the land, eating fruits and fish and raw meat since they were unaware of fire. They stood upright, unlike apes, and lived in groups in trees or caves for protection from wild animals. Their clothes were made from leaves, animal hides, and grass to protect from heat and cold. They used stone tools like hammer stones and flakes, as well as wooden and bone tools, to hunt large animals and access new foods. A key development was the discovery of fire through rubbing stones together, which allowed cooking of food and keeping warm. The invention of the wheel, initially using tree trunks as wheels, revolutionized transportation by allowing pulling of carts and connecting isolated groups.
The document provides information about dinosaurs, including that the word dinosaur means "terrible lizard," dinosaurs lived until around 65 million years ago and likely went extinct due to an asteroid or volcano, and there were two main types of dinosaurs - Saurischia and Ornithischia - which were distinguished by differences in their hip structure and included herbivorous and carnivorous subgroups.
Dinosaurs evolved from reptiles called archosaurs during the Triassic period. They walked on two legs, unlike modern crocodiles, and some evidence suggests dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Dinosaur names come from Greek and Latin words describing various physical attributes. During the Jurassic period, climate changes resulted from shifting continents and seas, creating favorable conditions for dinosaurs to diversify. The Cretaceous period saw further changes to plants and herbivore groups, as well as rising sea levels, until the mass extinction at the end of this era.
Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago before humans existed. They came in a wide range of sizes from as small as a chicken to over 30 meters long. While no one knows for sure what dinosaurs sounded like or their colors, fossils provide evidence that they were reptiles that hatched from eggs and included both herbivores and carnivores. Some of the largest dinosaurs described include Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, and Tyrannosaurus Rex, while smaller ones discussed are Stegosaurus, Iguanodon, and Triceratops. Fossils are what provide scientists information about dinosaurs since they became extinct millions of years ago before humans.
Titanoboa was an extinct snake that lived 60 million years ago. It was discovered in Colombia in 2009 and was named Titanoboa. Titanoboa grew to 50 feet long and weighed 2,500 pounds, making it the largest snake to ever exist. It likely lived in the rainforests of South America and ate mostly fish based on the shape of its teeth.
Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago in various shapes and sizes, from the largest over 30 meters long to the smallest about the size of a chicken. They were reptiles that hatched from eggs and included both herbivores that ate plants and carnivores that ate meat. Fossils provide evidence of these extinct creatures, including their bones, claws, eggs, and even plants and insects from the period when dinosaurs inhabited the Earth, though the exact causes of their mass extinction remain unknown.
The document summarizes dinosaurs and their extinction. It describes how dinosaurs evolved from archosaurs during the Triassic period over 230 million years ago. It classifies dinosaurs into two main orders - Saurischia and Ornithischia - and describes some of the major groups of dinosaurs like theropods, sauropods, ornithopods and ceratopsians. It also discusses how birds evolved from small feathered theropod dinosaurs. Evidence from fossilized nests, eggs and footprints provide clues about dinosaur life histories, ecology and possible parental care behaviors. The document concludes by outlining theories for the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs around 66 million years ago.
1) Achelousaurus was a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from 74.2 million years ago in North America. It was a quadrupedal herbivore with parrot-like beaks and bony bosses on its snout and behind its eyes.
2) Megaladapis edwarsi was a large koala lemur on Madagascar that went extinct around 500 years ago due to overhunting by humans. It grew up to 1.5 meters long and weighed up to 75 kg.
3) Aerosteon is a genus of megaraptoran dinosaur from Argentina that shows evidence of a bird-like respiratory system. It lived during the Santonian stage approximately
- The document is an excerpt from a book about dinosaurs that describes their world during different periods of time.
- It discusses the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods when dinosaurs lived, how the continents were arranged, and the climates and plants that existed.
- The book provides facts about different dinosaurs, including what they ate, their sizes, and periods they lived in through descriptions and illustrations of skeletons.
Dig into the age of the dinosaurs with our teaching, activity and display pack! The Dinosaurs Pack includes a child-friendly eBook to read together, a range of vocabulary resources, story starters, comprehension materials, Maths challenges, activity resources, bunting, display banners and more!
Available from https://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-dinosaurs-pack/
Brachiosaurus had a giraffe-like neck. In Fantasia, Triceratops fights the T. rex. Mignon Talbot discovered and named Podokesaurus, now the state dinosaur of Massachusetts, in 1911. Spinosaurus fossils have been found in Morocco. The word "dinosaur" means "terrible lizard".
Humans have stronger arms than T-Rexes. While some scientists once theorized that dinosaurs had a second brain in their rear-ends, this is false. The longest dinosaur neck spanned over 40 feet. The T-Rex roar sounds in Jurassic Park were made using both alligator and tiger roars. Some dinosaurs engaged in cannibalism. Deinocheirus is classified as a dinosaur. Nicolas Cage had to return an illegally obtained dinosaur skull from Mongolia.
Ten Dinosaurs You Never Knew Existed.pdfSabrina Ricci
This document provides images and descriptions of 11 different dinosaurs: Yi, Bajadasaurus, Sarmientosaurus, Tlatolophus, Yutyrannus, Maip, Meraxes, Stegouros, Borealopelta, Zuul, and Spicomellus. Each entry includes 1-2 images and a brief name for each prehistoric creature.
Stegosaurus, the "roof lizard" is best known for the plates on its back and the thagomizers / spikes on its tail.
Learn all about this dinosaur in episode 38 of the I Know Dino podcast.
https://iknowdino.com/Stegosaurus-episode-38/
The 22 Best Dinosaur Discoveries of 2022Sabrina Ricci
We can’t believe it’s the end of 2022 already! There were so many amazing dinosaur discoveries. The list is too long to mention them all (we covered 33 new dinosaurs in the podcast this year, and that doesn’t even include the other awesome paleontology studies), but here are 22 of the best dinosaur discoveries of 2022, in the order we covered them on the show.*
*A couple papers did come out at the end of 2021, but we covered them in 2022
Preparing for an extended leave (when you work for yourself)Sabrina Ricci
The document discusses how a podcasting couple prepared for a 4-month parental leave by pre-recording episodes, automating workflows, outsourcing editing, and scheduling content in advance on social media and their website. They recorded buffer episodes, scheduled interviews, hired an editor, and created automated email sequences. They also planned bonus content around a major event during their leave to maintain audience engagement until their return. Proper preparation allowed them to fully disconnect during leave while still providing regular podcast episodes and interactions.
Looking for more dinosaur books to read? We’ve got you covered, with a selection of narrative non-fiction, reference, graphic novels, and fiction books (all for adult dinosaur enthusiasts)!
For even more dinosaur goodness, check out our podcast and website at iknowdino.com
This document provides an overview of what dinosaurs looked like throughout different time periods from 155-150 million years ago to present day. It includes images and descriptions of various dinosaur species such as Stegosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex, Velociraptor, and others. The document discusses how dinosaurs evolved over millions of years, from their golden age 160 million years ago to more feathered dinosaurs emerging later on.
This presentation was given at the 805 Writers Conference in Ventura, on Oct. 31, 2015. The slides shared here are an expanded version of the presentation.
Learn the basics of self-publishing. Topics include:
1. Writing and editing tools
2. Cover design
3. Ebook creation tools and techniques
4. Ebook distribution channels
5. Marketing tactics
6. Authorpreneurship concepts
7. Changes and developments in the industry
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Titanoboa was an extinct snake that lived 60 million years ago. It was discovered in Colombia in 2009 and was named Titanoboa. Titanoboa grew to 50 feet long and weighed 2,500 pounds, making it the largest snake to ever exist. It likely lived in the rainforests of South America and ate mostly fish based on the shape of its teeth.
Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago in various shapes and sizes, from the largest over 30 meters long to the smallest about the size of a chicken. They were reptiles that hatched from eggs and included both herbivores that ate plants and carnivores that ate meat. Fossils provide evidence of these extinct creatures, including their bones, claws, eggs, and even plants and insects from the period when dinosaurs inhabited the Earth, though the exact causes of their mass extinction remain unknown.
The document summarizes dinosaurs and their extinction. It describes how dinosaurs evolved from archosaurs during the Triassic period over 230 million years ago. It classifies dinosaurs into two main orders - Saurischia and Ornithischia - and describes some of the major groups of dinosaurs like theropods, sauropods, ornithopods and ceratopsians. It also discusses how birds evolved from small feathered theropod dinosaurs. Evidence from fossilized nests, eggs and footprints provide clues about dinosaur life histories, ecology and possible parental care behaviors. The document concludes by outlining theories for the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs around 66 million years ago.
1) Achelousaurus was a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from 74.2 million years ago in North America. It was a quadrupedal herbivore with parrot-like beaks and bony bosses on its snout and behind its eyes.
2) Megaladapis edwarsi was a large koala lemur on Madagascar that went extinct around 500 years ago due to overhunting by humans. It grew up to 1.5 meters long and weighed up to 75 kg.
3) Aerosteon is a genus of megaraptoran dinosaur from Argentina that shows evidence of a bird-like respiratory system. It lived during the Santonian stage approximately
- The document is an excerpt from a book about dinosaurs that describes their world during different periods of time.
- It discusses the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods when dinosaurs lived, how the continents were arranged, and the climates and plants that existed.
- The book provides facts about different dinosaurs, including what they ate, their sizes, and periods they lived in through descriptions and illustrations of skeletons.
Dig into the age of the dinosaurs with our teaching, activity and display pack! The Dinosaurs Pack includes a child-friendly eBook to read together, a range of vocabulary resources, story starters, comprehension materials, Maths challenges, activity resources, bunting, display banners and more!
Available from https://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-dinosaurs-pack/
Brachiosaurus had a giraffe-like neck. In Fantasia, Triceratops fights the T. rex. Mignon Talbot discovered and named Podokesaurus, now the state dinosaur of Massachusetts, in 1911. Spinosaurus fossils have been found in Morocco. The word "dinosaur" means "terrible lizard".
Humans have stronger arms than T-Rexes. While some scientists once theorized that dinosaurs had a second brain in their rear-ends, this is false. The longest dinosaur neck spanned over 40 feet. The T-Rex roar sounds in Jurassic Park were made using both alligator and tiger roars. Some dinosaurs engaged in cannibalism. Deinocheirus is classified as a dinosaur. Nicolas Cage had to return an illegally obtained dinosaur skull from Mongolia.
Ten Dinosaurs You Never Knew Existed.pdfSabrina Ricci
This document provides images and descriptions of 11 different dinosaurs: Yi, Bajadasaurus, Sarmientosaurus, Tlatolophus, Yutyrannus, Maip, Meraxes, Stegouros, Borealopelta, Zuul, and Spicomellus. Each entry includes 1-2 images and a brief name for each prehistoric creature.
Stegosaurus, the "roof lizard" is best known for the plates on its back and the thagomizers / spikes on its tail.
Learn all about this dinosaur in episode 38 of the I Know Dino podcast.
https://iknowdino.com/Stegosaurus-episode-38/
The 22 Best Dinosaur Discoveries of 2022Sabrina Ricci
We can’t believe it’s the end of 2022 already! There were so many amazing dinosaur discoveries. The list is too long to mention them all (we covered 33 new dinosaurs in the podcast this year, and that doesn’t even include the other awesome paleontology studies), but here are 22 of the best dinosaur discoveries of 2022, in the order we covered them on the show.*
*A couple papers did come out at the end of 2021, but we covered them in 2022
Preparing for an extended leave (when you work for yourself)Sabrina Ricci
The document discusses how a podcasting couple prepared for a 4-month parental leave by pre-recording episodes, automating workflows, outsourcing editing, and scheduling content in advance on social media and their website. They recorded buffer episodes, scheduled interviews, hired an editor, and created automated email sequences. They also planned bonus content around a major event during their leave to maintain audience engagement until their return. Proper preparation allowed them to fully disconnect during leave while still providing regular podcast episodes and interactions.
Looking for more dinosaur books to read? We’ve got you covered, with a selection of narrative non-fiction, reference, graphic novels, and fiction books (all for adult dinosaur enthusiasts)!
For even more dinosaur goodness, check out our podcast and website at iknowdino.com
This document provides an overview of what dinosaurs looked like throughout different time periods from 155-150 million years ago to present day. It includes images and descriptions of various dinosaur species such as Stegosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex, Velociraptor, and others. The document discusses how dinosaurs evolved over millions of years, from their golden age 160 million years ago to more feathered dinosaurs emerging later on.
This presentation was given at the 805 Writers Conference in Ventura, on Oct. 31, 2015. The slides shared here are an expanded version of the presentation.
Learn the basics of self-publishing. Topics include:
1. Writing and editing tools
2. Cover design
3. Ebook creation tools and techniques
4. Ebook distribution channels
5. Marketing tactics
6. Authorpreneurship concepts
7. Changes and developments in the industry
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
4. Back to the Beginning
● Nyasasasaurus/early dinosaurs →
Sauropodomorphs → Sauropods
● Evolved in the mid-Triassic
● Bipedal
● Carnivorous
By KDS444, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
5. Massospondylus, a Sauropodomorph
● 13-20 ft long
● Weighed about 2,200 lb
● Early Triassic → mid-Jurassic
● Herbivorous/omnivorous
● Tiny skulls
● Thumb claws for
○ Digging
○ Grooming
○ Stripping plants
○ Fighting
Image by Nobu Tamura, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons