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Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
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The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
Running headRESEARCH PROPOSAL .docx
Running head:RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Research Proposal on Security and Privacy of Health Data
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Research Proposal on Security and Privacy of Health Data
Summary of the Research
The health sector is important because it ensures the health of the populace. Over the years, there has been digitization of health data with the aim of enabling faster efficient and effective delivery of healthcare services. Digitization of health care enables faster retrieval of health records hence facilitates faster and informed healthcare decisions (Nass, Levit & Gostin, 2009). Due to the importance of digitization of healthcare data, big healthcare data emerged; it changed the way data was previously managed (Abouelmehdi, Beni-Hessane & Khaloufi, 2018). The availability of big healthcare data comes with privacy and security challenges that must be solved. In cognizance of the challenges, the research focuses on identifying mechanisms used in ensuring the security and the limitations of available solutions and how they can be improved amidst increasing amount of healthcare data.
Outline of the Research
The Introduction to the Research
· Overview of healthcare data
· Justification of the research
· Research objectives
· Research questions
Review of Literature
· The differences between privacy and security of health data
· Data protection laws in relation to health
· Privacy and security concerns of health data
· Technologies use in privacy and security of health data
i. Authentication
ii. De-identification
iii. Encryption
iv. Data masking
v. Access control
vi. Monitoring and auditing
· Challenges of existing technologies
Methodology
· Sample selection
· Methods of data collection,
i. Online surveys
ii. Oral interviews
· Data analysis
i. Thematic analysis
Research Findings and Discussion
Recommendations
· Ways of improving the limitations of existing technologies
Conclusion
· The available opportunities for preserving the privacy and the security of health data
Limitations of the Study
· Considerations for future research
References
Abouelmehdi, K ., Beni-Hessane, A and Khaloufi, H (2018). Big Healthcare Data: Preserving Security and Privacy. Journal of Big Data, 5(1), pp. 15-28.
Nass, S. J., Levit, L.A and Gostin, L. O (eds.) (2009). Beyond The HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
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frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mel...
frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mel...Dr Tarique Ahmed Maka
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to look for the common risk factors leading to this infection in diabetics. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Kharian, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2015. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Kharian. Through a descriptive cross sectional study design, a total of 140 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, admitted through casualty, OPD or private clinics were selected and tested for Hepatitis C virus infection. The common risk factors leading to such infection among positive cases were also scrutinized. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.82 ± 10.14 with 60.7% female gender predominating the overall sample of diabetics. Using 3rd generation ELISA method, hepatitis C virus was found in 45 (32.1%) of patients with 41-50 years of age group most commonly affected age group (34.7%) and female (57.8%) commonly affected gender. The distribution of risk factors leading to hepatitis C virus in diabetics are: 21 (46.7%) had history of surgery in the past, 13 (28.9%) had history of blood transfusion in the past, 7 (15.55%) had history of hemodialysis while only 4 (8.9%) had history of tattooing in the past. Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus infection is still a common problem in diabetic patients of our local population and we recommend further research work over its risk factors so that the guidelines for its control may be formulated. Keywords: Blood transfusion, Diabetes Mellitus, Haemodialysis, Hepatitis C virus infection, Risk Factors, Surgery, Tattooing.The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Yemeni patients with hypothyroidism
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A prevalence of common risk factors of hypertension among young generation li...
Hypertension is one of the upward health related challenge in Bangladesh and hypertension in young generation is increasing
but there is a shortage of data about the risk factors in this age group. The aim was to evaluate and approximation the
frequency of some common risk factors of hypertension among young generation living in Dhaka city. It was a crosssectional study; conducted during March 2016 to June 2016 in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face-to-face interview after
verbal informed consent by a survey questionnaire and stress was measured by Perceived Stress Scale and analyzed by SPSS
version 16. The study was conducted on 150 (n=150) young adults where 76% were male and 24% were female and their
mean age was 22.13 and 23.33% of them were overweight and only 1(n=1) was obese and 44% of them took average amount
of junk food while 14% took huge amounts and 59.33% of them had family history of hypertension and 70.66% of them were
in high stress. The mentioned age range shows a good amount of predominance of hypertension probably indicating a hidden
epidemic. It is needed to improve the measures of key anticipation and early detection of hypertension among young
generation
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Updated Hypertension Management – ESH 2023.pdf
Hypertension is the most prevalent CV disorder in the world and according to the WHO, it affects 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide, two-thirds living in low-income and middle-income countries.
In 2019, the global age-standardized average prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 30–79 years was reported to be 34% in men and 32% in women.
At younger ages (<50 years), hypertension is more prevalent in men, whereas a steeper increase of SBP in women from their third decade (and more so following menopause) makes the prevalence of hypertension greater in women in older age categories (>65 years).
Rule of Halves
Half the people with high blood pressure are not known (“rule 1”),
Half of those known are not treated (“rule 2”) and
Half of those treated are not controlled (“rule 3”)'
Definition:
Hypertension is defined based on repeated office SBP values ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg.
Renal Responses to HF Medication.pdf
Renal function is greatly important in risk stratification, pharmacologic therapy, and the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF).
The deterioration of heart function can result in the worsening renal function (WRF) and vice versa.
Besides the heart function itself, the Pharmacologic Treatment of HF is closely related to renal function as regards initiation, titration, and discontinuation, making the situation more complex.
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Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
Running headRESEARCH PROPOSAL .docx
Running head:RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Research Proposal on Security and Privacy of Health Data
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Research Proposal on Security and Privacy of Health Data
Summary of the Research
The health sector is important because it ensures the health of the populace. Over the years, there has been digitization of health data with the aim of enabling faster efficient and effective delivery of healthcare services. Digitization of health care enables faster retrieval of health records hence facilitates faster and informed healthcare decisions (Nass, Levit & Gostin, 2009). Due to the importance of digitization of healthcare data, big healthcare data emerged; it changed the way data was previously managed (Abouelmehdi, Beni-Hessane & Khaloufi, 2018). The availability of big healthcare data comes with privacy and security challenges that must be solved. In cognizance of the challenges, the research focuses on identifying mechanisms used in ensuring the security and the limitations of available solutions and how they can be improved amidst increasing amount of healthcare data.
Outline of the Research
The Introduction to the Research
· Overview of healthcare data
· Justification of the research
· Research objectives
· Research questions
Review of Literature
· The differences between privacy and security of health data
· Data protection laws in relation to health
· Privacy and security concerns of health data
· Technologies use in privacy and security of health data
i. Authentication
ii. De-identification
iii. Encryption
iv. Data masking
v. Access control
vi. Monitoring and auditing
· Challenges of existing technologies
Methodology
· Sample selection
· Methods of data collection,
i. Online surveys
ii. Oral interviews
· Data analysis
i. Thematic analysis
Research Findings and Discussion
Recommendations
· Ways of improving the limitations of existing technologies
Conclusion
· The available opportunities for preserving the privacy and the security of health data
Limitations of the Study
· Considerations for future research
References
Abouelmehdi, K ., Beni-Hessane, A and Khaloufi, H (2018). Big Healthcare Data: Preserving Security and Privacy. Journal of Big Data, 5(1), pp. 15-28.
Nass, S. J., Levit, L.A and Gostin, L. O (eds.) (2009). Beyond The HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD).
NAFLD is a spectrum of hepatic disorders not associated with excessive alcohol intake, ranging from steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with hepatic cell inflammation and injury thought to result from the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver (Ball.
frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mel...
frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mel...Dr Tarique Ahmed Maka
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to look for the common risk factors leading to this infection in diabetics. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Kharian, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2015. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Kharian. Through a descriptive cross sectional study design, a total of 140 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, admitted through casualty, OPD or private clinics were selected and tested for Hepatitis C virus infection. The common risk factors leading to such infection among positive cases were also scrutinized. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.82 ± 10.14 with 60.7% female gender predominating the overall sample of diabetics. Using 3rd generation ELISA method, hepatitis C virus was found in 45 (32.1%) of patients with 41-50 years of age group most commonly affected age group (34.7%) and female (57.8%) commonly affected gender. The distribution of risk factors leading to hepatitis C virus in diabetics are: 21 (46.7%) had history of surgery in the past, 13 (28.9%) had history of blood transfusion in the past, 7 (15.55%) had history of hemodialysis while only 4 (8.9%) had history of tattooing in the past. Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus infection is still a common problem in diabetic patients of our local population and we recommend further research work over its risk factors so that the guidelines for its control may be formulated. Keywords: Blood transfusion, Diabetes Mellitus, Haemodialysis, Hepatitis C virus infection, Risk Factors, Surgery, Tattooing.The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Yemeni patients with hypothyroidism
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Hypertension is one of the upward health related challenge in Bangladesh and hypertension in young generation is increasing
but there is a shortage of data about the risk factors in this age group. The aim was to evaluate and approximation the
frequency of some common risk factors of hypertension among young generation living in Dhaka city. It was a crosssectional study; conducted during March 2016 to June 2016 in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face-to-face interview after
verbal informed consent by a survey questionnaire and stress was measured by Perceived Stress Scale and analyzed by SPSS
version 16. The study was conducted on 150 (n=150) young adults where 76% were male and 24% were female and their
mean age was 22.13 and 23.33% of them were overweight and only 1(n=1) was obese and 44% of them took average amount
of junk food while 14% took huge amounts and 59.33% of them had family history of hypertension and 70.66% of them were
in high stress. The mentioned age range shows a good amount of predominance of hypertension probably indicating a hidden
epidemic. It is needed to improve the measures of key anticipation and early detection of hypertension among young
generation
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Hypertension is the most prevalent CV disorder in the world and according to the WHO, it affects 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide, two-thirds living in low-income and middle-income countries.
In 2019, the global age-standardized average prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 30–79 years was reported to be 34% in men and 32% in women.
At younger ages (<50 years), hypertension is more prevalent in men, whereas a steeper increase of SBP in women from their third decade (and more so following menopause) makes the prevalence of hypertension greater in women in older age categories (>65 years).
Rule of Halves
Half the people with high blood pressure are not known (“rule 1”),
Half of those known are not treated (“rule 2”) and
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Definition:
Hypertension is defined based on repeated office SBP values ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg.
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ACUTE SCROTUM.....pdf. ACUTE SCROTAL CONDITIOND
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum Program
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Alcohol_Dr. Jeenal Mistry MD Pharmacology.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The Normal Electrocardiogram - Part I of II
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
This ppt are composed by upendra pal to provide help future optometrist of india
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnataka
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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The prevalence of Hypertension by Age.pdf
- 1. Age Adjusted Prevalence of HTN Dr. Nayan Ray MBBS Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital
- 2. The prevalence of hypertension increased with age Hypertension Prevalence Among Adults Aged 18 and Over: United States, 2017–2018, CDC NCHS Data Brief No. 364, April 2020 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017–2018) • The prevalence of age-adjusted hypertension was 45.4% among adults and was higher among men (51.0%) than women (39.7%). • Hypertension increased with age: 22.4% (aged 18–39), 54.5% (40–59), and 74.5% (60 and over). NYN/DMA/BPL
- 3. The prevalence of hypertension by age and sex. N = 10,040 Study Type: Cohort Place: Iran Rajati, F., Hamzeh, B., Pasdar, Y. et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and their determinants: Results from the first cohort of non-communicable diseases in a Kurdish settlement. Sci Rep 9, 12409 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48232-y NYN/DMA/BPL
- 4. Hull et al. BMC Nephrology 2011, 12:41 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/12/41 NYN/DMA/BPL
- 5. Pooled hypertension prevalence by age group for 20 studies included in systematic review of hypertension research, Argentina, 1988–2013 Díaz A, Ferrante D. Trends in prevalence of hypertension in Argentina in the last 25 years: a systematic review of observational studies. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2015;38(6):496–503. NYN/DMA/BPL