The Oceans On Earth

The Oceans On Earth
The oceans on earth are some of the most diverse areas around the globe and we are hurting it very badly. Lots of these oceans provide food and
jobs for many people. When we pollute the ocean we are diminishing the life in these bodies of water. The oceans can not survive with trash much
longer, so we need to do something about it, because we have all the resources and plenti of people to think of ways to help better protect this diverse
ecosystem. The earth has many great features living among it. The ocean can be a very mysterious place that we don't actually know all that much
about. There are many problems facing our oceans today, such as: pollution and people throwing trash in our oceans. We can stop all of these problems
through STEM. STEM covers Science Technology Engineering and Math, these four groups can fix many problems. When diving on acoral reef you
can see many beautiful things, but one of the things you don't want to see is plastic floating around and fish swimming around it. This was one of the
things I saw when I went to the Caribbean. The oceans are very beautiful places that don't deserve the way we treat it. Fish and other sea creatures
will eat just about anything; for example, the Tiger shark is known as the garbage can of the sea. There are many different things that have been found
in the bell of tiger sharks, such as: fur coats, knights in armour, ancient medals, polar bears, reindeer, tires, shoes, chicken coops with chickens inside,
cannon
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The Growing Threat Of Space Debris Elimination Through...
The Growing Threat: Space Debris Elimination through Robotics
An over statement of the importance of the use of the Earth's orbital space is not possible. It is very apparent that we as the human race, while broken
up into many different countries, have grown accustom to the comforts, knowledge, and safety provided by the technology we launch into space.
Examples of the benefits are cellphones, GPS for direction, environmental studies, weather forecasting, defense, and much more. However, with every
placement of advanced technology into orbit the continuation of the ability to launch additional assets are at risk. The thousands of articles left
behind following the launch of spacecraft or vehicles generate that risk. Over the past fifty plus years, the risk has increased exponentially. Donald
Kessler, a NASA astrophysicist, shared his perception of such risk in 1978 (LaVone, 2014). Mr. Kessler theorized a self
–sufficient event capable of
eradicating viable assets within the condensed orbital space encompassing Earth. Mr. Kessler noted that the collision of defunct satellites or other
objects left behind in space are capable of ensuing a chain reaction of epic magnitude. The focus of Kessler's theory projected beyond the larger size
debris but "emphasized the imminent danger of small debris in orbit" (LaVone, 2014). At the time only theory, but now more than likely possible. The
preservation and continuation of space exploration have compelled other agencies,

The Earth 's Orbit Is A Global Issue
Space is infinite and many would think that there is room for our cluttered mess but that isn't true, looking closely around Earth there is extensive
amount of space debris. Picture a child's room, and now imagine their toys strewn all throughout the room, it isn't so hard to maneuver around, but
what if the toys kept on pilling up until there was no way to see, you will bump into everything, just like this room, Earth's orbit has a limited amount
of space and will eventually reach its limit. It is a big job to clean up the debris, but if not done then it will make it much harder later for future
generations. The ever–increasing space debris around Earth's orbit is a global issue that should be addressed because it will eventually threaten space
travel, ceasing functions in satellites, and rising financial costs.
Sputnik was the first man–made object to successfully enter and stay in Earth's orbit in 1957. The satellite is now one of many that are orbiting around
Earth, and the Space Station that is docked has been having problems with the space debris. Space Junk or as NASA put it "orbital debris" are
man–made objects that were broken off or detached, they can range from common bolts to non–functioning satellites. With there being thousands of
broken pieces floating everywhere "in 2014, the international Space Station had to move three times to avoid lethal chunks of space debris." (Dr. Hugh
Lewis) NASA has luckily been able to track the debris and have been able to

Warner Brothers Pictures 'Gravity'
The movie Gravity, a winner of 7 Academy awards, produced by Warner Brothers Pictures', shows just how dangerous space can be. Dr. Ryan Stone is
a bio–medical engineer who is on her first mission into space. Soon after taking off, Houston commands her and her fellow astronaut, Matt Kowalski,
to abort the expedition. Their colleagues back home have warned them that a ton of debris is headed their way because of a Russian missile strike.
The debris hits their station and causes a lot of problems for them. They quickly realize that it is too late to return home and that they have to find a
way to survive with the clock ticking down. Losing connection with Mission Control is one of the many problems the two astronauts faced. Although
this movie may have many events in space that are scientifically accurate, some events are completely inaccurate.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They undoubtedly got many things correct in this movie and viewers praise them for this. One example of them achieving accuracy is when George
Clooney had to let go to save Sandra Bullock. Due to Isaac Newton's laws of motion, we know that an object in motion will remain in motion unless
acted upon by an outside force (Newton's First Law.) Since there is little gravity in space, the astronauts had no outside forces acting upon them once
they were moved, unless something or someone hit them. As Stone is falling with her leg caught in the parachute, she is decelerating. Kowalski
believes that the parachute cannot absorb that much energy so letting go of the parachute will be effective because it will only have to absorb Stone's
energy and not both of theirs. This scene is correctly shown in the movie and for the most part would happen the same way in real

We Must Clean Up The Patch
We Must Clean Up the Patch Imagine chicken noodle soup. Delicious, right? With its chunks of chicken, noodles, and carrots all mixed together
thanks to a delicious broth. Now, imagine this as the ocean. What should be clear water is now cloudy broth with chunks of plastic, fishing nets and
shoes strewn about the mix. This is what Captain Charles Moore saw when he stumbled across the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. In 1997, Moore took
his research vessel through a stretch of the Pacific Ocean called the North Pacific High while traveling from Hawaii to California. He discovered a
"thin plastic soup ... lightly seasoned with plastic flakes, bulked out here and there with 'dumplings': buoys, net clumps, floats, crates, and other
'macro debris'" (Moore 4). The small plastic pieces are due to photodegradation, which is the process of the sun breaking larger plastics into tinier
and tinier pieces (Turgeon). It was estimated in 2014 that there are some 2,000 billion pieces of plastic just on the surface of the North Pacific
Ocean, although the true number cannot be calculated (VOX). Moore's estimation of the weight from the surface plastics he saw in 1997 was some
6.7 million tons, the same amount of trash dumped into the largest landfill at the time in Los Angeles (Moore 18). Moore's discovery led to a flurry
of research on the causes and possible solutions. The most effective solution for cleaning up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is to use
detainees of American prisons and

What is Space Debris?
Space debris can be categorized into two different groups which consist of both natural and artificial particles. Natural particles– meteoroids can be
found only in orbit about the sun [1]. It is the opposite for artificial particles where these particles are only tracked within the orbits of earth. Hence, in
this article, space debris will be referred to the artificial debris orbiting earth. Currently, there're more than 500,000 pieces of debris found orbiting
the earth and the number is increasing. Space debris' size can ranged from sizes of marble till softball or even larger than this. Where does this
debris come from or how is it formed? Over 50 years, around 6600 satellites have been placed into orbits after more than 4900 were already
launched [2]. Today only around 1000 satellites are still in service. The rest are just left in orbits. US Space Surveillance Network tracks more
than 23000 space objects orbiting the Earth; some of the objects are about 5 to 10 cm in size in low earth orbit while other ranging measured from
10cm to 1 m are located at geostationary altitudes. All these spotted space objects will be documented by US Space Surveillance Network in their
catalogue. Of all the catalogued objects, 6 % are spacecraft and about 30 % are from retired satellites and discarded parts from rocket such as spent
upper stages, launch adapter and lens cover. Explosion of rocket bodies is the primary contributor for space debris. This

Plastic Pollution Essay
According to the National Geographic, there are 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic debris in the ocean and of that mass, 269,000 float on the ocean
surface, while about four billion plastic microfibers per square kilometer litter the deep sea (Parker, 2015). There is this much plastic trash because
they are resistant to degradation, therefore, they can last for hundreds of years in the environment. The accumulation of plastic debris is a serious
threat to our planet and it has harmed marine life as they ingest or get tangled in plastic debris. The numbers will keep increasing and more species
will be in danger unless people will take action. Since it seems too impossible to completely stop the use of plastics, people should instead start... Show
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Captain Charles Moore, founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, said, "Only we humans make waste that nature can't digest" (2009). The
problem with plastic is that the majority of plastics manufactured today will stay in the environment for decades, and probably for centuries. Even
if a plastic item is able to be broken down by weathering, it first degrades into smaller pieces, but the polymer itself does not fully degrade easily
(Hopewell et al., 2009, 2116). Plastic can be found everywhere and it has been part of our lives. About 50% of the plastics are for single–use disposable
applications such as packaging, agricultural films and disposable consumer items (Hopewell et al., 2009, 21115). Today, there are a lot of packaged
products that people can buy and almost everyone uses plastic especially plastic shopping bags. It seems unavoidable to use plastic since it is found
everywhere such as in household materials, grocery items, in bottles, cellphones, and many others. Due to plastic's usefulness, more plastic is used and
disposed of which increases the accumulation of debris in the environment. It is unlikely to completely ban the use of plastics around the world,
therefore, we should use biodegradable plastics as a better alternative.
Biodegradable plastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources which can be disposed in the environment and can easily
decompose through the enzymatic actions of microorganisms. In an

The Importance Of Plastic Pollution In The Ocean
The Mariana trench, is the deepest, darkest and most mysterious location in the ocean. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, 36,070 feet below the
surface. Home to fascinating creatures like the goblin shark, one that is believed to have been around when dinosaurs were alive. Recently, it has been
discovered that creatures in the Mariana trench have been found with man–made fibres in their stomachs, showing that no part of the world's seas are
now untouched by human makings. Plastic Pollution in the ocean has been an ongoing issue for decades. Defilement, has littered Pacific Northwest
coast lines, contaminated fish, and with many other awful repercussions that come with plastic pollution. This leads to the many questions like:
Countries of the world need to regulate water/trash to keep the oceans healthy. Finding who is responsible for pollution, will further the knowledge on
how to fix littering. Exploring new ways to regulate and minimize plastic pollution in oceans, should be a priority for the world. Awareness of pollution
has expanded, but specific programs need to be developed to prevent further pollution.
One of the biggest reasons plastic pollution is such a problem is because, people are uneducated on how severely this tainting is affecting the planet.
Not only does plastic liter the coastlines, and make the aesthetic of an ocean view hideous; Plastic kills marine life. This is a blanket statement, but the
pollution has now gotten so bad, that trash is

Literature Review Of Plastic Pollution
A World Made of Plastic and Paper
Literature Review
Nadine Garir
34–5052
Media Design
Group 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: Literature ReviewIntroduction......................................................... 04
Research Question............................................................. 05
Factors Influencing The Problem
Plastic Industry.................................................................. 06
Plastic Pollution.................................................................. 06
Plastic Impact on Animals.................................................................... 08
Plastic Impact on Humans.................................................................... 09
Replacement of Plastic.................................................................... 11
Deforestation.................................................................... 12
Paper Industry.................................................................... 0
Paper Usage Impact on The Environment.................................................................... 0
Deforestation Impact on Humans.................................................................... 0
Replacement of Paper.................................................................... 0
Previous Attempts.................................................................... 0
Personal Reflection.................................................................... 0
Conclusion of Chapter One.................................................................... 0
CHAPTER TWO: BibliographyBibliography......................................................... 0

Introduction Research Question
How to efficiently minimize the usage of plastic and paper?
This research question aims to think deeper on the circumstances of the overuse of plastic and paper, and what could happen more to the animals/birds,
our environment, and our bodies if consumers keep on using plastic and paper products. This research question should be asked to raise awareness to
users and most importantly designers, so they consider using other eco friendly material in designing their products. Factors Influencing The Problem
Plastic Industry Plastic is made of monomers, a

Space Debris Essay
Space debris
Space debris is collection of waste objects in space and encompasses both natural (meteoroids) and artificial particles. The artificial objects and
particles in orbit around Earth are referred as orbital debris. They are objects which no longer serve a useful function and include non–functional
spacecraft, abandoned launch vehicle stages, mission–related debris, fragmentation debris, old satellites etc. These objects travel at speeds over 22,000
miles an hour (35,000 kilometres an hour). At such high velocity, even small junk can rip holes in a spacecraft or disable asatellite by causing electrical
shorts that result from clouds of superheated gas. For most size regimes, the flux of orbital debris within 2000 km of the Earth's surface already
exceeds the flux of meteoroids.
Figure – computer illustration of density of space debris in low earth orbit
As of 2009, about 19,000 pieces of debris larger than 5 cm (2.0 in) are tracked with another 300,000 pieces smaller than 1 cm below 200 km
altitude. Space debris smaller than 1 cm (0.39 in), include dust from solid rocket motors, surface degradation products such as paint flakes, and
coolant. Impacts of these particles cause erosive damage. The damage can be reduced using proper shield but all the object cannot be shielded – solar
panel, telescope. These components are subject to constant wear by debris and micrometeoroids.
The debris can collide with themselves to cause even more waste in

Plastic Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
Plastic pollution is something that has plagued the world for decades, but no one has been able to figure out a viable solution for it, until now.
ChГЈoyГ№e ping has a solution that first starts out locally, then globally. We are going to create youth groups using fundraisers, and send them out to
China to clean beach shores of all of the filth created by big name companies who care nothing of their impact on the environment. The youth groups
will also travel by boat out to China's oceans and drag massive nets through the water to capture as much trash as possible. Many say that ChГЈoyГ№e
ping can't complete such a strenuous task, but we know we can. With the help of the community, and the goal to have a better tomorrow for everyone
we can achieve any task. Plastic Pollution can be reduced drastically, but the only way we can do that is by we holding those accountable for their
contribution to destroying our environment, and getting together as a community and cleaning up our beaches. Pollution in China has risen to an
incalculable level, and it needs to be dealt with. ChГЈoyГ№e ping's solution is needed to liberate this country from the oppression of plastic pollution.
It is not only destroying their air, but also their oceans. Birds, fish, and other animals are being affected by plastic pollution, it is destroying their
habitats and therefore eradicating their homes. In the article ,"Trashing the Oceans," Thomas Hayden discusses how it has affected sea creatures:
The Alguita

Plastic And Its Effects On The Marine Ecosystem
Plastic has become a staple, and the use of plastic products is abundant in everyday life even if it is not apparent. The production and use of
plastics has increased dramatically over the last sixty years, and a vast majority of plastic being produced is not recovered after it is used. It is clear
that much of what we have today would not be possible without plastics, but the fact that it is not biodegradable and toxic creates a product that just
takes up a vast amount of space and poisons animals. The overflow of plastic eventually makes its way into the ocean and is affecting marine life at
an alarming rate. Plastic debris pollutes oceans all over the world as it breaks down into smaller pieces and are ingested by a large range of species.
Animals exposed eat the plastic products and it causes health problems throughout the marine ecosystem. Some humans rely on these animals for food
without knowing that they have been exposed to toxic products. The smallest organisms or exposure to chemicals can wreak havoc on the human body
causing serious illness. It is clear that much of what we have today would not be possible without plastics, but the fact that plastic is not biodegradable
and toxic creates a product that takes up a vast amount of space and poisons animals. Plastics contain chemicals that can interfere with the bodies
natural functions and can cause adverse health issues if left untreated. Plastic pollution is rampant all over the globe exposing everyone

Persuasive Speech On Littering
Brian Kavanagh April 28, 2013
Have you ever thought about what your community would look like without litter? If so, it may take a while to find out. One person throwing
something on the ground may not think much of it, however, when that trash finds other trash, they begin to build up and make big piles of junk. For
example, I am sure people never thought that if they littered, their trash would end up in the pacific garbage patch. Believe it or not, no one thinks
that until you look at the pacific garbage patch and see how disgusting it looks just because people were to lazy to throw their trash away. To make
matters worse, littering has become very common, which should be stopped because in most cases, trash is not disposed of properly, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For starters, debris can be carried into local waterways effected the water. Also, nearly 7 billions tons of debris end up in the ocean each year.
Nearly 100,000 sea mammals are killed by this debris each year. What most people don't know, is litter can be a serious fire hazard. It kills wild life,
and the cleanup money is taken out of taxes. Selfish people who litter in the first place, may not think these effects are harmful because it doesn't effect
them at all, however just think about all the innocent people and animals you are effecting before you litter. Remember, the trash you are about to
throw on the ground, could end up in an animals mouth, making them choke to death. Not littering is common sense. If you litter, you are effecting
your community, all your friends and families, and making your environment look worse. If you don't litter, there wouldn't be billions of dollars spent
on litter cleanup, and you wouldn't have to worry about harming an innocent person or animal.
In order to put an end to all this littering, it needs to start with everyone playing their correct role in society. Although it is not very enforced, littering
is illegal. If people would all obey the law, there wouldn't be an issue. But for those who don't obey the law, it needs to become stricter. There should
be more cops out there on the look out for people littering, and for people who get caught littering, there

Low Earth Orbit Essay
Thomas Kern
ESS102
Research Paper
Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit
An unfortunate consequence of man exploring off planet has been the steady growth of junk from derelict and unused spacecraft. According to NASA
there are over half a million pieces of junk in low earth orbit. Because these pieces of junk travel at orbital speeds of around 17,500 miles per hour,
they posses tremendous amounts of energy and are capable of doing substantial damage (NASA). Most of the dangerous hard to track debris comes
from collisions (NASA). When old satellites are allowed to orbit on a collision free path they are relatively easy to track, and avoid. However,
problems arise once these satellites are involved in collisions. Collisions can break apart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A variety of techniques are being developed to try and put this principle into use, for constructing all sorts of things in low earth orbit. A proposed
method of recycling satellites is to tow old satellites out to mars where the materials could be used by future colonies. Tom Markusic CEO of
startup firefly systems, has a plan to do just that (Howell). Firefly systems plans to use solar powered craft to slowly and efficiently move things
from earths orbit to mars. Once there they could be broken down by colonists in orbit for their nuts bolts and various other components (Howell).
This could actually create a much needed market for supplies if space travel becomes commercialized. If part is needed part way through a mission
and it can be found on a derelict satellite, Tom Markusic's company could be the missing link that could retrieve a bolt or solar panel and bring it to
whoever needs it eliminating the need for an expensive launch from the earths surface.
Another potential way of recycling space craft is increasing their longevity. Often times only a single component fails taking down all of a satellite's
systems. If they are designed modularly then satellites would only require a simple part replacement to be working again. DARPA is currently
researching a craft that would dock with satellites, assess damage, and potential make repairs (Howell). Having

A Study On Space Debris
MengYun Zeng(1239987) ESS 102 AC Erika Harnett April 14, 2016 Space Debris Probably most people do not know but this is a severe thing that
there is more than 170 million space debris floating within 35000 km of Earth and over 29,000 are a size larger than 10cm (ESA). Even a 1–cm debris
probably could disable a spacecraft (ESA). What makes this problem worse is space debris also crash into each other and create hundred more
pieces each time and this chain reaction will create a dense cloud of space debris in certain orbits so anything cannot traverse safely (National1).
The space debris is a serious problem that needs all the countries and organizations that launched or planning to launch to space to get attention with.
If people are still despite the serious consequences caused by the space debris and no countermeasure are taken, the exponential growth of debris
creates by the collision "would become too hazardous to continue space operation in low Earth orbit" (Whitehouse). In order to decrease the impacts
of space debris, national space agencies and organizations need to devising plans or following some guidelines to cleanup the space debris or at least
limiting the future space debris. The following paragraphs will explain what is space debris? Where they come from? Why they caused so many
problems? Where they cause problems? Also the potential solutions for cleaning the debris. When we talking about the space junk people may think
about the wastes that astronauts

Space Debri Research Paper
Name: Yuhao Ren
Date: 10/20/2016
Class: ESS 102
Space Debris
There are kinds of materials, always floating around in the space. When astronauts are doing the space traveling, it is the worst thing to come across
with these materials. Some people may be not familiar with these materials; however, the one I was talking about is called space debris in the term of
space science.
Space debris is made up with both natural particles and artificial particles, which are called as meteoroids and man–made products. Natural particles
are always in the track around the sun; however, most of the artificial particles are in the orbit about the earth. So we may call these as orbital debris,
which are always in the orbit of stars. (Space Debris and Human Spacecraft, 2013)
According to the prediction, there are more than 21,000 pieces of orbital debris which are larger than 10 centimeters and half a million bits of ... Show
We can rely on some basic methods to eliminate debris. Grabbing debris directly from the machine and throwing them into a part of space where can
burn up rapidly. Furthermore, laser work as well, which use the power from the photon. It can slow them down till to the atmosphere of the earth.
(Incredible Technology: How to Clean Up Dangerous Space Jun, 2013)
Cited Sources:
"Space Debris and Human Spacecraft." NASA. NASA, 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
@NolaTRedd. "Space Junk: Tracking & Removing Orbital Debris."Space.com. N.p., 8 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
"Space Debris FAQs." The Aerospace Corporation. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
By Default, If the Menu Opens on the Right, We. "How We Can Prevent Space Junk: The Dangers of Space Debris." Bright Hub. N.p., 23 Jan. 2012.
Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
@mirikramer. "Incredible Technology: How to Clean Up Dangerous Space Junk." Space.com. N.p., 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Oct.

Oceanic Pollution : A Major Issue Within The Modern Study...
Oceanic plastic pollution is a major issue within the modern study of marine biology. The main focus of many studies about oceanic pollution are
within the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean holds much of the plastic pollution due to its location near costal countries along with being the main
transportation for many exported goods. This topic has sparked interest because of the rapid growth of this problem will affect many within one's life
time along with changing oceanic life. Oceanic plastic pollution is complex and in order to help prevent and fix this pollution education is the key.
Oceanic pollution has many elements that define it and varies sources contribute this problem. Complexity of this type of pollution can best be defined
by The National Research Council within their research TacklingMarine Debris in the 21st Century:
"[P]ollution of the marine environment means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment,
including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health,
hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of
amenities."
This definition states that humans are the major contributors of oceanic pollution whether aware or not aware. Human are the main contributors by
many of the daily tasks one does along with

Essay about Pollution
Pollution
"Ours, a water planet. The ocean covers 71 percent of the surface of the globe, and it constitutes over 90 percent of all habitable space on Earth. It's
total volume is around 300 million cubic miles and its weight is approximately 1.3 million million million tons. No wonder that Arthur C. Clarke,
scientist and writer, once remarked that it was 'inappropriate to call this planet Earth, when clearly it is ocean.* * (Mulvaney 28). Ocean pollution is
growing out of control, and the clean up of our world's oceans is critical.
Ocean pollution is now a big problem facing us in everyday life. For years we have been trying to stop the dumping of trash, chemicals, and toxic
waste into our oceans but the people who do it, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It Is also said, that at any given time, the ocean contains over 280,000 tons of tar balls. All kinds of garbage, ranging from fishing nets to trash, from
cargo ships to litter on the beaches, finds its way into coastal waters and the ocean. Here, it traps, ensnares, and entangles marine wildlife such as
many different species of marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds. Plastic pellets have been found on the surface of the Pacific at concentrations of
21,000 per square mile; a cleanup exercise on the coast of Texas yielded 15,600 six–pack rings along 1.8 miles of coastline; and a National Academy
of Sciences review once estimated that over 14 billion pounds of garbage enters the ocean from sea–based sources alone. In the 1980's, it was reckoned
that 30,000 northern fur seals died each year after becoming entangled in marine debris, principally lost or abandoned fishing gear. Heavy
metals––mercury and lead, for example––and organochlorine compounds such as PCBs and DDT, have been associated with a wide variety of impacts
on marine wildlife(Mulvaney 29–30). A serious form of ocean pollution might be heading to the coast of New Jersey starting in October. The conflict
is that the New York Port Authority wants to dredge New York Harbor, which is full of contaminates such as mercury and other toxic and harmful
substances, off of Sandy Hook,

My Accurate Sci Fi Story
John (Jack) Brugato
ESS 102 AH
Research Paper –– Rough Draft
4/10/17
Space Debris My scientifically accurate sci–fi story will focus on astronauts tasked with aiding in the clean up of space debris. The story will take
place not too far in the future, in a time where space debris is creating problems for NASA and other space programs. Space debris is proving to be too
dangerous and has resulted in numerous failed missions and destroyed unmanned spacecraft. The purpose of clearing out the space debris is because
NASA discovered a planet that had promising signs of life and is sending other probes and unmanned spacecraft to investigate further.
What is Space Debris? One issue with space travel has to do with the debris that is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Kessler Syndrome was brought to light in 2009 when the Iridium 33, a United States satellite, was struck by the Cosmos 2251, an unused Russian
satellite. Due to Kepler's laws of orbital motion and the objects being as close they were to Earth's gravitational pull, the two satellites collided at
about five miles per second (Parker, greeniacs.com). The result of the collision proves Kessler's concerns, as a cloud of thousands of pieces of broken
equipment and satellite parts was created, which is now in Earth's orbit. The true danger of space debris relies in the speed of each piece. Since each
piece travels at around four to five miles per second, smaller pieces could be catastrophic towards future missions (Dunbar, nasa.gov). One such case of
debris causing damage comes through the missions STS–50 to STS–114. Over the span of these 54 missions, debris and meteoroids hit the windows of
the shuttles about 1600 times, resulting in 92 replacements (Madrigal, wired.com). The shuttles' radiators have also been hit a number of times, leaving
holes in the facesheet. One instance in particular occurred when a 100 micron sized particle hit the window of the STS–50, causing a one millimeter
crater (Whitlock, nasa.gov). These instances show how dangerous even the smallest particles can be for spacecraft.
How is it tracked? Space debris is not going unnoticed however. NASA and the Department of Defense are tracking

Space Debris Impact On Spacecraft
Effects of space debris on spacecraft. a– Effects of large debris. Large debris is defined as any junk larger than 10 centimeters. Encounters with large
space debris are not rare events to astronauts working in space. On several notable occasions, large debris has hit or has nearly hit space crafts. The
first collision to be clearly identified was in 1996, when the operational Cerise, a French military satellite, collided with a large piece of junk from a
disintegrated Ariane rocket (Reichhardt 2009). The impact cut into a 20–foot portion of Cerise's gravity gradient stabilization boom. The Cerise
satellite luckily survived, despite the sustained damage. Moreover, several space crafts have had to perform collision–avoidance maneuvers to escape
collision with large space debris. For example, in 2014, debris from the defunct Russian satellite, Cosmos–2251, nearly collided with the International
Space Station (Pardini et al. 2017). The International Space Station, however, was able to fire all of its thrusters quickly enough to avoid the collision.
b– Effects of small debris. Any debris less than 10mm in size is considered "small" (NASA, 2016). Collisions with small–size debris may not damage
the spacecraft at the time, but could cause damage that eventually leads to major problems. In 2016, for instance, a 7mm piece of debris struck a
window of the International Space Station's cupola (Griggs, 2016). The debris did not break the window of the spacecraft, but did leave a

The Issue Of Space Debris
According to NASA, the amount of pieces of space debris currently orbiting the Earth numbers in the hundred–thousands. This vast array of inoperative
man–made objects has accumulated over several decades of space travel and exploration and has come from a variety of sources. The majority of
space debris in orbit consists of defunct satellites or fragments left behind from collisions between satellites or explosions that were caused by unused
fuel remaining in the tanks of defunct satellites. A fraction of thespace debris also comprises of rocket stages and other launch hardware. NASA and
the US Department of Defense put in a considerable amount of time and energy into tracking and cataloguing such space debris that orbits the Earth.
This begs the question: why is the issue of space debris so important? Since the launch of the first satellite Sputnik 1 in 1957, space flight has
transitioned from being centered on politics to being focused on more scientific and commercial applications. Nowadays, satellites play an integral
role in our daily lives providing us with services like weather forecasts, navigation, communication and television. Satellites make significant
contributions to scientific research as well. One of many such examples is the Hubble Space Telescope, which has helped to make many important
discoveries about deep space. Valuable in terms of their contributions to science and our everyday lives, satellites are also quite expensive. The
International Space

Marine Debris
Issue Analysis: Marine Debris In an article written by Adam Vaughn for The Guardian, the issue of marine debris is briefly addressed while a
solution to the issue is analyzed. Marine debris can be commonly known as plastics in the ocean, and Vaughn's article analyzes biodegradable plastics.
While this essay will not analyze biodegradable plastics, solutions to the issue are an important part of creating a picture of the issue at hand. Marine
debris, or plastic in the ocean, is an issue in consequence to its negative environmental impact. It is not common for this negative environmental impact
to be argued against. It is more common for this negative environmental impact to be ignored for the sake of human convenience. In one perspective ...
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More importantly both articles also focus on highlighting consumer awareness and alternatives to plastics. Specifically, both McGlade and the
authors of the academic article use context to encourage consumers to think about plastic, it's necessity, and it's consequence. Another specific point
is that both articles use examples of how plastic impacts marine life. The article written by Vaughn uses the example of jellyfish and how plastics
allow them to broaden their range in the ocean and affect the food chain of other marine life. The academic article uses the example of marine life
ingesting marine debris causing death within different species. Both of these examples can serve as evidence to marine debris interfering with the
biodiversity of the ocean. As jellyfish disrupt the food chain the cycle of disrupted food source will continue down the chain as the issue worsens. As
marine life ingests plastics and die–off marine food chains are affected even further. To sum up, both articles use examples that analyze the issue of
marine debris, and both articles turn to the need for change that can solve the problem. Whether the change be technologies that have real
biodegradability or alternate human behaviour all the writers understand the steps that need to be

The Ocean's Future is in Trouble
The oceans are in trouble. The animals and plants are in danger of being killed. People are also being harmed by toxins in the water. Why is this
happening? The ocean is full of trash and other forms of pollution from humans like noise pollution. The ocean is not a garbage can, people!
People are creating too much trash and a lot of it is ending up in the oceans. What can be done about this? People could create less garbage. The
environment could be helped by taking simple steps like bring your own bags to the grocery store or carry a reusable water bottle. These simple steps
will help stop so much garbage going into the ocean. Pollution is killing the life in the water, the animals and the plants etc. Therefore people need
stricter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A large piece of broken fishing net, a weathered shipping palette, an oil can, a melange of odd–shaped plastic pieces. Each item is just another major
threat to the world's oceans. Trash hurt animals in many ways. They could eat it or get stuck in it etc. Beaches and oceans worldwide are filled with
trash.
A lot of people are worrying about the world's oceans these days. In 2000, Congress passed the landmark Oceans Act, an act that establish a
commission of experts to assess threats to marine life and resources and develop recommendations for a new comprehensive ocean policy.
Activists are angry at the White House's rejection of its own commission's proposal to take $4 billion out of federal offshore oil and gas money to fund
an oceans trust fund.
Every year the Ocean Conservancy organizes an international coastal cleanup where over 500,000 volunteers pick up millions of tons of trash. Every
piece of trash hurts the ocean and the animals and plants.
Coastlines are popular tourists attraction. The more people there are, the more trash there is. Avoid single use water bottles, coffee mugs and grocery
bags.
Cargo ships sometimes spill garbage, and some of it floats out to sea from the shore. 80% of the trash that ends up in the ocean comes from the shore.
There are many items in the ocean, sneakers, rubber duckies, hockey equipment, plastic bottles and tops,

Summary Of Plastic: A Toxic Love Story By Susan Freinkel
"The amount of plastic the world consumes annually has steadily risen over the past seventy years, from almost nil in 1940 to closing in on six
hundred billion pounds today. We became plastic people really just in the space of a single generation" (Freinkel, 2011, p. 7). This quote is from the
first chapter of Susan Freinkel 's book, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story. She talks about how much plastic has taken over our world, but specifically in
the past decade, she notes, we have produced more plastic than we did the entire 20th century (Freinkel, 2011, p. 10). The book discusses the origin
of plastic; John Wesley Hyatt created one of the first synthetic plastic materials, celluloid, in 1869 (Freinkel, 2011, p. 16). His invention made it
easier to create things at a much cheaper cost. As Freinkel puts it, "It helped fuel a growing demand for things, period" (Freinkel, 2011, p. 19). Ever
since the growth of the plastic industry, our world has become one in which plastic is normal. In the introduction of her book, Freinkel walks around
for a day recording everything ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when the Toxic Substance Act was voted on in 1976, it allowed the Environmental Protection Agency to require testing of chemicals and
restrict chemicals. However, and here's the twist, the 62,000 chemicals used when the law was passed were exempt from the testing requirements
(Freinkel, 2011, p. 106). Our problem here not only lies with our government, but it also lies with us, the humans–the consumers. We are exhausting our
resources at an unsustainable rate. We live in a world where we only recycle 7% of the plastic that is produced, we think it is "normal" to have more
debris than ships in our oceans, we love the smell of new plastics, and we even contain plastics in our bloodstreams due to the normalcy of plastics in
our everyday lives (Freinkel,

Video Analysis Of Mona Hatoum's Body
Corp Etranger (1994) is a video piece made by Mona Hatoum which explores the artists body with an endoscopic camera. The piece is composed
of a cylindrical room with padded walls where the viewer is invited to enter and view the video of Hatoum's internal body, displayed on the floor of
the room. Using Kristeva's strategy of abjection the internal cavities are magnified and distorted into a grotesque monster that have the effect of
swallowing up the viewer. "The symbolisation of the womb as house/room/cellar." (Creed, 1993, p.55) The work is accompanied by an echograph of
Hatoum's breathing and heart beat, enveloping the viewer through all there senses. "I didn't want my work to be one dimensional in the sense that it just
appeals to the intellect. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Art of embroidery once the most valued form..was progressively de–professionalised, domesticated and feminised, exposed both the relativity of
cultural valuations and intimacy between value and gender," (Pollock, 1988, p.25) By using a domesticated and feminised art like weaving, an art
devalued because of its gender association, the absence of a body, and the long strands of hair encroaching on the viewer Hatoum's piece makes the
connection between the physical senses and sociocultural experience of confinement and restriction. In Islam the female body is a dangerous threat to
established order where patriarchy is the oppressor. The lack of a body in the piece represents the socially oppressed body and puts the audience in its
place. Acknowledging the stereotypes put onto the 'other' and subverting them to form new identities and reclaim otherness as a position of power.
"This is a response from the radical space of my marginality. It is a space of resistance. It is a space I choose." (Hooks, 1990, p343) Hatoum's sculptures
and installations can be understood through the abject and the monstrous feminine to question social constraints on women. Hatoum recognises the
strength and the insight the marginalised

Plastic Pollution and the Effects on Human Health Essay...
Where does all the plastic go. Every bit of plastic that has been created is still here. This is because plastic is one–hundred percent non–biodegradable!
Even the most degraded plastic down to polymers cannot be digested by bacteria (Laist, 1997). If global issues like starvation and climate change are
not enough to stress on, the weight of an issue literally churning in the Pacific Ocean is startling. For decades the majority of the world's population has
not been properly educated on the nature of plastic and the potential harm it can do to our environment and our physical health. Due to factors of man
and the natural effects of nature, a major problem has developed that is now harming our food.
Marine plastic is a visible sign of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to their regurgitation ability; most studies have focused on the ingestion of plastic pollution by bird, this does little harm to birds used in the
studies. The effects of ingestible plastic on fish have not been studied as thoroughly and no studies have been conducted on filter–feeding organisms,
which do not possess a feeding mechanism which would allow them to distinguish between plastic and plankton. Plastic pollution is only getting
worse due to increasing population of developing countries. A wide variety of marine species is known to be harmed by plastic debris. This could
threaten the survival of certain species, especially since many are sadly endangered by other types of anthropogenic actions.
Plastic debris pollution in the marine environment is greatest in oceanographic convergences and eddies, where plastic bits accumulate (Day 1986).
Gyres make up a large proportion, approximately seventy–five percent, of what we refer to as the open ocean, or the area of the ocean that does not
consist of coastal areas. Gyres are an area of junction that forces plastic into a central area with little to no wind and current influence. In
oceanography, a subtropical gyre is a connected system of ocean currents rotating clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the
Southern. Typically they form in large open ocean areas. A large volume of high
–pressure air

The Effects Of Plastic Pollution On The Ocean
Who would have known Alexander Parker's incredible invention of plastic would turn into a worldwide catastrophe for our oceans and marine
life? For many years now, all of Earth's oceans have been harmed by plastic pollution. According to Miranda Wang, "right now, the ocean is
actually a soup of plastic debris, and there's nowhere you can go in the ocean where you wouldn't be able to find plastic particles" (Wang and Yao
1:50). Careless people assume that since the ocean is so large, dumping plastic into it will never affect us. Each day a piece of plastic waste enters
our oceans: "In 2015, engineer Jenna Jambeck at the University of Georgia and other researchers calculated that at least 3 million tons of tons of
plastic trash are swept into the ocean from coasts ever year" (Barone). Plastic causes devastating effects on the oceans ecosystem and is hazardous
on human life, but if everybody lends a hand there will no longer be polluted oceans and the sea life would be saved. The problem concerning
plastic waste in our oceans is the deleterious effects it has on the oceans environment, marine life, and humans. Do you remember a day where you
went for a stroll on the beach and never noticed a single piece of plastic? Nearly everyone will answer this question saying no. Beaches are covered
with large plastic debris and millions of plastic particles that are taking place of the sand. Plastic is being washed ashore and swept into the ocean.
Plastic enters the oceans in numerous

North Pacific Gyre Research Paper
The North Pacific Gyre is one of the five major ocean gyres and one of the most biggest too. It is roughly the size of Texas. This gyre is obviously
located in the northern Pacific Ocean. This gyre is often called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. An oceanic gyre is like a giant mass of water that is
moved by the currents, sometimes people compare them to vortexes. The North Pacific Gyre is created by the currents of California, North Equatorial,
Kuroshiro, and North Pacific Ocean. These four currents move in a somewhat clockwise direction around an area of about 7.7 million square miles.
The area in the center of the gyre is the calmest and this is where the debris collects and then it becomes trapped here and is often not cleaned up.
Most of the trash and things that are collected in the garbage patch can not be broken down.
The actual garbage patch was predicted in a 1988 paper that was published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United
States. This prediction was based off of results from several alaskan based researchers between 1985 and 1988. Charles J. Moore, returning home
through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpac sailing race in 1997, came upon an enormous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The other 20% will come from offshore oil rigs, boaters, and sometimes very large cargo ships. The debris that appears at the Great Pacific Garbage
Patch varies greatly. There has been computer monitors, plastic, legos, bottle caps, plastic bags, and even lots of fishing nets. All of this trash can
cause major disruptions in marine food webs and ecosystems. For example, the plastic could block the sunlight from getting to the ocean plants, algae,
and plankton, this will result in the producers to suffer and then the animals that consume them will then be without a decent meal. The overall
outcome of this scenario would be a smaller access to seafood and this will cause seafood prices to spike

The Effects Of Space Debris
Since the early years of the space age in 1957, scientists have immensely contributed to our understanding of the Solar System and beyond by
conducting numerous space missions. However, with Earth's atmosphere encircled by debris from defunct space crafts, the future of the space
exploration may be at great risk. Space debris, or "space junk" is the waste byproduct of non–functioning spacecraft and spacecraft fragments in Earth's
orbit (NASA 2017). This paper examines the origin of space debris, how debris threatens the future of spaceflight, and possible measures to mitigate
the effects of space debris.
Debris origin
A–Mission related debris. Space scientists sometimes overlook the amount of debris ejected into space during the satellite launch process. In fact,
satellite launches are responsible for approximately 12 percent of the current space debris in Earth's orbit (International Academy of Astronautics
2005). During the launch process, satellites eject debris of varying sizes into space. Some of the debris stays in space much longer than others. For
example, the upper stage of the satellite's launch vehicle has pyrotechnic fasteners, usually explosive bolts or nuts, that separate violently during the
launch of the satellite. This type of debris, which can vary widely in size, may roam around the Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) – an orbit around Earth with
an altitude of 2,000 kilometers or less – for nearly two weeks before they return to Earth's atmosphere (Dunn 2008).

Essay on The Ethics Concerning Space Debris
The Ethics Concerning Space Debris
In more than 40 years of space activities some 3800 launches led to about 25000 observable space objects larger than 10 cm of which 8300 were still in
orbit by September 1997. Only 6% of the catalogued orbit population are operational spacecraft, while 50% is said to be due to "decommissioned
satellites," spent upper stages, and objects such as launch adapter and lens covers, which are mission related. The other 44% is originating from 140
on–orbit fragmentations. These events have been the main source that has generated a population of objects larger than 1cm on the order of 70000 to
150000.
Efforts to provide a definitive assessment of this problem have been directed toward analyzing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the large number of space exploration projects, a large belt of debris has formed that can be hazardous to other operational spacecraft. As
engineers, we have an ethical responsibility to prevent pollution of Earth's atmosphere. We have learned a hard lesson on the value of environment
from right here on Earth. Trends show that the debris belt circling the Earth will only get bigger, and become more hazardous to spacecraft.
There is an ethical issue vs. a legal issue vs. a cost issue that is very much open to debate. Several decades of space exploration have led to a buildup of
non–functional "space junk". However, proper disposal of equipment is just added cost for a space program that is already on a tight budget. If
space is in fact the "final frontier", then we must learn from our mistakes here on earth and minimized the contamination and pollution of the space.
As engineers, we have a moral responsibility to do everything in our power to preserve the environment. We are all stakeholder in this issue because
it involves our tax money to fund a lot of these outer space project. But more important emphazies should be made on precerving and taking good care
of the evironment we live in and the ones we explore such the outerspace. Back
PROBLEM DEFINITION
The space debris population consists mostly of explosion fragments, but also includes operating and expended satellites; mission–related objects such
as shrouds, clamps, and

The Discovery Of Space Debris
Space Debris
In 1957, the first artificial earth satellite Sputnik 1 was launch into space [1]. Humans entered the space age. With the development of the space
industry, more and more orbital debris is produced. It is becoming a potential hazard now. Increasing amount of space debris attracts each country's
attention. Space experts are trying to find the way to reduce and eliminate the amount of orbital debris. This paper first illustrates what space debris is,
the size and the amount of space debris. As the growth of space debris, space becomes more dangerous. Next, this paper focuses on why space debris
is a problem, what are the hazards for spacecraft and human beings. Last, this paper illustrates the potential solutions to reduce and eliminate the debris.
Space debris includes both natural and artificial particles [2]. Nature particles such as meteoroids are orbiting the Sun while artificial particles are
orbiting the Earth. Therefore, Man–made space debris is more commonly referred as orbital debris, space junk and space waste. Orbital debris is the
product of space race. In October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite in history, Sputnik 1 was launched into space [1]. Orbital debris started at that
point. They are the "garbage" that people left in the space. Some of them are left in space intentionally, such as abandoned rocket stages and the debris
intentionally released during missions; others are left in space accidentally, such as nonfunctional spacecraft,

The Importance Of Plastic On The Environment
Plastic is a material that we use for a lot of things in our everyday lives, that pollutes our environment. Plastic is all around us. Think about how many
pieces you touch in a day: plastic bags, food container, drinking cups, straws, utensils– the list could go on and on. Plastic is becoming too common and
it is harming the world more and more every day. There should be restrictions on how much plastic can be used because it is harming, humans,
animals, and our environment. According to the movie, "A Plastic Ocean," Tanya Streeter states that, "in the last ten years we have made more
plastic than in the century before that." We are using more and more plastic every day. The Ocean is an abundant source of life. Plastic is a
polluting many of bodies of water. It is estimated that "...at least 5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing 268,940 tons are currently floating at sea..."
(PLOS, pg. 7). When someone litters in a street or in a park the plastic can travel through wind, and storm drain and get into rivers, creeks, lakes,
and oceans. "Eight million tons of plastic are dumped into the worlds ocean every year" (A Plastic Ocean). People do not realize how much harm
plastic is doing to the ocean. In some of the deepest parts of the ocean, plastic is found at the bottom because it does not breakdown in the salt
water; however, if the plastic does breakdown it does not go away. We find small particles of plastic everywhere in the oceans and it is even more
harmful than the larger pieces. In the article, "Invasions by Marine Life on Plastic Debris" it said that about "200 items of debris washed ashore"
(pg.1). Henderson Island, an island that is uninhabited, is now practically a junkyard. It has about 38 million pieces of plastic on it (Parker 3). Its
beaches are covered in garbage even though nobody lives on it. This shows that the plastic can travel anywhere without our help. About 3500 pieces
of plastic wash up onto Henderson Islands shore (Parker 2). This island has the most plastic than anywhere else in the world. Plastic is killing
thousands of different kinds of animals every day. In the movie "A Plastic Ocean," there was a Bryde's whale that died because it has over six square
meters of plastic

Space Debris : A New Habitable Planet Has Brought Adam And...
Man Hok (Felix) Yeung
ESS 102 AD
23 October 2014
Sci–Fi Paper Synopsis A mission to find a new habitable planet has brought Adam and his whole team into space. With 11 billion people waiting
back home, this team of six astronauts will leave their homeland in search for a new place to call their home. On this mission, Adam's crew will
encounter countless obstacles, fascinating sights, and shocking new discoveries. Their first problem is the large amounts of space debris blocking
their way. Will they successfully find a new home? Will all of them come back alive?
Space Debris – Problems and Solutions Earth is constantly haunted by problems like contaminated water, growing deforestation, and excessive
greenhouse gasses, but the pollutant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their size can range from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers. Meteoroids, on the other hand, are very small. They are tiny fragments of rocks
and dusts (Coffey 2009). The artificial part of space debris is made of fragments and pieces of man–made items. There are many kinds of debris
orbiting the Earth, for example, rocket parts that are detached after certain stages of launching, broken or dysfunctional satellites, and even fragments or
small parts from other machinery that was launched into space. All of these man–made fragments orbit the Earth, so they are often called orbital debris (
NASA 2012).
Orbital debris is a very dangerous thing. Not only is it creating many problems for scientist, it is also growing every day. A series of photos on a
document published by NASA (2009), called The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets fromSatellite Collisions, shows the
growth of orbital debris from 1960 to 2009. These images show just how much debris the Cold Wars has generated. Because of this war, the interest in
space and space exploration was spread throughout humanity. This spike of interest caused many satellites and rockets to be launched into space and
abandoned after they are out of service (Glassman 2009). One of the major contributors to orbital debris is China. In 2007, the Chinese decided to
test–launch an anti–satellite missile to destroy a weather satellite of theirs. Their missile

Space Debris Research Paper
Space Debris
People were looking up at the night sky and dreaming about flying to the stars for over thousands of years. Myths and legends of many nations of the
world are full of stories about the journeys to the Moon and the Sun. Currently, manned space crafts and space stations have become almost
commonplace in everyday life. Space exploration is undoubtedly essential and necessary stage of the progress of human civilization, but it entailed all
the negative aspects of anthropogenic activities. The atomic age polluted the huge space of the Earth, which requires billions of dollars for a cleanup.
Now, it turned out that near–Earth space became littered as well. However, it is much more difficult and expensive to clean it up. Space debris... Show
In 1983, a smack particle hit the porthole of the space shuttle Challenger (Nelson 2014). It did not break through but left a noticeable imprint. After
landing, craft specialists thoroughly inspected the damage and concluded that it was a chip of paint, which peeled off some other spacecraft. In
general, the United States has the richest history of similar cases. One of the most famous incidents occurred with the Atlantis shuttle in 2006 when a
small particle of debris pierced the radiator panel, one wall of the cargo hold, and ultimately stuck in the opposite one (Young 2006). The following
year, the Endeavour shuttle got a hole of few inches in its hull. Another debris of 0.4 inches in diameter punctured the Hubble Space Telescope array
(Pelton 2013). At the same time, other countries suffer from this problem as well and even worse. For example, the Russian communications satellite
Express–AM11 collided with a micro particle of debris, which damaged the thermal control system (Broadcasts ... 2006). As a result, the satellite broke
down and left the Far East without television for some time (Broadcasts ... 2006). This case ties into another problem associated with the effectiveness
of the satellites functioning in Earth

Space Debris And Its Influence On The Space Environment
Space Debris
This paper is mainly aiming to examine the concept of space debris and its influence on the space environment. Space debris is widely acknowledged
as the remains of the space objects made by human beings, such as consumed rocket stages, used satellites and fragments from the collision or
disintegration of these space objects. As a result of the rapid development of space technology and man's growing interest in exploring space, space
debris has become an inevitable issue and an increasingly severe problem that we need to tackle with. Thus, in the following paper, the detailed
representations of space debris, its development and potential detriments to the space environment, the methods to track and remove it and its future ...
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Thus, what we commonly refer to as orbital debris is the man–made debris. Technically, it is defined as any space object made by human beings, which
previously orbits around the Earth and is currently out of function. The sizes of space debris can also vary from the size of a marble to a much
greater size. Thus, besides the currently observed space debris, there are actually also another millions of space debris which are so tiny that we
cannot keep track of them. However, even though some space debris is extremely small, their potential power can never be underestimated.
Travelling at such a high speed, they can cause serious damages to any spacecraft. According to the past journals of various space shuttles, their
windows have been continuously damaged and forced to be replaced simply due to the collision from unknown space debris. Just as what Nicholas
Johnson, a NASA chief scientist for orbital debris, once suggests, the space debris which cannot be tracked creates the largest risk to space missions.
Nevertheless, although there are currently numerous space debris, there are actually very limited number of cases where great space disasters are
reported happening. According to the very few space accidents from debris collisions, a French satellite was once struck and destroyed by some debris
which resulted from the explosion of a French rocket a decade ago in 1986. On another occasion, a Russian satellite had a collision with a U.S.
commercial satellite

Garbage Patch Essay
Plastic has become one of the most pervasive materials in the world and is used to baggage about any consumer item. About three hundred million
tons of plastic are consumed every single year and only fifteen percent of that amount is recycled (Cronin). Plastic does not biodegrade and can
remain intact for up to a thousand years. "In fact, every single piece of plastic that has ever been manufactured is still in existence today" (Cronin). At
least two hundred seventy thousand are believed to be floating around on the surface of the oceans alone, while a number of "trash islands" have
formed in various areas of the world. The most–well known of these – the Great Pacific Garbage Patch– is already twice as large as the U.S. state of
Texas.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lost fishing gear is specifically harmful because it often results in "ghost fishing." Ghost fishing occurs when discarded or lost fishing gear continues
to fish and trap animals, entangle, or potentially kill marine life. The issue of "ghost fishing" was first brought to the attention of world at the 16th
Session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries in April 1985. Following debate at COFI, the FAO Secretariat published an in–depth study of the problem.
Lost fishing gear, or so called 'ghost gear' are among the greatest killers in our oceans, and not only because of their numbers. Literally hundreds of
kilometers of nets and lines get lost every year and due to the nature of the materials used to produce these types of gear, they can and will keep
fishing for multiple decades, possibly even for several centuries. Debris entanglement can also have damaging effects on marine habitats, such as corals
reef and seagrass destruction resulting from contact with derelict fishing gear.
Coral reefs are often called the "rainforests of the sea." An incredible amount of marine life depends on healthy coral reef ecosystems, from algae to
apex–predator sharks. Marine debris, especially large and heavy debris, can crush and damage coral. In the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, which has
one of the healthiest and least disturbed coral

Space Debris
Richard Xu
ESS102 AD
4/13/17
Research Paper RD
Topic: Space Debris
As Earth becomes more technologically innovated and crowded, space has become the answer of many of our problems. Over the past couple of
decades, we have launched numerous contraptions into space such as satellites in which many currently orbit the Earth. These contraptions can be used
for reconnaissance, communications, weather, search and rescue, navigation, exploration, television, and much more. Not a day passes by where we
do not make use of these contraptions in our lives. However, as we progress towards the future, more and more of these satellites will be launched into
orbit and as the fate of technology, they are bound to fail at some point and often get abandoned. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the rapidly increasing amount of space junk, planning of the clean–up of this junk is underway.
Every year, the amount of debris orbiting the Earth grows, creating an increasingly hazardous zone for satellites and even astronauts. Although some
objects or shrapnel look small, their destructive force is greatly magnified by the hostile conditions of space. According to NASA, pieces as small as
softballs can be traveling at an astonishing 17,500 miles per hour. Due to these enormous orbital speeds, any of these objects have the potential to
damage or destroy the satellites that we depend on. In fact, even a tiny paint fleck has caused enough damage to the windshields of spacecraft that the
windows had to be replaced (Space Debris and Human Spacecraft). In addition to damaged windows, images show that even objects less than half an
inch in diameter can puncture through the structure of the space shuttle Endeavour (Trouble in orbit: the growing problem of space junk). The fact
that such puny pieces of junk can cause such severe damage upon space shuttles suggests that spacecraft are mere inflated balloons to space due to the
high velocities objects are travelling. This only makes situations worse for humans as there is no really protected inside or

Oceans And Plastic Pollution
Oceans are very important factors in our environment. Our Earth is 71% water and 50%–80% of all life on Earth lives in that 71% water. The ocean
also contains 99% of the living space on the planet. ("The Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch"). So as you can see, the water we have on Earth has a big
purpose. Oceans are some families' vacations and are admired for their beauty. They give us food, transportation, and even oxygen, but what do we
do for the ocean? We pollute it. "Our ocean contains 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic debris. Of that mass, 260,000 tons float on the service, while four
billion plastic microfibers per square kilometer litter the deep sea." (Laura Parker). 80% Of marine debris comes from trash and debris in urban runoff
like land–based sources. Key components of land–based sources include litter, trash and debris from construction, ports and marinas, commercial and
industrial facilities, and trash blown out of garbage containers, trucks, and landfills. Ocean–based sources such as overboard items from ships and
fishing gear, are the other 20%. Food containers and packaging are the largest component of the solid waste stream ("The Problem of Marine Plastic
Pollution"). These items, together with plastic bags, also represent the largest component of marine debris. Packaging and single use disposable
products are not only present in marine debris, but they represent an unsustainable use of precious resources like oil, trees, energy sources, and water.
The quantity of marine debris is increasing in oceans worldwide. Researchers at the Algalita Marine Research Foundation documented an increase in
plastic debris in the Central Pacific Gyre five–fold between 1997 and 2007, where the baseline in 1997 showed plastic pieces outnumbered plankton
on the ocean surface.("Clean Water Action"). Each year the pollution increases, making marine life decrease. The pollution also makes their living
conditions worse, to the point where they have to leave their homes and live somewhere cleaner. "Tens of thousands of individual animals from
hundreds of marine species, including every kind of sea turtle and around half of marine mammals, have encountered plastic, glass, and other garbage
in the ocean, according to a

The Oceans On Earth

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