The Montane Forest, also known as the Great Himalayan Forest, has vegetation layers that vary with altitude and climate, similar to tropical and tundra regions. Between 1000-2000 meters are broadleaf trees like oak and chestnut, while between 1500-3000 meters are coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, and spruce. Above 3000 meters, temperate grasslands become common with ferns and moss, and nomadic herding is practiced; above 3500 meters, alpine grasslands and vegetation replace the grasslands.

1. The Montane Forest
(The Great Himalayan Forest)

2. Factors controlling the type of vegetation
 altitude
 climate( temperature) :high altitude, low
temperature.
 layers of vegetation similar to tropical to tundra
region.

4. Type of vegetation
 1000 metre –2000 metre:evergreen broad leaf trees:
oak, chestnut.

5. Common trees.

6. 1500 metre—3000 metre:coniferous
trees:pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce,
cedar.
The trees have pointed leaves with
branches sloping downwards.

8. Common trees.

9.  At even higher elevations, temperate grasslands are
common with ferns and moss.
 Animal rearing is common by nomads ,hence
practice nomadic herding.

11. At higher altitudes ,more than 3500 m grasslands give
way to alpine vegetation and alpine grasslands.

12. Common wildlife.