This article aims to emphasize the importance of using the scientific method in the search for a drug for the cure of people infected with the new Coronavirus and a vaccine to immunize the population, as well as coordinating action by governments to prevent the spread of viruses in order to safeguard the population's health and avoid its harmful effects on the economy.
Background- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is transmitted through air droplets from infected person and Close contacts of MDR-TB patients have a high potential to developing TB. This study aims to determine the profile of TB/multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) among household contacts of MDR-TB patients. Material and Methods- The cases were recruited from the King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India. In this cross-sectional study, Close contacts of MDR-TB patients were screened for tuberculosis. clinical, radiological and bacteriological experiments were performed to find out the evidence of TB/MDR-TB. Results- The cases were enrolled Between December 2015 to December 2016, a total of 100 index MDR-TB patients were recruited which initiated on MDR-TB treatment. A total of 428 contacts who could be studied, 11 (2.57%) were diagnosed with MDR-TB and 4 (0.93%) had TB. The most frequent symptoms observed in patients were cough, chest pain and fever. Conclusions- Tracing symptomatic contacts of MDR-TB cases could be a high yield strategy for early detection and treatment of MDR-TB cases to contribute to reduced morbidity, mortality and to cut the chain of transmission of infection in the community. The approach should be bringing about for wider implementation and dissemination. Key-words- TB, MDR-TB, Symptomatic, Household, Transmission
Etiologia de la celulitis y Predicción clínica de la enfermedad Estreptocócic...Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
Etiologia de la celulitis. Estudio prospectivo y predicción clínica de la infeccion por Estreptococcus basado en la frecuencia encontrada de las especies de estreptococo
This study was conducted to understand the status of scabies infection and its
epidemic characteristics in the Korean hospitals. 43 hospitals (86.0%) received the
reports of scabies infection with suspicious or definite diagnosis to infection control
department, implicating continuous increases 14.6% (7/48), 20.8% (10/48), 35.7%
(17/48), 44.1% (21/48), and 56.7% (27/48) in 2010 to 2013 and 35.7% (17/48) in 2014
up to April.
92.0% of the hospitals had the rules and guideline of scabies infection control,
which seemed to be prepared by the recent certifications of medical institutions and
establishment of rules in infection control departments. However, less than half of the
hospitals 44.0% (22/50) prepared the screening system related to scabies during the
admission processes of the patients, 56.7% of the patients had the typical symptoms
related to scabies when they admitted with 47.0% of pruritus, requiring the system to
prevent from the scabies epidemic beforehand
Hello This is my h.w instructions associate what you have learne.docxCristieHolcomb793
Hello This is my h.w instructions
associate what you have learned about theory in comparison to the case study and reflect on it.
·
A comparison of what you have learned from the case study to related theories you have studied. Make sure to cite these theories in APA format.
·
A comparison of the case study to your nursing practice, giving one or two examples from your nursing experience in which you might have applied a particular theory covered.
Your reflection should be a minimum of five to six paragraphs
Below are the theories
CHAPTER 15: Theories From the Biomedical Sciences
Melanie McEwen
Maria Leon is in her final year of a graduate program preparing to become a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA). During the course of her graduate education, Maria observed that most people reported a burning sensation as propofol (a drug used to induce general anesthesia) was administered intravenously (IV). In conducting a review of the literature and discussing her observations with other CRNAs, Maria found several techniques used to minimize the injection pain. Based on this information, Maria decided that she would like to conduct a research study to examine the effectiveness of using lidocaine to reduce the injection pain of propofol. This project would fulfill the capstone requirement for her master’s degree.
A literature review of pain management led Maria to the gate control theory, which posits that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal cord. When pain impulses are transmitted from the periphery of the body by nerve fibers, the impulses travel to the dorsal horns of the spinal cord, specifically to the area of the cord called the
substantia gelatinosa
. According to the theory, when the gate is open, pain impulses ascend to the brain; when the gate is partially open, only some of the pain impulses can pass through. Pain medication has an effect on the gate, and if pain medication is administered before the onset of pain, it will help keep the gate closed, allowing fewer pain impulses to pass through.
In planning her research project, Maria used the gate control theory to guide the design and structure of the study. For the study, she decided to compare two techniques for pain prevention. One technique involved mixing 20 ml of a 1% propofol solution with 5 ml of a 2% lidocaine solution and injecting 1 ml of the mixture immediately before administration of the propofol. The second technique involved the placement of a tourniquet inflated to 50 mmHg on the arm in which the IV access device was placed. Then, 5 ml of 2% lidocaine would be injected and the tourniquet would be removed 1 minute later; propofol would then be injected. A time frame of 20 seconds would allow the clients to report pain in the arm before the propofol took effect. Maria also planned to have a control group that did not have either of the pain prevention interventions.
If the theory was correct, Maria hypothesized that both experimental groups would ha.
Background- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is transmitted through air droplets from infected person and Close contacts of MDR-TB patients have a high potential to developing TB. This study aims to determine the profile of TB/multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) among household contacts of MDR-TB patients. Material and Methods- The cases were recruited from the King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India. In this cross-sectional study, Close contacts of MDR-TB patients were screened for tuberculosis. clinical, radiological and bacteriological experiments were performed to find out the evidence of TB/MDR-TB. Results- The cases were enrolled Between December 2015 to December 2016, a total of 100 index MDR-TB patients were recruited which initiated on MDR-TB treatment. A total of 428 contacts who could be studied, 11 (2.57%) were diagnosed with MDR-TB and 4 (0.93%) had TB. The most frequent symptoms observed in patients were cough, chest pain and fever. Conclusions- Tracing symptomatic contacts of MDR-TB cases could be a high yield strategy for early detection and treatment of MDR-TB cases to contribute to reduced morbidity, mortality and to cut the chain of transmission of infection in the community. The approach should be bringing about for wider implementation and dissemination. Key-words- TB, MDR-TB, Symptomatic, Household, Transmission
Etiologia de la celulitis y Predicción clínica de la enfermedad Estreptocócic...Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
Etiologia de la celulitis. Estudio prospectivo y predicción clínica de la infeccion por Estreptococcus basado en la frecuencia encontrada de las especies de estreptococo
This study was conducted to understand the status of scabies infection and its
epidemic characteristics in the Korean hospitals. 43 hospitals (86.0%) received the
reports of scabies infection with suspicious or definite diagnosis to infection control
department, implicating continuous increases 14.6% (7/48), 20.8% (10/48), 35.7%
(17/48), 44.1% (21/48), and 56.7% (27/48) in 2010 to 2013 and 35.7% (17/48) in 2014
up to April.
92.0% of the hospitals had the rules and guideline of scabies infection control,
which seemed to be prepared by the recent certifications of medical institutions and
establishment of rules in infection control departments. However, less than half of the
hospitals 44.0% (22/50) prepared the screening system related to scabies during the
admission processes of the patients, 56.7% of the patients had the typical symptoms
related to scabies when they admitted with 47.0% of pruritus, requiring the system to
prevent from the scabies epidemic beforehand
Hello This is my h.w instructions associate what you have learne.docxCristieHolcomb793
Hello This is my h.w instructions
associate what you have learned about theory in comparison to the case study and reflect on it.
·
A comparison of what you have learned from the case study to related theories you have studied. Make sure to cite these theories in APA format.
·
A comparison of the case study to your nursing practice, giving one or two examples from your nursing experience in which you might have applied a particular theory covered.
Your reflection should be a minimum of five to six paragraphs
Below are the theories
CHAPTER 15: Theories From the Biomedical Sciences
Melanie McEwen
Maria Leon is in her final year of a graduate program preparing to become a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA). During the course of her graduate education, Maria observed that most people reported a burning sensation as propofol (a drug used to induce general anesthesia) was administered intravenously (IV). In conducting a review of the literature and discussing her observations with other CRNAs, Maria found several techniques used to minimize the injection pain. Based on this information, Maria decided that she would like to conduct a research study to examine the effectiveness of using lidocaine to reduce the injection pain of propofol. This project would fulfill the capstone requirement for her master’s degree.
A literature review of pain management led Maria to the gate control theory, which posits that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal cord. When pain impulses are transmitted from the periphery of the body by nerve fibers, the impulses travel to the dorsal horns of the spinal cord, specifically to the area of the cord called the
substantia gelatinosa
. According to the theory, when the gate is open, pain impulses ascend to the brain; when the gate is partially open, only some of the pain impulses can pass through. Pain medication has an effect on the gate, and if pain medication is administered before the onset of pain, it will help keep the gate closed, allowing fewer pain impulses to pass through.
In planning her research project, Maria used the gate control theory to guide the design and structure of the study. For the study, she decided to compare two techniques for pain prevention. One technique involved mixing 20 ml of a 1% propofol solution with 5 ml of a 2% lidocaine solution and injecting 1 ml of the mixture immediately before administration of the propofol. The second technique involved the placement of a tourniquet inflated to 50 mmHg on the arm in which the IV access device was placed. Then, 5 ml of 2% lidocaine would be injected and the tourniquet would be removed 1 minute later; propofol would then be injected. A time frame of 20 seconds would allow the clients to report pain in the arm before the propofol took effect. Maria also planned to have a control group that did not have either of the pain prevention interventions.
If the theory was correct, Maria hypothesized that both experimental groups would ha.
Case reports and studies may be defined as the non-experimental description of an individual or a few of cases in terms of new or unusual presentation of the diseases, an unexpected disease course or pathophysiology, and new effects (either beneficial or detrimental) of existing medications or procedures. Although they suffer from the non-experimental nature and other potential bias and errors, case reports and studies have played and will continue to play an important part in the advancement of medicine. They often serve as "primers" leading to discoveries of new diseases/disease pathophysiology as well as development of new preventive and therapeutic measures. Case reports and case studies are also employed as a platform for the training of medical students and/or resident doctors in scientific writing and critical thinking. Although the significance of case reports and studies in medicine has being recognized since the early stage of development of clinical medicine, their value needs to be appreciated in the context of modern clinical research design and the hierarchy of strength of evidence for guiding patient care. This paper discusses case reports and studies within the big picture of clinical research, research design, and evidence-based practice.
In a week when the coronavirus closures and quarantines hit like falling dominoes – the lockdown in Italy, the empty workplaces and college campuses in the U.S., suspended sports seasons, canceled festivals – far less attention fell on the global scientific community's drive to find treatments for the new virus.
Similar to THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE NEW CORONAVIRUS (20)
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
É bastante evidente o descalabro do setor elétrico do Brasil. O planejamento eficaz do setor elétrico é aquele que deve ser desenvolvido com vários anos de antecedência e baseado em estudos técnicos e econômicos. A gestão competente tem que ser baseada no planejamento de longo prazo e com visão sistêmica que está faltando ao governo Bolsonaro. Sem a cultura do planejamento e a não utilização de profissionais competentes nas ações do governo federal, o resultado só poderia ser o que vem se registrando no setor elétrico que está ameaçado de “apagões” e de racionamento de energia elétrica.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE NEW CORONAVIRUS
1. 1
THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS IN
THE FIGHT AGAINST THE NEW CORONAVIRUS
Fernando Alcoforado
Abstract: This article aims to emphasize the importance of using the scientific method in the search for a drug
for the cure of people infected with the new Coronavirus and a vaccine to immunize the population, as well as
coordinating action by governments to prevent the spread of viruses in order to safeguard the population's
health and avoid its harmful effects on the economy.
Keywords: New Coronavirus. The scientific method. The government in the fight against the new Coronavirus.
1. Introduction
Several posts have been published through social networks trying to demonstrate that
chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are the medicine to fight new Coronavirus. Opposed
to this view are professors from Oxford University and Birmingham University who
consider chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine harmful to health in the treatment of
Coronavirus. The widespread use of hydroxychloroquine exposes some patients to rare
but potentially fatal damage, including severe skin reactions, fulminant liver failure and
ventricular arrhythmias (especially when prescribed with azithromycin), according to
Robin Ferner of the Institute of Clinical Sciences at the University of Birmingham, and
Jeffrey Aronson, from the Department of Health Sciences at the University of Oxford,
UK [3]. For Karl Popper the support of a theory or the result of a research is always
provisional since its conclusions must always be tested empirically in other places by
qualified scientists. This will have to be done for both hydroxychloroquine and any
medicine so that they can be considered as a solution for the cure of patients with new
Coronavirus. To try to solve this problem, Popper established what he himself calls the
“deductive test method” [5].
To test a theory or the result of research with hydroxychloroquine and any medication,
you can use Popper's method that proposes four steps, or types of evidence: 1st) Internal
tests: seek the consistency of the conclusions drawn from the statement; 2º) Tests of form:
it consists of tests to know if the theory is, in fact, an empirical or scientific theory or
merely tautology, that is, an analytical proposition that always remains true, since the
attribute is a repetition of the subject; 3rd) Innovation tests: verification if the theory is
really new or is already understood by others existing in the system; and, 4) Empirical
tests: verification of the applicability of the conclusions drawn from the new theory.
Popper says that a theory or research result will be more valid the more it is falsifiable,
that is, the more there are possibilities of being falsified and, even so, it continues to
respond to scientific problems. Once proposed, speculative theories will have to be
proved rigorously and relentlessly by observation and experimentation. Theories that do
not exceed observable and experimental evidence must be eliminated and replaced by
other speculative conjectures.
It is worth noting that the scientific method concerns a cluster of basic rules of how the
procedure should be in order to produce scientific knowledge [1], whether it is new
knowledge, a correction or an increase in previously existing knowledge. In most
scientific disciplines, the scientific method consists of gathering verifiable empirical
evidence based on systematic and controlled observation, usually resulting from
laboratory or field experiments or research and analyzing them using logic. The scientific
method is nothing more than logic applied to science. Therefore, the result of the research
2. 2
can only be considered a demonstration of the effectiveness in combating new
Coronavirus if it is repeated in other places and reaches the same result with the use of
the scientific method. In order to describe a law of nature, it is necessary to repeatedly
test, collect and record the results, wait for this to be repeated with several other
researchers before being considered valid [2]. That is, a scientific law is valid when the
scientific community, founded on particular experiences, reaps similar or supposedly
equal results repeatedly.
What has just been exposed represents a response to science deniers such as Donald
Trump in the United States, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, among other leaders, and his
followers who insist on taking a stand against science-based measures to combat the new
Coronavirus. By adopting this negationist position in science, both the United States and
Brazil's leaders are responsible for the leadership of both countries in the global statistics
of those infected and killed by the new Coronavirus because they have not developed
coordinating action by their governments to combat new Coronavirus.
2. The importance of using the scientific method in combating the new Coronavirus
The fight against the new Coronavirus is not limited to the search for a drug that can cure
patients. It is fundamentally necessary to develop a vaccine capable of immunizing the
population. With regard to the vaccine against the new Coronavirus, researchers from the
United States and Germany are ahead in this race with about 20 groups dedicated to
finding an immunization against the disease. China has developed its first prototype and
the Ministry of Defense has announced that the country is ready to start clinical trials on
humans [3]. Volunteers between 18 and 60 are being called in to test the vaccine. The
United States, which started the first phase of its clinical trials the day before the Chinese
announcement, is also pursuing a quick, effective and safe solution. The vaccine problem,
however, does not end with the discovery. It is necessary to carry out tests on human
beings based on the scientific method to assess their safety and effectiveness in preventing
the disease. A vaccine should only be adopted after being tested repeatedly, collecting
and recording the results, waiting for this to be repeated with several other researchers
before being considered valid. Only then can it be produced on a large scale and
distributed to millions of people.
It should be noted that the search for an adequate scientific method guided the action of
most thinkers of the 16th and 17th centuries, standing out among them Galileo Galilei,
Francis Bacon, René Descartes and Isaac Newton, who with their contributions were
decisive for the structuring of what we call today modern science. Galileo is considered
the "father of modern science". For Galileo, the objective of the investigations must be
knowledge of the law that presides over the phenomena [4]. In addition, the main focus
of science must be quantitative relations. From 1623, Galileo Galilei founded modern
science with the formulation of the scientific inductive method that is still used today.
Galileo's method is known as experimental induction. With Galileo, the study of nature
took a different approach than Aristotle's when science became more experimental than
speculative. With the establishment of the scientific method, the Aristotelian paradigm
that prevailed until then was broken. Aristotle's scientific conceptions used only a formal
and not an empirical methodology. Galileo was the first theoretician of the experimental
method [5].
It can be said, therefore, that the result of any and all research is provisional since its
3. 3
conclusions need to be empirically tested elsewhere by qualified scientists to ensure its
validity. Science progresses through trial and error, conjecture and refutation, according
to Popper [5]. The method of science is the method of daring and ingenious conjectures
followed by rigorous attempts to prove them. Truth is the genuine aim of scientific
research. The truth is an interpretation of reality, confirmed by other human beings and
confirmed by mathematical equations forming a model capable of predicting future
events in the same coordinates. For Leibniz, it would be necessary to distinguish two
types of truth: on the one hand the truths of reason and on the other the truths of fact. The
truths of reason state that a thing is necessarily and universally cannot be different from
what it is, like mathematical ideas, being innate. The truths in fact, on the contrary, are
those that depend on experience, expressing ideas obtained through sensations, perception
and memory, being, therefore, empirical. According to Leibniz, the relationship between
truths of reason and fact, judged by the rationalization of information, allows to know the
reality.
3. Conclusions
From the above, it can be concluded that the fight against the new Coronavirus is not
reduced to the search for a drug capable of curing patients and the development of a
vaccine capable of immunizing the population based on the scientific method to evaluate
its safety and effectiveness, respectively, in curing and preventing disease. It is also
necessary for governments to develop coordinating action with the adoption of public
health measures to prevent the spread of the virus, in addition to planning the economy
to adapt it to the new situation imposed by the new Coronavirus pandemic.
Therefore, the fight against the new Coronavirus is not reduced to the search for a drug
capable of curing patients and the development of a vaccine capable of immunizing the
population. It is also necessary that governments act to adopt public health measures to
prevent the spread of the virus, in addition to planning the economy to adapt it to the new
situation imposed by the new Coronavirus pandemic. Unfortunately, while scientific
institutions were working and are still working on the search for a vaccine to immunize
the population and medicines capable of curing people infected with the new Coronavirus,
the governments of the United States and Brazil, among others, have not developed plans
to combat new Coronavirus, nor of adapting their economies to the situation created by
the pandemic on the basis of which they should develop their coordinating action of the
whole society in facing public health and economic problems. The result of all this has
been the devastating numbers of people infected and killed by the new Coronavirus, the
threat of collapse in the health system, the dizzying fall in economic activity with harmful
effects on the unemployment of the population and the bankruptcy of countless
companies.
The coordinating action of the governments would compete, fundamentally, in the
articulation with the different levels of federal, state and municipal government and with
the private sector to prevent the spread of the virus and to minimize the damages of the
health crisis on the economy and on the population based on public and economic health
plans. The public health plan should focus on the implementation of actions capable of
preventing humanitarian disaster by contributing to conduct tests of the entire population
to isolate infected people, to promote investments in the implantation of field hospitals,
in the production of hospital equipment, medicines and vaccines, in addition to adopting
social isolation and even the population's lockdown in critical regions of the country. The
4. 4
economic plan should include the adoption of measures to benefit the unemployed and
the poor with the transfer of income from the government to the families and the
suspension of the payment of taxes and the granting of low-interest loans to companies,
in exchange for not carrying out layoffs of employees during the pandemic. This set of
measures should be maintained as long as the pandemic lasts so as not to aggravate the
social conditions of the population, especially the most vulnerable, and the economic
conditions of micro, small and medium-sized companies.
To cope with the drop in government tax collection at all levels resulting from reduced
economic activities, the central government of each country should allocate resources in
the volume necessary for regional and local governments to address problems with the
health system and, also, the social problems concerning the most vulnerable populations
while the new Coronavirus pandemic lasts. It is necessary that the government at all levels
has the financial resources necessary to fulfill its roles at this critical moment. None of
this happened in United States and Brazil. In addition to science deniers, Trump and
Bolsonaro were and are incompetent in combating the new Coronavirus because they did
not elaborate public health plans, nor economic plans to deal with the problem.
One fact is evident: until a drug for the cure of patients is developed and a vaccine is
scientifically proven to immunize the population against the new Coronavirus, total social
isolation is absolutely necessary at this time worldwide to prevent the collapse of the
system health care that, under these conditions, will not be able to serve not only patients
with the new Coronavirus, but also those affected by other diseases. Any solution other
than this would mean exposing the population to the virus and consequent death. Another
fact is evident: while the pandemic lasts, it is absolutely necessary to adopt a government
income transfer policy for the population, especially the vulnerable, in order to avoid that,
due to the need for survival, they are forced to leave their homes to work in offices or on
the street. In other words, the government should pay people not to take to the streets so
as not to contaminate or be infected by the virus. Unfortunately, in Brazil, the Bolsonaro
government has already announced that it will suspend the process of transferring income
to the population adopted so far in December 2020. This decision will cause a significant
portion of the population to die of hunger.
In addition to the income transfer policy for the population, measures should also be taken
by the government to help companies, especially micro, small and medium-sized
companies, to survive in this moment of falling revenues, as well as states and
municipalities to avoid their insolvency due to the drop in tax collection. Only the federal
government in the United States and Brazil has the capacity to implement these measures.
Author
Fernando Alcoforado is a PhD in Territorial Planning and Regional Development from
the Barcelona University, Spain. He graduated in Electrical Engineering from UFBA -
Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, and Specialist in Engineering Economy and
Industrial Administration from UFRJ - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Currently he is a member of the Polytechnic Institute of Bahia (IPB), holds the position
of professor of postgraduate courses in Administration, Economics and Engineering from
several Brazilian educational institutions and as a Consultant in the areas of strategic
planning, regional planning, planning of systems of science, technology and innovation
5. 5
and planning of systems of energy. He held the positions of Coordinator of Strategic
Planning of Ceped- Research and Development Center, Secretary of Planning of City of
Salvador, Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, President of IRAE - Instituto
Rômulo Almeida of Higher Studies, Director of the Faculty of Administration from the
Faculties Integrated Olga Mettig of Salvador, Bahia and Consultant of Winrock
International in the area of renewable energy and UNESCO- United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization and Culture. He received the Brazilian Medal of
Merit of Engineering from the CONFEA (Federal Council of Engineering and Agronomy
of Brazil) and he is a member of the Bahia Academy of Education. He is the author of 14
books which deal with issues relating to Brazilian Economy, Energy, Economic and
Social Development, Environment, Global Warming, Science and Technology and
Globalization.
REFERENCES
[1] ALCOFORADO, Fernando. As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e
Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2016.
[2] DESCARTES, René. Discurso do método. Porto Alegre: L&PM POCKET, 2005.
[3] FERMER, Robin, ARONSON, Jeffrey. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in
covid-19. Available on the website <https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1432>.
[4] MARCONI, M. A. e LAKATOS, E. M. Fundamentos da Metodologia Científica. São
Paulo: Atlas, 2003.
[5] POPPER, Karl. Lógica da Investigação Científica, in Os Pensadores. São Paulo: Abril
Cultural, 1975.