This document summarizes a study that surveyed 60 prosthodontic post-graduate students regarding their knowledge and attitudes about COVID-19. The results found that 80% felt they received adequate training on COVID-19 prevention and control, while over 60% were confident in managing patients with required precautions. However, only around 63% knew who to contact if they encountered a suspected COVID-19 patient. Nearly all (96.6%) agreed that the pandemic has affected their academic activities. The study concludes that understanding aerosol transmission in dentistry can help identify risks and improve practices to prevent disease spread.
Role of Budesonide in Corona Virus Disease: Systematic Review DrHeena tiwari
Inhaled budesonide has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of Covid-19 patients requiring urgent or emergency care or hospitalization when given early to patients with mild symptoms. A systematic review of studies found inhaled budesonide reduced the risk of these adverse outcomes by 91% in one study. It also reduced the median time to recovery by 3 days in another study of patients with risk factors who were not hospitalized. The studies support the potential for inhaled budesonide to control the excessive inflammatory response to Covid-19 and prevent disease progression when administered early in mild cases.
This case report describes a 35-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who presented with ptosis of both eyes after receiving aminoglycosides for a chest infection. He was initially diagnosed with a post-synaptic neuromuscular junction disorder but later developed progressive symmetrical weakness and respiratory difficulty, confirming a diagnosis of myasthenic crisis. Treatment with high-dose steroids was started. Further evaluation ruled out thymoma or central nervous system involvement. The case report discusses myasthenic crisis as exacerbation of muscle weakness that can lead to respiratory failure and highlights common precipitating factors like infection.
Necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected individualsMattisHallsteinVolla
This study examined the incidence of COVID-19 among 52,238 employees in an American healthcare system over 5 months. The study found:
1) The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 remained almost zero among those previously infected who remained unvaccinated, those previously infected who were vaccinated, and those not previously infected who were vaccinated.
2) In contrast, there was a steady increase in cumulative incidence among those not previously infected who remained unvaccinated.
3) Not one of the 1,359 previously infected subjects who remained unvaccinated had COVID-19 over the duration of the study.
The results suggest individuals who have had COVID-19 are unlikely to benefit from vaccination, and vaccines
Role of Budesonide in Corona Virus Disease: Systematic Review DrHeena tiwari
Inhaled budesonide has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of Covid-19 patients requiring urgent or emergency care or hospitalization when given early to patients with mild symptoms. A systematic review of studies found inhaled budesonide reduced the risk of these adverse outcomes by 91% in one study. It also reduced the median time to recovery by 3 days in another study of patients with risk factors who were not hospitalized. The studies support the potential for inhaled budesonide to control the excessive inflammatory response to Covid-19 and prevent disease progression when administered early in mild cases.
This case report describes a 35-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who presented with ptosis of both eyes after receiving aminoglycosides for a chest infection. He was initially diagnosed with a post-synaptic neuromuscular junction disorder but later developed progressive symmetrical weakness and respiratory difficulty, confirming a diagnosis of myasthenic crisis. Treatment with high-dose steroids was started. Further evaluation ruled out thymoma or central nervous system involvement. The case report discusses myasthenic crisis as exacerbation of muscle weakness that can lead to respiratory failure and highlights common precipitating factors like infection.
Necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected individualsMattisHallsteinVolla
This study examined the incidence of COVID-19 among 52,238 employees in an American healthcare system over 5 months. The study found:
1) The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 remained almost zero among those previously infected who remained unvaccinated, those previously infected who were vaccinated, and those not previously infected who were vaccinated.
2) In contrast, there was a steady increase in cumulative incidence among those not previously infected who remained unvaccinated.
3) Not one of the 1,359 previously infected subjects who remained unvaccinated had COVID-19 over the duration of the study.
The results suggest individuals who have had COVID-19 are unlikely to benefit from vaccination, and vaccines
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...DrHeena tiwari
This document describes a questionnaire survey of 287 individuals who recovered from COVID-19. The survey found that only 10.8% reported no ongoing symptoms, while most reported fatigue (72.8%), anxiety (38%), joint pain (31.4%), or other symptoms. Symptom severity was related to severity of initial COVID-19 infection and presence of pre-existing conditions. The study aims to evaluate ongoing signs and symptoms in post-recovery COVID patients.
This document discusses diagnosis and treatment options for coronavirus. It begins by describing the properties and transmission of coronavirus. Diagnosis is primarily done through respiratory or blood samples that test positive for coronavirus nucleic acids on RT-PCR. Treatment involves supportive care, antiviral drugs like interferon-α, and management of symptoms. Severe cases may require oxygen therapy, ventilation, or treatment for organ dysfunction. While no specific treatment for 2019-nCoV exists, several antiviral drugs are being trialled.
Role of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in COVID 19: A Boom in Tre...DrHeena tiwari
This document discusses the role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in treating COVID-19 patients. ECMO is a treatment that oxygenates a patient's blood outside of the body and can be used when other treatments have failed. There are two main types of ECMO configurations - venovenous ECMO which oxygenates blood without supporting circulation, and venoarterial ECMO which fully supports the heart and lungs. The document reviews the indications, contraindications, hazards and settings for ECMO and argues it can be beneficial for supporting recovery from severe respiratory or cardiovascular problems caused by COVID-19.
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...DrHeena tiwari
This study compared the clinical features of COVID-19 in children and youth across the first three waves in multiple countries. A total of 397 patients aged 18 or younger were included. More patients were asymptomatic in the second and third waves compared to the first wave. Most illnesses were mild in all waves. A few patients presented with unusual manifestations like chilblains or multisystem inflammatory syndrome. The study found differences in symptoms and hospital length of stay across the three waves.
- The document discusses using animal models to test vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. It conducted a systematic review of studies published between January-August 2020 on this topic.
- The review identified 20 relevant studies examining non-human primates, mice, hamsters, ferrets, cats and dogs. These studies aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and use the animals to test vaccines.
- The findings showed that while animal models only mimic some symptoms of COVID-19 infection in humans, they are still essential for understanding disease pathogenesis, viral transmission and vaccine testing. Rhesus macaques in particular mimicked pulmonary infection when inoculated with SARS-CoV-2.
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, intended to prevent tuberculosis, may also provide non-specific protection against other pathogens like coronaviruses. The BCG vaccine induces trained immunity through epigenetic and metabolic changes in immune cells. This results in enhanced immune responses to subsequent pathogens. Some studies show countries with widespread BCG use have lower COVID-19 incidence. While more evidence is needed, BCG's ability to boost general immune function means it warrants further study as a potential temporary measure until a coronavirus-specific vaccine is available.
The document provides information on the COVID-19 pandemic as of April 2020. It discusses the epidemiology and spread of the virus globally. Key points include:
- COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to over 210 countries. As of April 2020, there were over 29 lakh confirmed cases and 200,568 deaths worldwide, with the US becoming the new epicenter.
- The virus spreads mainly person-to-person via respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, though many cases are asymptomatic. Chest CT scans show bilateral lung involvement like ground-glass opacities or consolidation.
- While most cases are mild, the elderly and those
1) The study aimed to evaluate saliva as an alternative to blood for detecting HIV antibodies using ELISA tests.
2) Saliva and blood samples were collected from 100 confirmed HIV-positive patients and 100 healthy controls.
3) ELISA tests found HIV antibodies in 99% of saliva samples and 100% of blood samples from HIV-positive patients. The tests found no HIV antibodies in samples from healthy controls, showing the tests were 100% specific.
4) The results demonstrate saliva can accurately detect HIV antibodies and is as effective as blood testing, but is less invasive making it preferable for testing.
A study was conducted among 1256 dental professionals to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding conservative and endodontic practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found that while the participants had good basic knowledge of COVID-19, areas for improvement were identified. For example, only 43% knew the accurate incubation period. Rubber dams were recognized as useful by 83% but techniques like low-speed handpieces were preferred by only 25%. While PPE kits were seen as important by 72%, only surgical masks were deemed sufficient by 37%. The study concluded that dental professionals need to be cautious when treating patients during the pandemic and limit disease spread.
This document discusses pool testing as a strategy to increase testing capacity and reduce costs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pool testing involves combining multiple patient samples and testing them as a single pool. If the pool tests negative, then all samples in that pool are considered negative. Only positive pools would require individual re-testing to identify the positive sample(s). The document recommends pool testing in areas with low COVID-19 prevalence (<5%) as a way to screen asymptomatic individuals or for community surveillance. Pool sizes should be adjusted based on local positivity rates. Pool testing has been used successfully for other infectious diseases and could help address shortages in testing capacity and supplies for COVID-19.
This document describes a study that evaluated the correlation between CD4+ T-cell count and orofacial and systemic manifestations in 100 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients in India. The patients were grouped based on their CD4+ count, and oral exams and medical histories were recorded. Results showed a significant correlation between lower CD4+ counts and more prevalent systemic manifestations like tuberculosis. Lower CD4+ counts also significantly correlated with more common oral manifestations like oral candidiasis. The study aims to evaluate CD4+ count as a prognostic marker for immune suppression in HIV patients.
Covid-19 And Movement Control Order: Stress and Coping Strategies of Student...Dr. Umair Ahmed
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) led students feel anxious with a constant internal dialogue
of ‘Am I safe?’ that may take a serious toll on their psyche. The self-quarantine and physical
distancing, economic hardship and fears of contracting the disease are likely sources of stress.
Quite apart, students may also experience both physical sufferings and mental stress due to the
news of increasing number of infected cases and reported deaths across the globe. A range of
expert guidelines have been developed by governments and health authorities to curtail the
spread of the virus. This study models a position paper which persuades the reader to realize that
the opinions expressed are valid and could be defended. In gathering supporting evidence, an
online qualitative survey was conducted to examine the stress of students observing self-
quarantine and physical distancing in and around Desa Ilmu and Unigardern in Kota Saramarahan
as well as in apartments at Jalan Kingfisher Sabah. These students were invited as respondents
in this online investigation using interview protocol to take their responses. This study is among
the first to examine the stress and coping strategies of students observing self-quarantine and
physical distancing. The paper may provide useful information about how students cope in
This document discusses using convalescent plasma therapy to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients. It provides background on using convalescent plasma to treat emerging infectious diseases. Limited data from China suggests convalescent plasma therapy provided clinical benefits for COVID-19 patients, including reduced viral loads and improved survival. However, there are challenges in recruiting eligible donors and ensuring the plasma contains sufficient neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Sever COVID-19Valentina Corona
This randomized controlled trial studied 199 hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19 in Wuhan, China to evaluate if the drug combination lopinavir-ritonavir provided benefits beyond standard care. Patients received either lopinavir-ritonavir plus standard care or standard care alone. Treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir did not significantly reduce time to clinical improvement or mortality at 28 days compared to standard care. Gastrointestinal side effects were more common with lopinavir-ritonavir. The study found no clinical benefit to using lopinavir-ritonavir for severe Covid-19.
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
This document discusses a study comparing the efficacy of placentrex and hydrocortisone injections as adjunct treatments for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). 60 patients with stage II or III OSMF were divided into two groups. Group A received placentrex injections while Group B received hydrocortisone injections over 2 months. Mouth opening and burning sensation were measured before and after treatment. Results found a statistically significant greater increase in mean mouth opening for Group B compared to Group A. Burning sensation was reduced more in Group A than Group B. Overall, hydrocortisone seemed to be more effective at improving mouth opening and mucosal health, while placentrex was better at reducing burning
This study evaluated the knowledge and concerns of 124 dentists in southern India regarding COVID-19 through a questionnaire. The results showed good knowledge of COVID-19 itself and oral manifestations, but less awareness of appropriate testing and disinfection procedures. While most dentists understood risk levels and emergency procedures, some lacked knowledge of ideal mouthwashes or managing contaminated air. Overall, the study found that while knowledge of COVID-19 was fairly good, greater education was still needed on testing, prevention and infection control practices.
Observational Study on 255 Mechanically Ventilated Covid Patients at the Beginning of the USA Pandemic
This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed.
Twitter: @MattisVollan
A study was conducted among 1256 dental professionals to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding conservative and endodontic practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found that while the participants had good basic knowledge of COVID-19, areas for improvement were identified. For example, only 43% knew the accurate incubation period. Rubber dams were widely recognized as protective tools, but techniques like low-speed handpieces and chemomechanical methods were less familiar. The study concluded that while dental workers understand disease transmission, extra precautions are needed when treating patients during the pandemic.
Infection Control of COVID-19 - WHO Guideline.pdfmilahelan999
This review article discusses changes to infection control procedures in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through saliva and aerosols generated during dental procedures, putting dental staff and patients at high risk. Key changes include taking patient medical histories remotely before appointments to screen for COVID-19 symptoms or exposure, minimizing non-emergency visits during peak pandemic periods, and modifying standard infection control protocols like increased use of PPE and ventilation to reduce virus transmission. Strict adherence to modified infection control measures is necessary to protect dental practitioners, staff, patients and the community from COVID-19 exposure during treatment.
This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and concerns of 124 dental health professionals in southern India regarding COVID-19. A survey was administered to assess understanding of COVID-19 transmission, oral manifestations, appropriate testing and emergency procedures. The results found good knowledge of COVID-19 and precautions, but some lack of awareness regarding appropriate testing and managing contaminated air. While most respondents understood transmission risks and emergency protocols, there was uncertainty around testing patients and using mouthwashes as prevention. This highlights gaps in knowledge that could be addressed with further education for dental professionals on COVID-19 clinical guidelines.
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms Post Recovery in COVID Patients: A Questionn...DrHeena tiwari
This document describes a questionnaire survey of 287 individuals who recovered from COVID-19. The survey found that only 10.8% reported no ongoing symptoms, while most reported fatigue (72.8%), anxiety (38%), joint pain (31.4%), or other symptoms. Symptom severity was related to severity of initial COVID-19 infection and presence of pre-existing conditions. The study aims to evaluate ongoing signs and symptoms in post-recovery COVID patients.
This document discusses diagnosis and treatment options for coronavirus. It begins by describing the properties and transmission of coronavirus. Diagnosis is primarily done through respiratory or blood samples that test positive for coronavirus nucleic acids on RT-PCR. Treatment involves supportive care, antiviral drugs like interferon-α, and management of symptoms. Severe cases may require oxygen therapy, ventilation, or treatment for organ dysfunction. While no specific treatment for 2019-nCoV exists, several antiviral drugs are being trialled.
Role of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in COVID 19: A Boom in Tre...DrHeena tiwari
This document discusses the role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in treating COVID-19 patients. ECMO is a treatment that oxygenates a patient's blood outside of the body and can be used when other treatments have failed. There are two main types of ECMO configurations - venovenous ECMO which oxygenates blood without supporting circulation, and venoarterial ECMO which fully supports the heart and lungs. The document reviews the indications, contraindications, hazards and settings for ECMO and argues it can be beneficial for supporting recovery from severe respiratory or cardiovascular problems caused by COVID-19.
CLINICAL FEATURES, DIFFERENCES IN COVID FIRST, SECOND, THIRD WAVES- A DATA BA...DrHeena tiwari
This study compared the clinical features of COVID-19 in children and youth across the first three waves in multiple countries. A total of 397 patients aged 18 or younger were included. More patients were asymptomatic in the second and third waves compared to the first wave. Most illnesses were mild in all waves. A few patients presented with unusual manifestations like chilblains or multisystem inflammatory syndrome. The study found differences in symptoms and hospital length of stay across the three waves.
- The document discusses using animal models to test vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. It conducted a systematic review of studies published between January-August 2020 on this topic.
- The review identified 20 relevant studies examining non-human primates, mice, hamsters, ferrets, cats and dogs. These studies aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and use the animals to test vaccines.
- The findings showed that while animal models only mimic some symptoms of COVID-19 infection in humans, they are still essential for understanding disease pathogenesis, viral transmission and vaccine testing. Rhesus macaques in particular mimicked pulmonary infection when inoculated with SARS-CoV-2.
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, intended to prevent tuberculosis, may also provide non-specific protection against other pathogens like coronaviruses. The BCG vaccine induces trained immunity through epigenetic and metabolic changes in immune cells. This results in enhanced immune responses to subsequent pathogens. Some studies show countries with widespread BCG use have lower COVID-19 incidence. While more evidence is needed, BCG's ability to boost general immune function means it warrants further study as a potential temporary measure until a coronavirus-specific vaccine is available.
The document provides information on the COVID-19 pandemic as of April 2020. It discusses the epidemiology and spread of the virus globally. Key points include:
- COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to over 210 countries. As of April 2020, there were over 29 lakh confirmed cases and 200,568 deaths worldwide, with the US becoming the new epicenter.
- The virus spreads mainly person-to-person via respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, though many cases are asymptomatic. Chest CT scans show bilateral lung involvement like ground-glass opacities or consolidation.
- While most cases are mild, the elderly and those
1) The study aimed to evaluate saliva as an alternative to blood for detecting HIV antibodies using ELISA tests.
2) Saliva and blood samples were collected from 100 confirmed HIV-positive patients and 100 healthy controls.
3) ELISA tests found HIV antibodies in 99% of saliva samples and 100% of blood samples from HIV-positive patients. The tests found no HIV antibodies in samples from healthy controls, showing the tests were 100% specific.
4) The results demonstrate saliva can accurately detect HIV antibodies and is as effective as blood testing, but is less invasive making it preferable for testing.
A study was conducted among 1256 dental professionals to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding conservative and endodontic practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found that while the participants had good basic knowledge of COVID-19, areas for improvement were identified. For example, only 43% knew the accurate incubation period. Rubber dams were recognized as useful by 83% but techniques like low-speed handpieces were preferred by only 25%. While PPE kits were seen as important by 72%, only surgical masks were deemed sufficient by 37%. The study concluded that dental professionals need to be cautious when treating patients during the pandemic and limit disease spread.
This document discusses pool testing as a strategy to increase testing capacity and reduce costs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pool testing involves combining multiple patient samples and testing them as a single pool. If the pool tests negative, then all samples in that pool are considered negative. Only positive pools would require individual re-testing to identify the positive sample(s). The document recommends pool testing in areas with low COVID-19 prevalence (<5%) as a way to screen asymptomatic individuals or for community surveillance. Pool sizes should be adjusted based on local positivity rates. Pool testing has been used successfully for other infectious diseases and could help address shortages in testing capacity and supplies for COVID-19.
This document describes a study that evaluated the correlation between CD4+ T-cell count and orofacial and systemic manifestations in 100 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients in India. The patients were grouped based on their CD4+ count, and oral exams and medical histories were recorded. Results showed a significant correlation between lower CD4+ counts and more prevalent systemic manifestations like tuberculosis. Lower CD4+ counts also significantly correlated with more common oral manifestations like oral candidiasis. The study aims to evaluate CD4+ count as a prognostic marker for immune suppression in HIV patients.
Covid-19 And Movement Control Order: Stress and Coping Strategies of Student...Dr. Umair Ahmed
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) led students feel anxious with a constant internal dialogue
of ‘Am I safe?’ that may take a serious toll on their psyche. The self-quarantine and physical
distancing, economic hardship and fears of contracting the disease are likely sources of stress.
Quite apart, students may also experience both physical sufferings and mental stress due to the
news of increasing number of infected cases and reported deaths across the globe. A range of
expert guidelines have been developed by governments and health authorities to curtail the
spread of the virus. This study models a position paper which persuades the reader to realize that
the opinions expressed are valid and could be defended. In gathering supporting evidence, an
online qualitative survey was conducted to examine the stress of students observing self-
quarantine and physical distancing in and around Desa Ilmu and Unigardern in Kota Saramarahan
as well as in apartments at Jalan Kingfisher Sabah. These students were invited as respondents
in this online investigation using interview protocol to take their responses. This study is among
the first to examine the stress and coping strategies of students observing self-quarantine and
physical distancing. The paper may provide useful information about how students cope in
This document discusses using convalescent plasma therapy to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients. It provides background on using convalescent plasma to treat emerging infectious diseases. Limited data from China suggests convalescent plasma therapy provided clinical benefits for COVID-19 patients, including reduced viral loads and improved survival. However, there are challenges in recruiting eligible donors and ensuring the plasma contains sufficient neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Sever COVID-19Valentina Corona
This randomized controlled trial studied 199 hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19 in Wuhan, China to evaluate if the drug combination lopinavir-ritonavir provided benefits beyond standard care. Patients received either lopinavir-ritonavir plus standard care or standard care alone. Treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir did not significantly reduce time to clinical improvement or mortality at 28 days compared to standard care. Gastrointestinal side effects were more common with lopinavir-ritonavir. The study found no clinical benefit to using lopinavir-ritonavir for severe Covid-19.
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
This document discusses a study comparing the efficacy of placentrex and hydrocortisone injections as adjunct treatments for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). 60 patients with stage II or III OSMF were divided into two groups. Group A received placentrex injections while Group B received hydrocortisone injections over 2 months. Mouth opening and burning sensation were measured before and after treatment. Results found a statistically significant greater increase in mean mouth opening for Group B compared to Group A. Burning sensation was reduced more in Group A than Group B. Overall, hydrocortisone seemed to be more effective at improving mouth opening and mucosal health, while placentrex was better at reducing burning
This study evaluated the knowledge and concerns of 124 dentists in southern India regarding COVID-19 through a questionnaire. The results showed good knowledge of COVID-19 itself and oral manifestations, but less awareness of appropriate testing and disinfection procedures. While most dentists understood risk levels and emergency procedures, some lacked knowledge of ideal mouthwashes or managing contaminated air. Overall, the study found that while knowledge of COVID-19 was fairly good, greater education was still needed on testing, prevention and infection control practices.
Observational Study on 255 Mechanically Ventilated Covid Patients at the Beginning of the USA Pandemic
This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed.
Twitter: @MattisVollan
A study was conducted among 1256 dental professionals to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding conservative and endodontic practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found that while the participants had good basic knowledge of COVID-19, areas for improvement were identified. For example, only 43% knew the accurate incubation period. Rubber dams were widely recognized as protective tools, but techniques like low-speed handpieces and chemomechanical methods were less familiar. The study concluded that while dental workers understand disease transmission, extra precautions are needed when treating patients during the pandemic.
Infection Control of COVID-19 - WHO Guideline.pdfmilahelan999
This review article discusses changes to infection control procedures in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through saliva and aerosols generated during dental procedures, putting dental staff and patients at high risk. Key changes include taking patient medical histories remotely before appointments to screen for COVID-19 symptoms or exposure, minimizing non-emergency visits during peak pandemic periods, and modifying standard infection control protocols like increased use of PPE and ventilation to reduce virus transmission. Strict adherence to modified infection control measures is necessary to protect dental practitioners, staff, patients and the community from COVID-19 exposure during treatment.
This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and concerns of 124 dental health professionals in southern India regarding COVID-19. A survey was administered to assess understanding of COVID-19 transmission, oral manifestations, appropriate testing and emergency procedures. The results found good knowledge of COVID-19 and precautions, but some lack of awareness regarding appropriate testing and managing contaminated air. While most respondents understood transmission risks and emergency protocols, there was uncertainty around testing patients and using mouthwashes as prevention. This highlights gaps in knowledge that could be addressed with further education for dental professionals on COVID-19 clinical guidelines.
Thank you for the detailed summary and critical appraisal of the document. This will help provide important context and evaluation of the information presented.
This document summarizes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentistry practices and procedures. It discusses how dental professionals face an increased risk of exposure due to the generation of aerosols and droplets during common dental procedures. It recommends preventive measures for dental offices such as minimizing non-emergency procedures, pre-screening patients, using personal protective equipment, disinfecting surfaces, and employing techniques to reduce aerosols like rubber dams and high-volume suction. The pandemic has led to changes in dental practices aimed at limiting transmission while still providing necessary care.
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes key information about COVID-19, including its genome structure and receptor, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It discusses how the risk of COVID-19 infection was high among study participants and increased with age, gender, and comorbidities. Finally, it outlines common control strategies like social distancing, masks, hand washing, and vaccination to prevent and slow transmission of the virus.
Should All Patients Having Planned Procedures or Surgeries Be Tested for COVI...JohnJulie1
This study analyzed 261 asymptomatic patients who were screened for COVID-19 via PCR testing prior to planned procedures or surgeries in July 2020. The screening found that 6 patients (2.29%) tested positive for COVID-19 and had to delay or cancel their procedures. Screening asymptomatic patients is important to prevent potential spread of the virus to healthcare workers and other patients. While PCR testing has limitations, it remains the best method for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. Screening all patients prior to elective medical care is recommended to protect patient and provider safety during the ongoing pandemic.
Should All Patients Having Planned Procedures or Surgeries Be Tested for COVI...suppubs1pubs1
The current pandemic of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in lockdown in many countries culminating in a major socio-economic crisis globally. COVID-19 can remain asymptomatic and so is crucial for early diagnosis to prevent further spread of this pandemic. Here we highlight the importance of screening asymptomatic patients prior to elective surgery, procedure or scheduled hospital admission. This analysis was done for the month of July 2020 during which 261 asymptomatic people were screened for COVID-19. Out of this, 6 patients (2.29%) were diagnosed to have COVID-19 on nasopharyngeal/ oropharyngeal swabs and subsequently had to delay their elective procedure or surgery. This clearly shows how important it is to screen this cohort of asymptomatic people who could potentially have spread the virus to other patients as well as healthcare professionals.
1) The document provides an overview of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) and implications for clinical dental care. It summarizes the epidemiology, symptoms, transmission routes, and recommendations for dental practice during the pandemic.
2) Key recommendations for dental practices include screening patients remotely or at arrival, managing suspected COVID-19 cases separately, using appropriate PPE, prioritizing urgent dental care only, and following infection control guidelines to prevent nosocomial spread.
3) Dental professionals face a high risk of infection due to procedures like aerosol generation and patient proximity, so vigilance is important to provide care safely and stop transmission during the outbreak.
COVID-19: советы ВОЗ по использованию масокPravotv
This document provides updated guidance from the WHO on the use of medical and non-medical masks in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It summarizes evidence that COVID-19 spreads via respiratory droplets and contact with infected surfaces. The guidance recommends medical masks for health workers providing direct care to COVID-19 patients without aerosol-generating procedures, and respirators for those performing such procedures. It also recommends targeted continuous use of medical masks by health workers in areas with community COVID-19 transmission.
Over seven semesters, swabs were taken from the noses and throats of 624 nursing students to test for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage. The overall S. aureus carriage rate was 47.4%, with more students exclusively carrying S. aureus in their throats than noses. The MRSA carriage rate was low at 2.29%, indicating increased clinical exposure did not lead to higher MRSA rates. Resistance to penicillin was lower than expected, while resistance to other antibiotics like erythromycin and clindamycin was observed. Testing both the nose and throat was important for identifying all S. aureus carriers.
The document provides an overview of research activities and outputs from Clinical Research Centres (CRCs) in Perak, Malaysia from 2018-2020. Key points include:
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Knowledge and Attitude of Prosthodontic Post Graduates on COVID 19: A Qualitative Research
1. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021.
10871
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Knowledge and Attitude of Prosthodontic Post Graduates on COVID 19: A
Qualitative Research
Dr Vineet Sharma1
, Dr.Madhuri Rao2
, Dr Preeti Budhwar3
, Dr.KiranKunwar Rathore4
, Dr
Amrita Sandhu5
, Dr Kripal Rai6
, Dr.Heena Tiwari7
.
1
MDS Prosthodontics, Medical Officer (Dental), R.U.H.S. College of Dental Sciences,
Jaipur, Rajasthan.drvineetsharmaa@gmail.com
2
MDS, Private practioner, Consultant Prosthodontist, Udupi, Karnataka.
madhuri.rao169@gmail.com
3
MDS, Consultant Prosthodontist and Implantologist, Clove Dental Corporate Hospitals,
Rohtak, Haryana.dr.preeti1992@gmail.com
4
Senior Lecturer, Dept of Prosthodontics Crown Bridge and Implantalogy, Army College Of
Dental Sciences, secunderabad. Kiran1990.rathore@gmail.com
5
Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics,Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences,
Mangalore, Karnataka. amritasandhu1509@gmail.com
6
Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry,Srinivas Institute of Dental
Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka. kripal2005@gmail.com
7
BDS, PGDHHM, MPH Student, ParulUniveristy, Limda, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujrat,
India.drheenatiwari@gmail.com
Corresponding Author: Dr Vineet Sharma, MDS Prosthodontics, Medical Officer (Dental),
R.U.H.S. College of Dental Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan. drvineetsharmaa@gmail.com
ABSTRACT-
Background:The disease caused by novel corona virus (COVID-19) is a pandemic. The
World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.
The source of the disease is unknown but its routes of transmission are person to person via
hands, saliva, nasal droplets and surface contacts. Dental professionals are particularly at risk
due to the nature of their clinical work. The prosthodontic dentists have to deal with geriatric
patients who are at risk.
Materials and Methods:The risk factors are aged people with additional medical co-
morbidities like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, and other cardiovascular conditions are more prone to develop a severe form of the
disease. Majority of these risk factors are seen in old patients who form a major part of
prosthodontic practise. Hence a survey was carried out to know the knowledge of the
prosthodontic post-graduate students on COVID-19.
Results:A total of 60 participants. 80% has adequate training in COVID 19. 61.6% were
confident managing patients with required precautions during COVID 19 pandemic. 63.6%
aware of the authority to contact if you come across a suspected COVID 19 patient. 96.6%
agreed that the pandemic has affected your academic activities
Conclusion:A better understanding of aerosol transmission and its implication in dentistry
can help us identify and rectify negligence in daily dental practice. In addition to the standard
precautions, implementation of special precautions could preventdisease transmission from
asymptomatic carriers. These special precautions would not only help control the spread of
COVID-19 but also serve as a guide for managing other respiratory diseases.
Keywords –Prosthodontic, coronavirus, social distancing, hand hygiene, disinfection
INTRODUCTION -
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was first identified
in Wuhan. The World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on
2. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021.
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March 11, 2020 [1]. It is caused by a new strain of novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2). The
subgroups of coronaviruses family are alpha(a), beta (ß), gamma (.) and delta (d) coronavirus
. This virus affects humans infecting their respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous
system. All of these belong to ß-CoV Alpha and beta coronaviruses mainly cause disease.
Although the source of origin and transfer to humans is still unclear, current evidence has
confirmed that COVID-19 is highly transmittable and that the predominant route of
transmission is human-to-human[2,3] .SARS CoV-2 is phylogenetically related to the two
highly pathogenic respiratory coronaviruses i.e Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS -
CoV)[4,5]. Structurally, COVID-19 is an ss-RNA, enveloped virus with a size of ~350
kilobase-pair (kbp). COVID-19 has the potential to cause severe acute respiratory tract
infection among infected humans and is commonly transmitted from person to person via
hands, saliva, nasal droplets, and surface contacts. The average incubation period ranges of
COVID-19 from 4 to 14 days . The infectedperson usually presents with upper respiratory
tract infection (RTI) and complaints of high-grade fever, a dry cough, and dyspnoea. It is
highly recommended to keep any suspected individuals in quarantine (isolation) and under
observation until further investigation by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
can take place [2]. COVID can progress in different stages, such as mild, moderate, and
severe.[6,7,8] Dental professionals are particularly at risk due to the nature of their clinical
work. Well-meaning dentists who want to serve the needs of their patients as they should may
be spreading the virus faster and extensively, without being aware of it. [9,10] The
prosthodontist defiance will be more because of many elements; exposure to blood during
pre-prosthetic surgery and implant placement, exposure to aerosols during tooth preparation
for crown and bridge, and abundant salivary concentration in dentures and measurement
trays. All of these mentioned factors with the majority of prosthesis patients who belongs to
old age group mainly susceptible to infection easily and long multiple visiting appointments
making the prosthodontist in front of distinctive challenge to guarantee dual safety at every
appointment and in every step of work [5]. The prosthodontist is very familiar with universal
personal protective equipment and other cross infection control measures and risk assessment
[6]. The current epidemiological data shows COVID-19 has higher transmissibility than
SARS-CoV and MERS CoV. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva and faeces has been
identified in infected patients. Incubation period for COVID-19 is between 2 to 14 days and it
can also be transmitted through asymptomatic patients. Thus, social distancing, proper hand
hygiene and surface disinfection are highly recommended to stop its rapid spread. In this
process, dentists may provide routes for virus transmission from unrecognized COVID-19-
infected patients and patients under surveillance [7,8]
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A survey questionnaire was circulated amongst the post graduate students of the prosthetic
department.The provider’s demographics of gender, age and the year they are studying in
during COVID pandemic is to be filled in. Also, the respondents consent regarding their
participation in the survey – “ if they are willing to participate in the survey ? “ is recorded.
The remaining seven questions were to assess the practise, knowledge and experience of the
respondents regarding the ongoing COVID pandemic. The questions were mostly based on
the behaviour of the prosthodontic students and how they carried themselves and practised
during the ongoing COVID pandemic.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS :
The data was obtained and analysed.(Table 1,2). A total of 60 participants. 80% has adequate
training in COVID 19. 61.6% were confident managing patients with required precautions
3. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021.
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during COVID 19 pandemic. 63.6% aware of the authority to contact if you come across a
suspected COVID 19 patient. 96.6% agreed that the pandemic has affected your academic
activities.
TABLE 1: CUMULATIVE RESPONSES FOR DIFFERENT BATCHES OF POST
GRADUATE STUDENTS
Questionnaire Total post graduate
students (n=60)(%)
Attending college/university 60 (100%)
Are you awareness of the guidelines issued by the DCI for dental
colleges
60 (100%)
Do you follow the guidelines in your department? 60 (100%)
The training provided to me in COVID 19 infection prevention
and control was
adequate – 48 (80%)
inadequate- 12 (20%)
Are you confident managing patients with required precautions
during COVID 19 pandemic?
Yes -37 (61.6%)
No-20(33.3%)
Maybe-3(5%)
Are you aware of the authority to contact if you come across a
suspected COVID 19 patient?
Yes -38(63.3%)
No-15(25%)
Maybe-7(11.6%)
Do you agree the pandemic has affected your academic
activities?
Strongly agree-58(96.6%)
Agree-2(3.4%)
Neutral -0
Disagree-0
Strongly disagree-0
TABLE 2: RESPONSES FOR DIFFERENT BATCHES OF POST GRADUATE
STUDENTS
Questionnaire I MDS
(n=20)(%)
II MDS
(n=20)(%)
III MDS
(n=20)(%)
Attending college/university 20 (100%) 20 (100%) 20 (100%)
Are you awareness of the guidelines
issued by the DCI for dental colleges
20 (100%) 20 (100%) 20 (100%)
Do you follow the guidelines in your
department?
20 (100%) 20 (100%) 20(100%)
The training provided to me in COVID 19
infection prevention and control was
adequate –
15(75%)
inadequate-
5(25%)
Adequate-
18(90%)
Inadequate-
2(10%)
adequate –
15(75%)
inadequate-
5(25%)
Are you confident managing patients with
required precautions during COVID 19
pandemic?
Yes -10 (50%)
No-8(40%)
Maybe-2(10%)
Yes -
12(60%)
No-7(35%)
Maybe-
1(5%)
Yes -15(75%)
No-5(25%)
Maybe-0
Are you aware of the authority to contact
if you come across a suspected COVID 19
patient?
Yes -8(40%)
No-5(25%)
Maybe-7(35%)
Yes -
15(75%)
No-5(25%)
Yes -15(75%)
No-5(25%)
Maybe-0
4. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021.
10874
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Maybe-0
Do you agree the pandemic has affected
your academic activities?
Strongly agree-
18(90%)
Agree-2(10%)
Neutral -0
Disagree-0
Strongly
disagree-0
Strongly
agree-
20(100%)
Agree-0
Neutral -0
Disagree-0
Strongly
disagree-0
Strongly
agree-
20(100%)
Agree-0
Neutral 0-
Disagree-0
Strongly
disagree-0
TABLE 3. COMMON TREATMENT URGENCIES IN PROSTHODONTIC
CLINICAL PRACTICE
• Pain with
diffuse
infection-
causing
extraoral and/
or intraoral
swelling that can
compromise the
patient’s airway
• Fractured
prosthesis
or soft tissue
trauma from
denture
• Cementation of
crown or bridge
• Severe pain
from
tooth fracture
from
biting or trauma
• Severe pain
from
pulpal infection
or
inflammation
• Localized
dental/
periodontal
abscess
• Fracture of
removable or
fixed
prosthesis
causing
soft tissue injury
• Deboned fixed
prosthesis
cleaning
and cementation
• Severe pain
from
tooth fracture
that
need to be
managed
by generating
aerosol
• Severe pain
from
pulpal
inflammation
that need to
be managed by
generating
aerosol
• Removable
dentures
adjustments for
radiation
• Removable
dentures
adjustments or
repairs for
normal
patients
•Asymptomatic
fractured or
defective
restoration
or prosthesis
• Chronic
periodontal
disease
•Examination of
the fully
edentulous
patient
• Restorative
treatments
• Aesthetic
dental
procedures
• Teeth
bleaching
• Dental implant
surgery
Emergency
Treatments
Managed with
Minimally
Invasive
Procedures and
Without Aerosol
Generation
Managed with
Invasive
and/or Aerosol-
Generating
Procedures
Nonroutine
Treatments
Routine
Treatments
5. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021.
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therapy
patients
TABLE 4 : PROTOCOL FOR THE STERILIZATION OF THE DENTAL
IMPRESSION.
Type of
disinfection
Disinfectant Recommended
concentration
Type of
impression
material
Time of
exposure
Commercial
preparation
High level
disinfection
Glutaraldehyde 2% Irreversible
hydrocolloid
10 min Cidex
Zinc oxide
eugenol
10 min
Poysulfide
Polyether
10 min
Addition
silicone
10 min
Intermediate
level
disinfection
Sodium hypo-
chlorite
0.5 %
Or
200 – 5000
PPM
Impression
compound.
Irreversible
hydrocolloid,
Zinc oxide
Eugenol.
Polysulfide’
Polyether,
Addition
silicone
10 min Purex
Clorox
Chloramine
T
Iodophores 1 – 2% 10 min Betadine
Hy-sine
Ioprep
Phenols 1 – 3% 10 min Lysol
Dettol
Hi-phene
Alcohols 60 – 90% 10 min Isopropyl alcohol
Chlorhexidine 2 – 4% 10 min Savlon
Low level disinfection Quaternary ammonium
compounds
Simple phenol detergents
Not recommended for
impression disinfection
Stone casts Spray or immerse in hypochlorite or
iodophor
Fixed (metal/porcelain) Immerse in gutaraldehyde
Wax rims or bites Spray-wipe-spray with iodophors
DISCUSSION:
Pandemic of COVID-19 has led to global crisis. The rapid surge of COVID-19 disease has
not only raised widespread public health concerns but has collapsed world’s economy. It has
put immense strain on social stability and the global health systems. When a person coughs,
sneezes, laughs, or talks, large (>5 µm diameter) and small (=5 µm diameter) droplets or
6. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 08 May 2021.
10876
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aerosols are generated. Due to gravity, larger droplets fall to the ground quickly;
therefore,droplet transmission requires close physical proximity between an infected
individual and a susceptible individual. On the other hand, small droplets or small particle
residues of evaporated droplets have a low settling velocity, so they may remain in the air for
alonger time and travel further before they can enter the respiratory tract or contaminate
surfaces (WHO, 2014) [9]. The risk factors are aged people with additional medical co-
morbidities like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, and other cardiovascular conditions are more prone to develop a severe form of the
disease [2]. Majority of these risk factors are seen in old patients who form a major part of
prosthodontic practise. Hence, it is essential for the practising prosthodontic dentists to take
utmost care to contract COVID-19 as well as pass it to other geriatric patients. (Table 3)
Hand Hygiene
Hand washing is one of the most frequently emphasized measures by WHO and healthcare
authorities to limit the spread of coronavirus. Reinforcement of good hand hygiene for both
patients and dental professionals is vital as appropriate hand washing protocol may not be
followed on some occasions which can create unnecessary challenges for infection control
during a pandemic. It has been suggested that dental professionals must wash their hands
before examining a patient, prior to any dental procedure, after contacting the patient, and
after touching any equipment and surrounding surfaces without disinfection. Hands must be
washed also after any direct contact with oral mucosa, wounds or damaged skin, blood, body
fluid, saliva and excreta. Dental professionals must avoid touching their own eyes, nose and
mouth until it safe to do so[12].During the pandemic too, prosthodontic postgraduate
students have to deal with emergency like situations. The various procedures undertaken by
a prosthodontist can be classified asAlso, it becomes very essential that all the prosthetic
procedures carried out for should be carried out under proper and appropriate
protocol.Various protocols have been suggested for different clinical procedures. Different
procedures like impression making, tooth preparation for crown and bridge prosthesis,
denture try-in and trimming, etc. require proper sterilization. An example of the protocol for
the sterilization of the dental impression is given below in Table 4. Also, the disinfection of
wax rims, casts, prosthesis and cast is to be done by the given protocol. Currently, there is not
a practical solution to avoid generation of aerosols mixed with patient’s blood and saliva, and
this creates great concerns regarding transmission of COVID-19 pathogenic agents to the
dental team and patients. Moreover, aerosol can stay airborne for an extended length of time
entering the patients’ and dental professionals’ body through respiratory tract. The aerosol
can also settle on the surfaces of the dental surgery and instruments making cross-
contamination between the attendees to the dental surgery highly possible in the absence of.
Effective and rigorous cross-infection control protocols [12,15]. Use of alcohol-based hand
rubs with at least 60% ethanol or isopropanol has also been documented as a simple and
effective cross-infection control technique which can inactivate enveloped viruses, including
coronaviruses [12].
CONCLUSION-
As COVID-19 has altered the lifestyle all over the globe. Considering the routes of COVID-
19 transmission, even we as dental professionals have to alter and follow standard protocols
for preventing the spread of infection. Dentists must have thorough knowledge about the
signs and symptoms and follow strict infection control measures in such clinical situations.
Without the potential to prevent community infection, prevention of health care transmission
will remain a challenge [2,5,10]. It is advisable to instruct the patients before attending the
dental office to take clinical screening and it’s preferred for both dentalprofessionals and
7. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 2021, Pages. 10871 - 10878
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patients to take the test rCOVID-19 before dental treatment. Unless COVID-19 test of a
patient has been negative, elective treatments should be performed following the infection
control measures presented in above recommendations [5,10]. A better understanding of
aerosol transmission and its implication in dentistry can help us identify and rectify
negligence in daily dental practice. In addition to the standard precautions, implementation of
special precautions could preventdisease transmission from asymptomatic carriers. These
special precautions would not only help control the spread of COVID-19 but also serve as a
guide for managing other respiratory diseases. Some of the key points for improvement of the
practise are as follows-[12]Preparedness and contingency planning for modifying clinical
practice in dentistry.Optimization of cross-infection control protocols.Further focus on
prevention and oral health promotion for the public.Patient empowerment and education.The
long-term consequences of this pandemic are currently unknown, but they will undoubtedly
result in a ‘new normal’ for the provision of dental care [6].
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