1) The study examined the cough aerosols of 128 patients colonized with MDROs like MRSA, ESBL, and VRE to see if the organisms could be transmitted onto culture plates.
2) In 18% of cases, viable MDROs were transmitted onto the culture plates through coughing.
3) Multivariate analysis showed that the strength of a patient's cough significantly predicted whether MDROs would be transmitted, with strong coughing making transmission over 7 times more likely.
4) The results suggest that the severity of a patient's cough should be considered when deciding whether single room isolation is needed for patients colonized with MDROs in their respiratory tract. However, more objective
THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TH...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to emphasize the importance of using the scientific method in the search for a drug for the cure of people infected with the new Coronavirus and a vaccine to immunize the population, as well as coordinating action by governments to prevent the spread of viruses in order to safeguard the population's health and avoid its harmful effects on the economy.
Etiologia de la celulitis y Predicción clínica de la enfermedad Estreptocócic...Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
Etiologia de la celulitis. Estudio prospectivo y predicción clínica de la infeccion por Estreptococcus basado en la frecuencia encontrada de las especies de estreptococo
THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TH...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to emphasize the importance of using the scientific method in the search for a drug for the cure of people infected with the new Coronavirus and a vaccine to immunize the population, as well as coordinating action by governments to prevent the spread of viruses in order to safeguard the population's health and avoid its harmful effects on the economy.
Etiologia de la celulitis y Predicción clínica de la enfermedad Estreptocócic...Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
Etiologia de la celulitis. Estudio prospectivo y predicción clínica de la infeccion por Estreptococcus basado en la frecuencia encontrada de las especies de estreptococo
Bacteriological and Mycological Profile of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media I...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...Premier Publishers
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
Ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis in a cohort of patients c...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The prevalence and the patterns of ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis (TB) are largely undocumented among Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART).
METHODS:
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) organized a cross-sectional ophthalmological evaluation ofHIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients followed in an MSF-run HIV-clinic in Mumbai, India, which included measuring visual acuity, and slit lamp and dilated fundus examinations.
RESULTS:
Between February and April 2012, 47 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients (including three patients with extensively drug-resistant TB) were evaluated. Sixty-four per cent were male, mean age was 39 years (standard deviation: 8.7) and their median (IQR) CD4 count at the time of evaluation was 264 cells/μL (158-361). Thirteen patients (27%) had detectable levels of HIV viremia (>20 copies/ml). Overall, examination of the anterior segments was normal in 45/47 patients (96%). A dilated fundus examination revealed active ocular inflammatory disease in seven eyes of sevenpatients (15.5%, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI); 5.1-25.8%). 'These included five eyes of five patients (10%) with choroidal tubercles, one eye of one patient (2%) with presumed tubercular chorioretinitis and one eye of one patient (2%) with evidence of presumed active CMV retinitis. Presumed ocular tuberculosis was thus seen in a total of six patients (12.7%, 95% CI; 3.2-22.2%). Two patients who had completed anti-TB treatment had active ocular inflammatory disease, in the form of choroidal tubercles (two eyes of two patients). Inactive scars were seen in three eyes of three patients (6%).Patients with extrapulmonary TB and patients<39 years old were at significantly higher risk of having ocular TB [Risk Ratio: 13.65 (95% CI: 2.4-78.5) and 6.38 (95% CI: 1.05-38.8) respectively].
CONCLUSIONS:
Ocular inflammatory disease, mainly ocular tuberculosis, was common in a cohort of HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients in Mumbai,India. Ophthalmological examination should be routinely considered in HIV patients diagnosed with or suspected to have MDR-TB, especially in those with extrapulmonary TB.
Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteri...RodolfoGamarra
Expertos de la ECDC y CDC tuvieron reunión europea para determinar la posible unificación del uso de los términos relacionados con la resistencia bacteriana: multidrogorresistente (MDR), extensamente drogo resistente (XDR) y pandrogorresistente (PDR); pero sugieren mayor investigación para su correcta aplicación.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bacteriological and Mycological Profile of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media I...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...Premier Publishers
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
Ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis in a cohort of patients c...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The prevalence and the patterns of ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis (TB) are largely undocumented among Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART).
METHODS:
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) organized a cross-sectional ophthalmological evaluation ofHIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients followed in an MSF-run HIV-clinic in Mumbai, India, which included measuring visual acuity, and slit lamp and dilated fundus examinations.
RESULTS:
Between February and April 2012, 47 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients (including three patients with extensively drug-resistant TB) were evaluated. Sixty-four per cent were male, mean age was 39 years (standard deviation: 8.7) and their median (IQR) CD4 count at the time of evaluation was 264 cells/μL (158-361). Thirteen patients (27%) had detectable levels of HIV viremia (>20 copies/ml). Overall, examination of the anterior segments was normal in 45/47 patients (96%). A dilated fundus examination revealed active ocular inflammatory disease in seven eyes of sevenpatients (15.5%, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI); 5.1-25.8%). 'These included five eyes of five patients (10%) with choroidal tubercles, one eye of one patient (2%) with presumed tubercular chorioretinitis and one eye of one patient (2%) with evidence of presumed active CMV retinitis. Presumed ocular tuberculosis was thus seen in a total of six patients (12.7%, 95% CI; 3.2-22.2%). Two patients who had completed anti-TB treatment had active ocular inflammatory disease, in the form of choroidal tubercles (two eyes of two patients). Inactive scars were seen in three eyes of three patients (6%).Patients with extrapulmonary TB and patients<39 years old were at significantly higher risk of having ocular TB [Risk Ratio: 13.65 (95% CI: 2.4-78.5) and 6.38 (95% CI: 1.05-38.8) respectively].
CONCLUSIONS:
Ocular inflammatory disease, mainly ocular tuberculosis, was common in a cohort of HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients in Mumbai,India. Ophthalmological examination should be routinely considered in HIV patients diagnosed with or suspected to have MDR-TB, especially in those with extrapulmonary TB.
Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteri...RodolfoGamarra
Expertos de la ECDC y CDC tuvieron reunión europea para determinar la posible unificación del uso de los términos relacionados con la resistencia bacteriana: multidrogorresistente (MDR), extensamente drogo resistente (XDR) y pandrogorresistente (PDR); pero sugieren mayor investigación para su correcta aplicación.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Sensitivity Of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin (Infecton) Scintigraphy Imaging To Det...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Evaluation of resistance profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
2. be considered as relevant aerogene shedders of MDRO
are unknown.
The aim of this study was to determine the potential
for microbial shedding in patients with an MDRO-
positive microbiological report from their respiratory
tract and to identify factors justifying the need for single
room isolation.
Methods
Inclusion criteria and specimen collection
During a 1- year period all patients older than 18 years
admitted to the University hospital of Vienna (VUH)
whose respiratory tract was found to be colonized or
infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing
gram-negative bacteria (ESBL) including Escherichia coli
or Klebsiella pneumoniae, or vancomycin resistant en-
terococci (VRE) were included. Subjects were asked to
cough onto two culture plates after taking a maximal in-
spiration, i.e. Columbia blood agar with 5% sheep blood
(Becton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) and
depending on the nature of the colonizing organism a
selective agar plate: chromID® S. aureus, chromID® ESBL,
chromID® VRE, bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). For
all samples, the same infection control practitioner posi-
tioned culture plates 5 cm in front of the patient’s mouth.
The strength of cough was denoted as “strong (++)” or
“weak (+). Participants gave written informed consent.
The Ethics Review Committee of The Medical University
of Vienna approved the study (EC No. 1140/2012).
Specimens were labelled and immediately transferred
to the microbiology laboratory for further analysis. Cul-
ture plates from all specimens were incubated at 37°C
and examined after 24 and 48 h. All possibly significant
isolates were identified to species level using the specific
colony coloration of the chromogenic medium while in
case of growth limited to the blood agar plate or in
case of ambiguous green-coloured colonies on the
chromID® ESBL by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
(Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). Appro-
priate resistance testing according to current EUCAST
recommendations (www.eucast.org) was performed in
order to confirm the drug resistance status.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software,
version 20.0. Beyond descriptive analysis, a logistic re-
gression analysis was performed to assess the impact
of the independent variables (age, gender, species of
MDRO, strength of cough) on the dependent variable
(growth of MDRO on culture plate) using 95% CI and
adjusted odds ratio (AOR). A P-value of less than 0.05
was considered to be statistically significant.
Results and discussion
A total of 128 cough episodes were analysed. Demo-
graphic data and clinical information are summarized in
Table 1. In total, 18% (23/128) of patients colonized or
infected with MDRO transmitted the organisms from
their respiratory tract onto the culture plates by cough-
ing. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (Table 2)
revealed that presence or absence of MDRO on culture
plates was significantly associated with strength of cough
(P = 0.012), but not with patients’ age (P = 0.593) or gen-
der (P = 0.148), or the microbial species of the investi-
gated MDRO (P = 0.523).
Retrieval or absence of MRSA on culture plates as
compared to other MDROs was not statistically significant
(P = 0.955), however, the strength of coughing correlated
significantly with MRSA retrieval (P = 0.014). The same
observation was found for VRE (P = 0.275 and P = 0.015,
respectively), and ESBL (P = 0.266 and P = 0.010, respect-
ively). The stratified subset analyses for the investigated
MDROs confirmed the observation made for MDROs in
general, supporting the result that strength of coughing,
but not the respective species, is associated with shedding
or non-shedding.
In our institution, the current practice for single room
isolation of patients colonized or infected with MDRO is
based on a structured risk assessment strategy. Depend-
ing on an individual assessment which considers the
possibility for transmitting microorganisms on basis of
their anatomic location, patients may fall into one of
three categories: (a) no isolation, (b) contact isolation or
Table 1 Demographic data and clinical characteristics of
the study population
Cough plates- outcome
(growth/no growth)
Total n = 128
Variables growth no growth n (%)
(n = 23) (n = 105)
Gender
Male 14 52 66 (51.6)
Female 9 53 62 (48.4)
Age
Median (IQR) 66 (53-72) years
≤65 years 13 50 63 (49.2)
>65 years 10 55 65 (50.8)
Microorganism
MRSA 10 41 51 (39.8)
VRE 4 31 35 (27.3)
ESBL 9 33 42 (32.8)
Strength of cough
Strong 21 67 88 (68.8)
Weak 2 38 40 (31.3)
Diab-Elschahawi et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2014, 3:38 Page 2 of 4
http://www.aricjournal.com/content/3/1/38
3. (c) strict isolation in a single room. For patients colo-
nized with MDRO at their respiratory tract, as indicated
by positive microbiological yield from sputum, tracheal
secret, pharynx or anterior nares, single room isolation
will be required, provided the patient is not ventilated
with a closed breathing circuit. So far, there is little data
available to decide if such patients may be epidemiologi-
cally relevant aerogene shedders of MDROs, since the
role of droplet transmission in MDRO spread is not
sufficiently investigated [5,7,9]. However, although this
approached may be proactive and provides a safe envir-
onment of care for other patients, the benefits of single
room isolation of patients colonized in their respiratory
tract or their cohorting for reducing the spread of MDRO
are discussed controversially [8]. Wigglesworth et al. [10]
concluded that either isolation capacity needs to be in-
creased or evidence-based risk assessment shall be applied
in situations where isolation demands exceed availability.
Our study demonstrates that about every fifth patient
colonized in the respiratory tract will transfer viable
MDROs to close surfaces during coughing. However, a
multivariate analysis reviles that transmission is seven
times (AOR: 7.33) more likely if the patients coughs
strongly. Based on these results it could be suggested
that strict single room isolation may not be necessary in
all patients colonized or infected with MRDOs at their
respiratory tract. Aside of the anatomic location of mi-
croorganisms, the patient’s compliance to follow stand-
ard infection control measures, and his mobility, the
severity of cough may potentially be a further aspect
which could be used for an individual risk-assessment in
order to decide for a single room isolation.
Our study has a number of limitations. The assessment
of cough intensity was based on subjective judgement and
differentiated only “strong” and “weak”. Although the
same infection control practitioner assessed all cough in-
tensities, and misclassification of cough intensities due to
different observers was reduced to a minimum, a stan-
dardized method of measurement allowing accurate inter-
pretation would be an advantage for future studies. A
second limitation is that environmental surfaces > 5 cm
from the patient were not sampled in parallel for presence
or absence of MDRO. Therefore, the presented results do
not allow statements on how far MDROs can be spread
when a patient is coughing.
Conclusion
Based on the present results it can be concluded that
risk stratification for decision of single room isolation of
patients colonized or infected with MDROs at their re-
spiratory tract may also take the severity of cough into
consideration. However, more work is required in order
to assess the severity of cough objectively.
Abbreviations
AOR: Adjusted odds ration; CI: Confidence Interval; ESBL: Extended-spectrum
beta-lactamase; EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Testing; MALDI-TOF: Matrix-assisted laser desorption localization - time-of-flight;
MDRO: Multidrug resistant microorganism; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus; VRE: Vancomycin resistant enterococci.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author’s contributions
MDE, OA, and EP planned and designed the experimental study. MDE, EP,
LSL, PS, DM, and AW supervised and coordinated data acquisition. MDE and
OA performed the statistical analysis. MDE, DM, and OA drafted and revised
the manuscript. All authors have participated in analysis and interpretation of
data and have read and approved to the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Medical Scientific Fund of the Mayor of the
City of Vienna, Grant-No.: 13010.
Author details
1
Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, Vienna General
Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria. 2
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Received: 5 October 2014 Accepted: 20 November 2014
References
1. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Mourouga P, Sauvan V, Touveneau S,
Perneger TV: Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve
compliance with hand hygiene: Infection Control Programme. Lancet
2000, 356:1307–1312.
2. Shiomori T, Miyamoto H, Makishima K: Significance of airborne transmission
of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an otolaryngology-head
and neck surgery unit. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001, 127:644–648.
3. Drees M, Snydman DR, Schmid CH, Barefoot L, Hansjosten K, Vue PM,
Cronin M, Nasraway SA, Golan Y: Prior environmental contamination
increases the risk of acquisition of vancomycin-resistant entrococci.
Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:678–685.
4. Hardy KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F, Hawkey PM: A study of the
relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patient’s acquisition. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006, 27:127–132.
5. Muzslay M, Moore G, Turton JF, Wilson P: Dissemination of antibiotic-resistant
enterococci within the ward environment: the role of airborne bacteria and
the risk posed by unrecognized carriers. Am J Infect Control 2013, 41:57–60.
6. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Committee HICPA: Guideline
for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in
healthcare settings. Am J Infect Control 2007, 2007(35):S65–S164.
7. Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO)
beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI): Hygienemaßnahmen bei Infektionen
oder Besiedlung mit multiresistenten gramnegativen Stäbchen.
Bundesgesundheitsbl 2012, 55:1311–1354.
Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of
growth of MDRO as dependent variable
MDRO growth on agar-plate (yes/no)
Independent variables Adjusted odds
ratio (AOR)
95% CI P-value
Age 1.295 0.501-3.346 0.593
Gender 2.038 0.776-5.353 0.148
Any Species of MDRO 0.834 0.477-1.457 0.523
Strength of cough 7.336 1.558-34.537 0.012
P- value calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis.
Diab-Elschahawi et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2014, 3:38 Page 3 of 4
http://www.aricjournal.com/content/3/1/38
4. 8. Cooper BS, Stone SP, Kibbler CC: Isolation measures in the hospital
management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):
systematic review of the literature. Br Med J 2004, 329:533–539.
9. Gehanno JF, Louvel A, Nouvellon M, Caillard JF, Pestel-Caron M: Aerial
dispersal of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital rooms
by infected or colonised patients. J Hosp Infect 2009, 71:256–262.
10. Wigglesworth N, Wilcox MH: Prospective evaluation of hospital isolation
room capacity. J Hosp Infect 2006, 63:156–161.
doi:10.1186/s13756-014-0038-z
Cite this article as: Diab-Elschahawi et al.: The strength of coughing may
forecast the likelihood of spread of multi-drug resistant microorganisms
from the respiratory tract of colonized patients. Antimicrobial Resistance
and Infection Control 2014 3:38.
Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of:
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• No space constraints or color figure charges
• Immediate publication on acceptance
• Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar
• Research which is freely available for redistribution
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit
Diab-Elschahawi et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2014, 3:38 Page 4 of 4
http://www.aricjournal.com/content/3/1/38