Itong modyul ng pangkatuto ay nakakatulong sa mga mag-aaral tungkol sa mga pagbabago dulot ng Kolonisasyon sa Pilipinas sa aspektong lipunan, kultural, edukasyon, teknolohiyal, pamahalaan at relihiyon.
Itong modyul ng pangkatuto ay nakakatulong sa mga mag-aaral tungkol sa mga pagbabago dulot ng Kolonisasyon sa Pilipinas sa aspektong lipunan, kultural, edukasyon, teknolohiyal, pamahalaan at relihiyon.
As Steve Jobs once said ” Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.
Remarks on the 50th Anniversary of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treati...Sam Rodriguez Galope
Keynote Speech on the 50th Anniversary of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Department of Foreign Affairs 26 November 2019 Justice Antonio T. Carpio (Ret.) Acting Secretary Enrique Manalo, Undersecretary Eduardo Malaya, Atty. Igor Bailen, other officials and employees of the Department of Foreign Affairs, distinguished guests, friends, a pleasant afternoon to everyone. Thank you for inviting me here this afternoon to join you in celebrating the Golden Anniversary of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. As you know, the most important source of international law are treaties. Treaties regulate relations between and among states. Treaties constitute the law between and among treaty states. Treaties must be observed faithfully between and among treaty states as expressed in the maxim pacta sunt servanda. Harmonious relations between and among treaty states can be maintained only if states uniformly apply and interpret treaties that regulate their relations. Treaties cannot operate to regulate relations and conduct of states if treaty states have different interpretations of treaties to which they are parties. There can be no effective dispute settlement between and among treaty states without uniform and universally accepted rules of treaty interpretation.
Follow the Rule of Law, But Aspire for the Rule of Justice Ateneo Law School ...Sam Rodriguez Galope
Follow the Rule of Law, But Aspire for the Rule of Justice
Ateneo Law School Commencement Speech
Ateneo de Manila University, July 14, 2019
Justice Antonio T. Carpio
.
"Is war really the only way of enforcing the arbitral Award? The answer is, of course, a resounding no. Waging war to enforce the arbitral Award is against the rule of law, both under domestic law and international law. Under the Constitution, the Philippines has renounced war as an instrument of national policy. Our Constitution prohibits the government from going to war to enforce the arbitral Award. Under the United Nations Charter, war has been outlawed as a means of settling disputes between states.
.
"Any war of aggression can even subject the leaders of the aggressor state to prosecution for a crime against humanity, even if the aggressor state is not a member of the Rome Statute, as when the act of aggression is referred to the International Criminal Court by the Security Council. In short, it is against the rule of law to go to war to enforce the arbitral Award.
.
"Is there a way to enforce the arbitral Award using the rule of law in the absence of an enforcement mechanism under UNCLOS? This, in essence, is the question that President Rodrigo Duterte publicly asked me last June 24, 2019. Let me quote the Philippine Star news report on that day: “Xi Jinping (said) there will be trouble. So answer me, Justice,” Duterte said, referring to Carpio, “give me the formula and I’ll do it.”
.
"In short, President Duterte asked me before the entire Filipino people - show me the formula to enforce the arbitral Award without going to war with China and I will do it.
.
"My response is yes, Mr. President, there is a formula – and not only one but many ways of enforcing the arbitral Award without going to war with China, using only the rule of law. Let me mention a few of these, and I hope the President will implement them as he had promised."
.
~Justice Antonio T. Carpio
Second Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 4 out of 5 Pinoys repudiate govern...Sam Rodriguez Galope
The Second Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey, conducted from June 27-30, 2018, found that four out of five adult Filipinos repudiate the government’s policy of doing nothing about China’s intrusion in the West Philippine Sea.
The June 2018 survey asked, “Is [activity] RIGHT or NOT RIGHT for the Philippine government to do in resolving the conflict between the Philippines and China about the West Philippine Sea?” Five specific activities were tested.
To this, 81% said it is not right to leave China alone with its infrastructures and military presence in the claimed territories [Chart 1].
At the same time, 80% said it is right for the government to strengthen the military capability of the Philippines, especially the Navy.
Seventy-four percent said it is right for the government to bring the issue to international organizations, like the United Nations or Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), for a diplomatic and peaceful negotiation with China about the claimed territories.
Seventy-three percent said it is alright to have direct, bilateral negotiations between the Philippines and China to discuss the resolution of the issue of the claimed territories.
Sixty-eight percent said the government should ask other countries to mediate the issue of the claimed territories.
81% say it is not right to do nothing about China’s intrusion in claimed territories
80% want the military, particularly the Navy, to be strengthened
74% want to bring the issue to international organizations for diplomatic negotiations
73% say it is alright for PH and China to have direct, bilateral negotiations
68% say the government should ask other countries to mediate
Net trust in China falls to “Bad” -35
https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20180714202446&mc_cid=ed998182eb&mc_eid=6280559e78
Remarks on 2nd Anniversary of the Arbitral Ruling on South China Sea Dispute ...Sam Rodriguez Galope
The July 12, 2016 Award of the Arbitral Tribunal was a
landmark ruling for three reasons. First, the Arbitral
Tribunal ruled that China’s so-called historic nine-dashed
line cannot serve as legal basis to claim any part of the
waters or resources of the South China Sea. China, like all
other coastal states in the South China Sea, cannot claim
maritime zones beyond what UNCLOS allows, that is, not
exceeding 350 NM from the coastline. The result is that
about 25 percent of the South China Sea are high seas, and
all around the high seas are the exclusive economic zones
of the adjacent coastal states. Of course, in the high seas
and exclusive economic zones there is freedom of
navigation and freedom of overflight as recognized under
customary international law and UNCLOS.
Ideas that Divide the Nation
Address to the 2018 Graduates on Recognition Day
National College of Public Administration & Governance
University of the Philippines, 22 June 2018
Our nation today is facing radical proposals to change its historic identity, its grant of regional autonomy, and its foreign policy. Because these proposals are radical and divisive, they require the deepest examination from all sectors of our society - from lawyers, public administrators, historians, political experts, businessmen, scientists, farmers, NGOs, and all other sectors in our society. I call these proposals Ideas that Divide the Nation.
We should be wary of new concepts imported from foreign shores and alien to our history as a people, which could Divide the Nation and even lead to the dismemberment of the Philippine state. Let me point out a few examples of these divisive ideas that have been introduced into our national discourse.
Japanese Translation: The South China Sea Dispute: Philippine Sovereign Right...Sam Rodriguez Galope
On 29 October 2011, Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio delivered a speech before the Ateneo de Davao University College of Law on its 50th Founding Anniversary. Entitled e Rule of Law as the Great Equalizer, the speech signaled the beginning of his advocacy to protect the maritime entitlements of the Philippines in the West Philippine Sea as conferred by international law. In that speech, Justice Carpio declared:
This battle to defend our EEZ from China, the superpower in our region, is the 21st century equivalent of the battles that our forebears waged against Western and Eastern colonizers from the 16th to the 20th century. e best and the brightest of our forebears fought the Western and Eastern colonizers, and even sacri ced their lives, to make the Philippines free. In this modern- day battle, the best and the brightest legal warriors in our country today must stand up and fight to free the EEZ of the Philippines from foreign encroachment. In this historic battle to secure our EEZ, we must rely on the most powerful weapon invented by man in the settlement of disputes among states – a weapon that can immobilize armies, neutralize aircraft carriers, render irrelevant nuclear bombs, and level the battle eld between small nations and superpowers.
That weapon – the great equalizer – is the Rule of Law. Under the Rule of Law, right prevails over might.
This eBook is a collation of Justice Carpio’s lectures and speeches on the South China Sea dispute and the historic arbitral award rendered in favor of the Philippines. Totaling more than 140 lectures and speeches and spanning a period of more than five years, or from October 2011 to March 2017, these presentations were made in various fora, both in the Philippines and abroad. An earlier collation of his lectures and speeches was published in Antonio T. Carpio, Historical Facts, Historical Lies, and Historical Rights in the West Philippine Sea, 88 Phil. L.J. 389 (2014).
is ebook is interactive — if you click on a map or photo, or on the underlined name of the source of a photo or illustration, it will bring you to its online source.
Acceptance of Ruling is Material -- Statement of Justice Antonio T. CarpioSam Rodriguez Galope
Why China’s Acceptance of the Ruling Is Material
Statement of Justice Antonio T. Carpio
China is legally bound by the tribunal’s ruling, whether China likes it or not. That is the compulsory nature of international law. But China can decide to go rogue and refuse to accept and implement the ruling.
This is what China has done – refusing to vacate Mischief Reef which the tribunal ruled is submerged at high-tide and forms part of the Philippine EEZ. The tribunal ruled that only the Philippines can exploit or erect a structure in Mischief Reef.
In international law, where there is no world policeman to enforce a legally binding ruling, acceptance and implementation of the ruling by the losing State is obviously material. More so if the losing State is a military power, and the winning State is not.
Remarks before the 2017 U.P. Alumni Homecoming Never Give Up Honor, Soverei...Sam Rodriguez Galope
A pleasant afternoon to everyone.
On behalf of this year’s alumni awardees, I wish to thank the Board of Directors of the University of the Philippines Alumni Association headed by its President, Atty. Ramon Maronilla, for this signal award conferred on us. I am sure I speak for the all of the awardees here tonight that we are truly honored and humbled by this recognition. We will certainly treasure this award.
This year’s theme of the Alumni Homecoming is “Itanghal ang Dangal” - Show Honor. Honor is of course the first half of the U.P. Motto – “Honor and Excellence.”
The emphasis on showing honor correctly points out that honor comes before excellence, that there must be honor above all, even as there must be excellence in all that we do.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
VIETNAM - DIRECT POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS (DPPA) - Latest development - What...
The importance of integrity -- Justice Antonio T. Carpio on the South China Sea and the Philippine Constitution
1. 1
The Importance of Integrity
Recognition Day Speech
College of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of the Philippines
29 June 2019, Diliman, Quezon City
Justice Antonio T. Carpio
Chancellor Michael L. Tan, Dean Maria Bernadette L.
Abrera, Members of the Faculty, students of the College
of Social Sciences and Philosophy who are being
recognized and honored this morning, their parents,
relatives and loved ones, friends, magandang umaga sa
inyong lahat.
Let me congratulate all the students being recognized
and honored here in this hall. Your perseverance and
hard work have brought you to the finish line as you will
now graduate from this University to start a new phase
in your lives. Many of you will work in the private or
public sector, while some of you will start your own
businesses. Others will proceed for further studies.
There will also be those who will seek work abroad.
Whatever you do, wherever you may go, there is one
element that will define you as a person, before your co-
workers, before your colleagues in business, before the
community, and before the public at large. And that is
your personal integrity.
Integrity simply means being consistently honest and
truthful in your actions regardless of the consequences,
2. 2
even if it means self-sacrifice on your part. This means
doing an act because it is the right thing to do, even if
you are alone against many. This means firmly standing
by your principles, though the heavens may fall.
It is not easy to be a person of personal integrity, to do
what is right, and to stand by your principles, when it is
so much easier to simply go with the flow and stay under
the radar. So why be a person of personal integrity and
make life hard on yourself?
The Constitution expressly requires that all public
officials and employees must serve with outmost
integrity. In the private sector, employers conduct, in
varying degrees, background checks on the personal
integrity of an applicant before accepting an applicant
for employment.
As you go up the ladder in the public or private sector,
you will always be evaluated based on your personal
integrity. There will always be objectors against those
with questionable personal integrity, while those with
known personal integrity will find little or no opposition.
Employers will almost always never employ anyone with
known questionable integrity no matter how competent
the person may be.
In your daily life even as a student, you always evaluate
people based on their personal integrity. If a classmate
or schoolmate wants to borrow from you, be it money,
a book or anything of value, you always ask yourself: can
3. 3
I trust this person to pay me back or to return what he
has borrowed? You are actually evaluating the personal
integrity of the person.
In banking, there is what is called a character loan. The
branch manager may lend you money without any
collateral, at low interest, if he knows you have personal
integrity. This means the branch manager believes you
when you promise to pay the loan on a certain date. You
are known as a man of your word.
If you have a questionable personal integrity, the branch
manage will most likely not lend you at all. Or if ever he
lends you, he will surely require that you put up a
collateral – hard assets like land or condominium. And
you will most likely be charged a high interest rate for
being a credit risk.
In the academe, the worst offense you can possibly
commit, in my opinion, is to cheat in exams. Cheating is
mental dishonesty. To cheat is the complete opposite of
honesty and truthfulness. That is why the penalty for
this offense may be dismissal or even expulsion.
If you lose your personal integrity, many doors will close
on you. Your friends will be wary of you, your business
associates will hesitate to transact with you, your
superiors will not trust you, and the public will be
skeptical with whatever you say or do. There is a heavy
price to pay for losing your personal integrity.
4. 4
If you lose your personal integrity, it will be a very long
and hard climb back to recover your personal integrity,
if ever you can recover. You may be able to recover, but
the odds may be against you.
That is why you should always protect your personal
integrity, and safeguard it like you are safeguarding your
very own life. Your personal integrity is your face to the
world, it is how the world sees you. Surely, you do not
want to present a face that drives people away from
you.
There is another kind of integrity that is also of utmost
concern to all of us Filipino citizens. This is an integrity
that you must also protect and safeguard with your own
life, if necessary. I am referring to the territorial integrity
of our country.
Under the Constitution, our national territory includes
submarine areas over which the Philippines exercises
jurisdiction, and that includes our Exclusive Economic
Zone in the West Philippines Sea.
The Constitution mandates that the State shall protect
its marine wealth in its Exclusive Economic Zone. The
essential elements of a State are territory, government,
people, and sovereignty. The government and the
people are the two groups of actors in these four
essential elements.
5. 5
The government and the people are the ones tasked to
protect the nation’s marine wealth in its Exclusive
Economic Zone. Thus, the Filipino people, citizens like
you and me, have the constitutional and civic duty to
protect our territorial integrity in our Exclusive Economic
Zone in the West Philippine Sea.
The area of our Exclusive Economic Zone in the West
Philippine Sea, as affirmed with finality by the arbitral
tribunal at The Hague, is larger than the total land area
of all our islands put together. All the fish, oil, gas and
other mineral resources in this huge maritime area
belong exclusively to the Filipino people.
The Constitution mandates that the “use and
enjoyment” of these resources shall be reserved
“exclusively” for the Filipino people. The “use and
enjoyment“ of these resources cannot be shared with,
or given away, to foreign nationals.
This exclusivity is not a “thoughtless and senseless”
provision in our Constitution as President Rodrigo
Duterte has unfortunately characterized. The United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS
has been ratified by 167 States, including China,
representing an overwhelming number of members of
the United Nations, accounting for at least nine-tenths
of the world’s population.
UNCLOS has reserved the use and enjoyment of all the
natural resources in all the EEZs of the world exclusively
6. 6
to the respective adjacent coastal states. The framers of
our Constitution have incorporated this exclusivity in our
Constitution. Even the small minority of states that have
not ratified UNCLOS, like the United States of America,
have adopted this exclusivity. International tribunals
have declared this exclusivity as part of customary
international law – which means it is the governing law
for all states of the world.
China itself reserves all the natural resources in its own
EEZ exclusively to Chinese citizens. Why will we not
accept and protect this exclusivity when the rest of the
world is accepting and protecting this exclusivity?
Surely, this exclusivity in the use and enjoyment of the
resources in the EEZs, being the accepted norm in all
civilized states of the world without exception, is not
“thoughtless and senseless.”
We must protect this enormous wealth in our Exclusive
Economic Zone in the West Philippine Sea for the benefit
not only of the present generation of Filipinos, but also
of future generations of Filipinos still to come. It is the
duty of this present generation of Filipinos to protect
this marine wealth, and hand it over to the next
generation of Filipinos, who will also protect it for the
next generation of Filipinos after them. This is the inter-
generational duty of every generation of Filipinos in
protecting our territorial integrity.
My generation has built a strong foundation to protect
our territorial integrity in our Exclusive Economic Zone
7. 7
in the West Philippines Sea when the Philippines won in
July 2016 the landmark victory at The Hague arbitration.
Future generations of Filipinos, including your
generation, must build on this foundation.
Our territorial integrity is just like our personal integrity.
We must maintain, protect and defend both with all the
power at our command because they are priceless. To
protect our territorial integrity requires doing what is
right in service to the Filipino people regardless of the
consequences. To protect our territorial integrity
requires personal integrity.
If we fail to protect our territorial integrity in the West
Philippine Sea and lose it to China, we will lose our
Exclusive Economic Zone in the West Philippine Sea
forever. There is no recovery once we lose this huge
maritime area to China.
If we lose our personal integrity there is still a chance of
recovering our personal integrity, no matter how long
and difficult it may be. But if we lose our territorial
integrity, there can be no recovery unless we defeat a
nuclear armed China in a war, which is of course
impossible.
War, in the first place, is not an option and has never
been an option. Under the Constitution, the Philippines
has renounced war as an instrument of national policy.
This means the Constitution prohibits the government
from going to war to enforce The Hague arbitral ruling.
8. 8
Besides, the United Nations Charter has outlawed the
use or threat of force to settle territorial or maritime
disputes between states. A country that violates this is
an international outcast, and can be sanctioned by the
Security Council.
Of course, we also know that if we go to war with China
to enforce the arbitral ruling, we will lose and lose badly.
Only a fool will go to war with China. It is clear that the
specter of war is being raised only to intimidate the
Filipino people into submitting to China’s encroachment
of our EEZ.
The correct recourse is to protect our territorial integrity
through the rule of law. That is why when China seized
Scarborough Shoal in 2012, we did not send the
Philippine marines to retake Scarborough Shoal. We
sent our lawyers to The Hague to protect our territorial
integrity by invalidating China’s nine-dashed line before
an arbitral tribunal under UNCLOS.
We brought the resolution of the dispute to a forum
where warships, warplanes, missiles and nuclear bombs
do not count, and where the dispute would be resolved
only in accordance with the rule of law. And we won an
overwhelming victory. We thus protected our territorial
integrity through the rule of law.
We should therefore continue resorting to the rule of
law in protecting our territorial integrity in the West
9. 9
Philippine Sea. We must use the rule of law wisely and
creatively, exploring and pushing the limits of
international law to maintain our territorial integrity.
So, dear students of this great institution of learning, as
you leave the portals of this University, remember to
always maintain, defend and protect your personal
integrity and our nation’s territorial integrity, and
safeguard and uphold them as you would your very own
life.
Upholding your personal integrity and our territorial
integrity is faithfully adhering to our alma mater’s
motto: Honor and Excellence, in everything we do.
Thank you and once again, congratulations to our
honorees. Mabuhay ang Republika ng Pilipinas,
mabuhay ang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, mabuhay tayong
lahat.