This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the implications of settling internally displaced persons (IDPs) in host communities on public services management in Yobe State, Nigeria. The study found that settling IDPs negatively impacted key areas like employment, trade, nutrition, and education. IDPs faced limited job opportunities and often worked low-paying manual labor. Trade opportunities were also limited in IDP communities and many relied on aid from non-governmental organizations. The government did not provide adequate assistance or job opportunities. Overall, the influx of IDPs overstretched public services in host communities. The study concluded the impacts on public services were negative and recommended the government implement policies to assist IDPs, address the root causes of displacement
Community Resilience Response to Boko Haram Insurgency in Yobe Stateijtsrd
The objectives of this study are to study the existing community resilience measures in Yobe State to examine the successes and challenges of the existing community resilience measures in the State and c to provide measures for overcoming these challenges. The study adopts control theory and situational crime prevention theory to explain community resilience to Boko Haram insurgency and its preventive measures in the study area. A body of literature on the subject matter has been consulted. Methodologically, the study will be survey research design and the target populations of the study were male and female community members, political leaders, traditional leaders, security agents, media persons, representatives of NGOs and CSOs. A sample size of 156 respondents was selected using cluster and simple random sampling techniques out of which 150 respondents provided quantitative data and the remaining 6 gave qualitative data. The sources of data were primary questionnaire and secondary and the method of data analysis was mixed method. The finding of the study indicated that the existing community resilience measures in Yobe State include the use of civilian JTF to prevent the re occurrence of the insurgency economic empowerment for the victims of the insurgency, special intervention for IDPs as safety net, and collaboration between the communities and the law enforcements. The successes of the existing community resilience measures in the State include more foreign investors coming into the State, reduction in the number of youths joining Boko Haram, emptying of IDPs’ camps, sense of security by the communities, and women and children empowerment in the State. The challenges of existing community resilience measures in the study area include lack of deliberate effort by the government, threats to peace by NGOs, increase in poverty and unemployment in the State, lack of cooperation by security agencies, lack of cooperation by the community members, and lack of community resilience professionalism. The measures for overcoming these challenges are deliberate effort by the government to address the challenges identify NGOs that threaten peace in the State reduction in poverty and unemployment incorporation of all security agencies to end the conflict and emphasis on IDPs. Mohammed Kachalla "Community Resilience: Response to Boko Haram Insurgency in Yobe State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53954.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/53954/community-resilience-response-to-boko-haram-insurgency-in-yobe-state/mohammed-kachalla
Abstract
Conflicts and protracted crises have resulted in a sharp rise in the number of Internally
Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Nigeria. Displaced persons not only face physical threats in such
circumstances of forced migration, but are also confronted with the challenge of economic
survival. In this context, Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) becomes an increasingly
important tool in humanitarian response and poverty reduction. In recent years, Nigeria has
deemed it necessary to embrace cash transfers as social protection instruments to tackle poverty
and vulnerability. This study examined the implementation of the CCT programme in Benue
State, Nigeria. The vulnerability theory was used as the theoretical underpinning of the study.
The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches to carry out in-
depth investigation. Survey and documentary sources were used for data collection, while
descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for data analysis. The data analyzed
revealed that the CCT Programme as presently implemented in Benue State covered the poor
and vulnerable, but did not extend to the large IDP population. It also established that IDPs in
Benue State were supportive of in-kind assistance, but indicated the need for a combination of
in-kind and cash assistance. The study recommended that in extending the CCT programme to
IDPs in Benue State, strategies such as establishment of a robust programming framework;
strong Measurement and Evaluation (M&E) mechanisms; and training to help beneficiaries
utilize from provided assistance, among others, should be adopted to maximize benefits and
mitigate possible risks associated with the programme.
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
The Link between Rural-Urban Migration of Youth and Crime in Anyigba Town, Ko...AI Publications
This study was conducted to establish the link between rural-urban migration of youth and crime in Anyigba town of Dekina local government area of Kogi State- Nigeria. Data were collected through the application of structured questionnaire and personal interviews. The study has established that in Nigeria, the youths migrate from the rural areas to the cities due to the general lack of socio-economic facilities that would vitalize social life. It has shown that on getting into the urban centres, they face the problem of unemployment in the formal sector and therefore end up in the informal sector where incomes are low and intermittent. It has noted that due to the low incomes in the informal sector and their intermittent nature, these migrant youths get engaged in unlawful livelihood means. The study has thus recommended that since rural Nigeria is essentially rural and depend on agriculture, agriculture should be modernized. Modernization of agriculture could yield substantial benefits. For example, modernising agriculture will create new job opportunities in production, distribution, processing and other related services. Modernization of agriculture will provide the ‘pull’ needed to keep the young people on the land instead of migrating to the cities. Millions of Nigerian youth enter the labour market daily facing huge challenges especially unemployment. Therefore, the federal, state and local governments should provide the rural areas with more resources. Policies should be formulated to target the youth who are leaving the rural areas. Emphasis should be on entrepreneurship. In Nigeria, rural areas are not being provided with enough opportunities and are losing their young people. This has serious socio-economic consequences. Therefore, rural infrastructures such as electricity, water, roads, educational institutions, etc should be provided in the rural areas to make the young people to remain in the rural areas. The migrant youths are always normal people when they leave their villages but meet abnormal situations in the cities. Their actions are therefore a response to the abnormal situations. Therefore, effective policing by both the community and other security agencies should be intensified so as to limit the freedom these youths have in expressing their dispositions and desires.
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a P...ijtsrd
This paper examines the problem of youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria, with a view of highlighting the need for effective and sustainable social protection strategy in the country. Majority of Nigerians are engulfed in the ocean of poverty. The Nigerian government seem to have shown lighter effort in its contractual obligation to provide socioeconomic security to its citizens. There is drastic collapse of social security, increase in unemployment rate and consequently high rate of poverty. Youth are very important stakeholders in any society; they are regarded not only as useful resources in nation-building but also the backbone of any societal development. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the dual problem of poverty and unemployment especially among the youths as the major disease that crippled the attempt by Nigeria to achieve sustainable development and at the same time ascertain the need for the formulation and implementation of effective and sustainable social protection strategy as a means of tackling the ever increasing rate of unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. The paper recommended that, for Nigeria to tackle unemployment and poverty problem, the priority of the people shall be identified, corruption must be eliminated and informal sectors, such as agriculture, shall be incorporated into the national economic priority, not public sector or oil alone. Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Sulaiman Isyaku Muhammad | Aminu Abdullahi | Jamilu Abdulahmid Bello"Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a Panacea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5961.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5961/youth-unemployment-and-poverty-in-nigeria--effective-social-protection-as-a-panacea/muazu-abdullahi-ishaq
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviati...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990 envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth & increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the Government needs to address some of its short comings.
Community Resilience Response to Boko Haram Insurgency in Yobe Stateijtsrd
The objectives of this study are to study the existing community resilience measures in Yobe State to examine the successes and challenges of the existing community resilience measures in the State and c to provide measures for overcoming these challenges. The study adopts control theory and situational crime prevention theory to explain community resilience to Boko Haram insurgency and its preventive measures in the study area. A body of literature on the subject matter has been consulted. Methodologically, the study will be survey research design and the target populations of the study were male and female community members, political leaders, traditional leaders, security agents, media persons, representatives of NGOs and CSOs. A sample size of 156 respondents was selected using cluster and simple random sampling techniques out of which 150 respondents provided quantitative data and the remaining 6 gave qualitative data. The sources of data were primary questionnaire and secondary and the method of data analysis was mixed method. The finding of the study indicated that the existing community resilience measures in Yobe State include the use of civilian JTF to prevent the re occurrence of the insurgency economic empowerment for the victims of the insurgency, special intervention for IDPs as safety net, and collaboration between the communities and the law enforcements. The successes of the existing community resilience measures in the State include more foreign investors coming into the State, reduction in the number of youths joining Boko Haram, emptying of IDPs’ camps, sense of security by the communities, and women and children empowerment in the State. The challenges of existing community resilience measures in the study area include lack of deliberate effort by the government, threats to peace by NGOs, increase in poverty and unemployment in the State, lack of cooperation by security agencies, lack of cooperation by the community members, and lack of community resilience professionalism. The measures for overcoming these challenges are deliberate effort by the government to address the challenges identify NGOs that threaten peace in the State reduction in poverty and unemployment incorporation of all security agencies to end the conflict and emphasis on IDPs. Mohammed Kachalla "Community Resilience: Response to Boko Haram Insurgency in Yobe State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53954.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/53954/community-resilience-response-to-boko-haram-insurgency-in-yobe-state/mohammed-kachalla
Abstract
Conflicts and protracted crises have resulted in a sharp rise in the number of Internally
Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Nigeria. Displaced persons not only face physical threats in such
circumstances of forced migration, but are also confronted with the challenge of economic
survival. In this context, Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) becomes an increasingly
important tool in humanitarian response and poverty reduction. In recent years, Nigeria has
deemed it necessary to embrace cash transfers as social protection instruments to tackle poverty
and vulnerability. This study examined the implementation of the CCT programme in Benue
State, Nigeria. The vulnerability theory was used as the theoretical underpinning of the study.
The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches to carry out in-
depth investigation. Survey and documentary sources were used for data collection, while
descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for data analysis. The data analyzed
revealed that the CCT Programme as presently implemented in Benue State covered the poor
and vulnerable, but did not extend to the large IDP population. It also established that IDPs in
Benue State were supportive of in-kind assistance, but indicated the need for a combination of
in-kind and cash assistance. The study recommended that in extending the CCT programme to
IDPs in Benue State, strategies such as establishment of a robust programming framework;
strong Measurement and Evaluation (M&E) mechanisms; and training to help beneficiaries
utilize from provided assistance, among others, should be adopted to maximize benefits and
mitigate possible risks associated with the programme.
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
The Link between Rural-Urban Migration of Youth and Crime in Anyigba Town, Ko...AI Publications
This study was conducted to establish the link between rural-urban migration of youth and crime in Anyigba town of Dekina local government area of Kogi State- Nigeria. Data were collected through the application of structured questionnaire and personal interviews. The study has established that in Nigeria, the youths migrate from the rural areas to the cities due to the general lack of socio-economic facilities that would vitalize social life. It has shown that on getting into the urban centres, they face the problem of unemployment in the formal sector and therefore end up in the informal sector where incomes are low and intermittent. It has noted that due to the low incomes in the informal sector and their intermittent nature, these migrant youths get engaged in unlawful livelihood means. The study has thus recommended that since rural Nigeria is essentially rural and depend on agriculture, agriculture should be modernized. Modernization of agriculture could yield substantial benefits. For example, modernising agriculture will create new job opportunities in production, distribution, processing and other related services. Modernization of agriculture will provide the ‘pull’ needed to keep the young people on the land instead of migrating to the cities. Millions of Nigerian youth enter the labour market daily facing huge challenges especially unemployment. Therefore, the federal, state and local governments should provide the rural areas with more resources. Policies should be formulated to target the youth who are leaving the rural areas. Emphasis should be on entrepreneurship. In Nigeria, rural areas are not being provided with enough opportunities and are losing their young people. This has serious socio-economic consequences. Therefore, rural infrastructures such as electricity, water, roads, educational institutions, etc should be provided in the rural areas to make the young people to remain in the rural areas. The migrant youths are always normal people when they leave their villages but meet abnormal situations in the cities. Their actions are therefore a response to the abnormal situations. Therefore, effective policing by both the community and other security agencies should be intensified so as to limit the freedom these youths have in expressing their dispositions and desires.
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a P...ijtsrd
This paper examines the problem of youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria, with a view of highlighting the need for effective and sustainable social protection strategy in the country. Majority of Nigerians are engulfed in the ocean of poverty. The Nigerian government seem to have shown lighter effort in its contractual obligation to provide socioeconomic security to its citizens. There is drastic collapse of social security, increase in unemployment rate and consequently high rate of poverty. Youth are very important stakeholders in any society; they are regarded not only as useful resources in nation-building but also the backbone of any societal development. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the dual problem of poverty and unemployment especially among the youths as the major disease that crippled the attempt by Nigeria to achieve sustainable development and at the same time ascertain the need for the formulation and implementation of effective and sustainable social protection strategy as a means of tackling the ever increasing rate of unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. The paper recommended that, for Nigeria to tackle unemployment and poverty problem, the priority of the people shall be identified, corruption must be eliminated and informal sectors, such as agriculture, shall be incorporated into the national economic priority, not public sector or oil alone. Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Sulaiman Isyaku Muhammad | Aminu Abdullahi | Jamilu Abdulahmid Bello"Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a Panacea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5961.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5961/youth-unemployment-and-poverty-in-nigeria--effective-social-protection-as-a-panacea/muazu-abdullahi-ishaq
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviati...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990 envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth & increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the Government needs to address some of its short comings.
South african welfare state and the demographic dividend's window of opportunityFabio Torreggiani
In this paper, I analysed the main characteristics of the South African Welfare State in terms of inputs and outputs of the key policies usually identified by the literature to be useful to exploit a demographic dividend. In particular, I focused on the state of the labour market, the social assistance policies and the education and healthcare systems. To do this I studied some quantitative indicators of both inputs and outputs and I reported the qualitative analysis of some other articles of these individuals sectors. The conclusion is that, despite some important progress made by the democratic governments, there are many improvements needed to create a consistent and inclusive growth.
Socio-Political Implications of Youth Unemployment on Nigeria’s Economic Deve...iosrjce
Youth unemployment may be regarded as one of the major problems confronting the Nigerian state
presently. Unemployed youths feel alienated from the society and have a total distrust of the political system. A
person’s job beyond providing for daily subsistence also determines the individual’s social status, affecting
relationship with peers, people in the person’s neighborhood as well as extended family members. The paper a
desk research, relied entirely on secondary data, sourced from scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles,
relevant published books, materials downloaded from the internet, as well as government and institutional
publications. In this paper, we argue that high level of youth unemployment in both urban and rural areas in
Nigeria has generated a situation of acute social and political unrest. The frustrated youths have become
aggressive in making themselves available to be used by politicians who are not sure of winning the people’s
mandate during general election. These politicians pay them to engage in anti-democratic process activities,
including pre- election, election-day and post election violence. Some youths engage in various criminal
activities that frustrate economic development of the state. We recommend that government should put in place
social welfare programmes that attend to the needs of unemployed youths, provide the enabling environment for
private investors to establish industries that will employ the youths as well as introduce the fiscal policies that
will make banks to provide soft loans to the youths who have entrepreneurial skills.
Intra State Migration, Migrants and their Socio Economic Condition A Case Stu...ijtsrd
Migration is the process of involvement of people to move from the area of deficit in the case of opportunities, to the area of surplus in order to achieve the livelihood. The present study is carried out in Qila Ka Nagla, Aligarh, India, where the problem of migration is usually related to the poverty and unemployment. Because, the country like India is underdeveloped whose economy is primarily based on agriculture to support the 58.5 percent people and share the 17.14 percent in the India’s GDP and 68.31 percent people of the country are still rural resident. Thus, migration is the only way for them to survival. Therefore, the intra state migration study has carried out with the help of primary survey conducted through questionnaire to focused on the socio economic condition of migrants including pattern of migration, educational status, health condition, economic status and family size of the migrants etc. The inferences draw on the basis of data collected through the primary survey to show that, the economic well being of the migrants is very versed and the number of migrants has significantly increased with the passage of time caused by the unemployment and poverty, emerged by the unequal distribution of land among the migrants, illiteracy and lack of amenities and facilities. Dr. Mohammad Danish | Dr. Tariq Mahmood Usmani "Intra-State Migration, Migrants and their Socio-Economic Condition: A Case Study in Qila Ka Nagla, Aligarh District- Uttar Pradesh, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61280.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/61280/intrastate-migration-migrants-and-their-socioeconomic-condition-a-case-study-in-qila-ka-nagla-aligarh-district-uttar-pradesh-india/dr-mohammad-danish
Socio Cultural Analysis of Conflict between Farmers and Herdsmen in Ondo StateYogeshIJTSRD
Violent conflict between farmers and herdsmen in Nigeria has assumed a dangerous dimension in recent years causing thousands of lives and economic losses. The reoccurrence of this conflict posed greater challenges and concern among authorities and the citizenry of Nigeria. Many factors have been attributed to this which include among others climate change, competition for scarce land resources, global warming also caused available space water to dry up, the collapse of old traditional negotiation mechanisms between groups, encroachment by farmers, and other government nongovernmental activities on cattle routes, etc. The conflict which was prevalent in the northern part of the country has increased spreading throughout Nigeria, most especially some parts of southern states, namely Oyo and Ondo. Therefore, this paper examined the socio cultural analysis of the conflict in Ondo State using a secondary source of data collection. The paper recommended restoration of traditional negotiation mechanisms between farmers and herdsmen, enhanced harmonious relationship between the groups, synergy among various security agencies, establishment and resuscitation of abandoned cattle ranching reserves, the establishment of a joint farmers herdsmen forum to facilitate proper dissemination of information towards curbing the conflict. Saka- Olokungboye, N | Agbi Nelson | Ayodeji Esther Oluyemi | Adanri Opeyemi "Socio-Cultural Analysis of Conflict between Farmers and Herdsmen in Ondo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39909.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/39909/sociocultural-analysis-of-conflict-between-farmers-and-herdsmen-in-ondo-state/saka-olokungboye-n
Do the Slum Dwellers Enjoy the Basic Constitutional and Economic Rights as a ...Basharat Hossain
Bangladesh is a country of about 156million people including nearly 7.81
million of slum people. This paper investigates 28 years data for 1986- 2014
periods on the living standard of slum dwellers of Bangladesh. It presents
the different forms of deprivations, sufferings and miseries of slum people
from basic needs including social, constitutional and economic rights.
More specifically, the wretchedness of slum dwellers in housing, drinking
water, sanitation, food intake, healthcare, education, employment, income
patterns, social status and security, economic and public assistance has
been explored in this paper. In addition, poverty scenario and services of
social organization among slum people has been focused in this paper.
Finally, it recommends some policies to improve the living conditions of
slum dwellers in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Slum Dwellers, Standard of Living, Basic Needs, Constitutional
and Economic rights, Bangladesh
JEL Classification Code: I31, I38, I13, I18, I25, E26, O18, O15, O17
Emergence of Squatter Settlements in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in G...Premier Publishers
Globally, squatter settlements in urban areas have attracted attention and debates, especially in the developing countries. More than 33 percent of the urban population in developing countries lives in informal settlements due to rapid population growth and widespread poverty. The paper analyses the emergence of squatter settlements in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Data was gathered from three selected squatter settlements using qualitative methods. Data collection methods used were focus group discussion, in-depth interview and key informant interview. The study found that the squatter settlements emerged as a result of both the need for survival by the poor and state failure. The water and sanitation situation in the settlements were very poor as the settlers practised open defecation and poor waste disposal. High cost of rent, financial difficulties, unemployment, poor housing policy by government, and poverty were key reasons why people reside in squatter areas. Most of the squatters were economically engaged in the informal sector. The settlements were inadequately regulated by government agencies due to inadequate logistics, inadequate personnel, and political interference. It is recommended that affordable housing policies should be implemented for low income earners, preparation of planning schemes, and effective and efficient implementation of housing regulations. The informal sector should be developed as it employs most of the squatter settlers.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
Housing remains critical for providing safety, security, identity, space for social interaction for families to live, learn and grow together. Housing is also considered major determinant of quality of life.besides major propeller of industrial and economic development. Large number of crimes happening in society can also be attributed to the manner in which majority of people are made to live adverse conditions in urban areas. Considering the multiple implications of housing,- providing affordable housing for all has been mandated by united nations as the basic agenda of growth and development for all member nations. However, housing despite occupying critical role in human living and national development , remains in crisis, crisis of both quality and quantity. Dynamic nature of housing demand makes provision of housing for all the most challenging task because housing need and demand never remains static. It is always evolving, devolving, never finite and never finished. Considering multiple implications of housing in terms of land, resources, finances, technologies, manpower, providing housing remains the most challenging job for individuals, communities and nations. Paper tries to bring out these peculiarities while explaining the context of affordable housing..
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
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Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
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A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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scholars, public servants, traders and lately all non-
members of the group (World Bank, 2014).
In a bid to defend oneself and family, from the Boko
Haram threats, who have proved to emerge as an
insurmountable obstacle, people of the region began
to flee their homes to neighboring towns and villages
as the insurgency continues to prevail (Magaji, et al.
2018). However, Federal Government of Nigeria
made an effort by establishing National Emergency
Management Agency(NEMA) in order to deals with
displacements matters which might resulted from
natural artificial disasters (Nkemjika, 2019).
One of the challenges facing Yobe state is how to
provide succor to the internally displaced persons
(IDPs) occasioned by incessant violent attacks
perpetrated by various armed groups in diverse parts
of the state. According to DMT and IOM Round II
Report of February 2015, there is 1235,294 IDPs in
Northern Nigeria with the highest number of IDPs in
Borno (672, 714 IDPs), followed by Adamawa
(220,159 IDPs) and Yobe (135, 810 IDPs)
respectively. In Borno, Adamawa and Yobe, 387, 287
(85.6%) live in host communities while 65,333
(14.4%) live in IDPs camps (IOM/DMT, 2015).
However, before the insurgency, 80% of the
population relied on agriculture for their livelihoods
(ECC, 2017). But, with the advent of Boko-Haram
insurgency, agricultural production has fallen, aids
and suicide bombings have destroyed vital
infrastructure.
The displacement of Borno has been unable to pursue
agriculture, as most host communities have restricted
agricultural activities to land close to IDP settlements,
for fear o being killed or kidnapped by Boko Haram
for instance; 1,099,000 people or 19% of the
population in Borno state are in emergency food
insecurity and 38,000 in famine (WFP, 2017).
However, there are total numbers of 454 IDPs
locations and 163,275 internally displaced persons at
Yobe state (DTM, 2022). Every aspect of human
social, economic, cultural and political systems of the
people was destabilized even though the government
has made efforts to address the plights of IDPs by
providing Agencies at both the national (NEMA) and
states (SEMA) level to safeguards the rights of IDPs
and that of host communities respectively (Magaji et
al. 2018). Despites the government efforts for the
settlement, the IDPs who fled to neighbouring
communities situations necessitated them to begin life
afresh in their host communities where they are
abandoned to their fates (IDMC, 2016).
Many studies have been conducted on Internally
Displaced Persons like; (Muhammed, (2017), Cheri,
(2019), Yakubu, (2021), Kayode, (2015), Alobo and
Obaji, (2016), Bulama, (2019)). Researchers are
currently busy in examining the situations of IDPs in
their camps and host communities and the level of
government efforts on their management
(Muhammed, 2017). But to the best of the
researcher’s knowledge, none of the previous studies
focus on the implications of settling the IDPs in host
communities on the public services management.
This is why the present study us designed to fill the
above research gap by selecting Yobe State as a study
area.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Internally Displaced Person (IDPs)
The UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR, 2007)
viewed internally displaced persons as “persons who
have been forced to escape their houses all at once or
suddenly in huge numbers, because of arm conflict,
inner strife, systematic violations of human rights, or
natural or man-made calamities and who are inside
the territory in their country”. In 2015, the global
record of internally displaced persons turned into
approximately forty (40) million and out of which
27.8 million were displaced by conflict or violence
from 127 countries (IDMC 2016).
IDPs are therefore forced migrants who are internally
displaced within their national state border or within
their country of origin by conflict, violence and
disasters. The African Union Convention for the
protection and assistance of Internally Displaced
Persons in Africa at the Kampala Convention defined
IDPs “persons and groups of people who have been
forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or
places of habitual residence, in particular as a result
of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict,
situation of generalized violence, violation of human
rights or natural or human-made Disasters, and who
have now no longer crossed an the world over
identified state border" it is important to note that
forced migrants in the case of IDPs can only be
categorized as refugees when they cross a well-
established international known state border as
expressed by the AU convention (IDMC 2016).
IDPs in the technical sense of the term are not
refugees, but are ‘refugee like’ set of people in their
very own country, whilst they are left to Resettle (R),
Rehabilitate (R) and Reintegrate (R) themselves into
the larger society which enjoy Relative peace and
stability, hence, the desire to make awareness on
those three ‘R’ for the wellbeing of IDPs in North-
Eastern Nigeria. Refugees by Article 1A (2) of the
1951 United Nations (UN) convention relating to the
status of the refugees as modified by the 1967
protocol of the UN, defined a refugee as a person who
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owing to well-founded fear of being Persecuted for
purpose of race, religion, nationality, selected social
group or political opinion, is outside the country of
his nationality and unable or, owing to such fear,
persons are not having a nationality and cannot
protect themselves from the laws of the state resided-
in due to the fact that, the persons are no longer living
in their habitual country as a result of such events, Is
not able or, attributable to such fear, is unwilling to
go back to it.
According to IDMC (2016), the definition of those
ideas of IDPs and Refugees through the AU and UN
conventions respectively, is unambiguous and
actually suggests among IDPs and Refugees. IDPs
within the North-Eastern region of Nigeria can
consequently be categorized as Refugees, because
they are displaced and stay within their national state
borders, they avail themselves of the protection of the
national security institution and willing to return to
their usual place of residence unlike the case of
Refugees who seek to permanently stay away from
their country of origin for the fear of persecution.
2.2. Implications of IDPs Settlement on Public
Services Management
It is a globally phenomenon and very obvious in
Africa, particularly in Nigeria that, host community
members expressed empathy for IDPs, but often
indicated that they feel overstretched. Majority of the
host community dwellers suggested that they obtain
very little help and cautioned that if IDPs stay long-
term, the host community will want more support.
Some host network individuals mentioned that they
confronted multiplied lines on livelihoods and
housing availability because of the high numbers of
IDPs settling in the local community who are willing
to work for lower rates, (UN, 2020). These host
communities' social services are overstretched via
way of means of the inflow of IDPs, lots of whom are
occupying community centers and services together
with schooling, water and sanitation, fitness and so
on. Responding simplest to the wishes of these hosted
frequently reasons spiraling tensions, which may end
the peaceful co-existence between the IDP
community and the hosting community (UNICEF,
2020). However, IDPS settlements have usually
impacted in the following aspects as:
2.2.1. Economic impact
In the socioeconomic area, the central problem for
IDPs is their inability to generate reliable income. In
both localities, IDPs acknowledged having
participated in state assistance programs in which
money or goods have been distributed as seed capital
for small businesses based on IDPs’ commercial
ventures. It is an important, though insufficient, state
activity. In the midst of conditions of poverty and
extreme poverty, any contingency, regardless how
simple it may be, such as a health problem or the
payment of late rent, constitutes a sufficient reason to
make use of the seed capital. As this benefit is
provided only once, when this happens, the displaced
are left without the ability to generate income or a
recognized claim to further assistance from the state
system.
2.2.2. Displaced Persons’ Access to Formal
Employment
In terms of access to employment, host community
residents have more options for participating in the
formal market, given the longer period of time they
have lived in the city, which has permitted them to
improve their educational level and build information
networks. Construction and domestic work are the
principal sources of temporary employment for the
host communities and IDPs in both localities. In some
LGAs of Yobe state, the proportion of monthly food
expenses is very high. In particular for about 70
percent of the households the monthly food
expenditures represent, on average, more than 50
percent of their total expenses. Moreover, for one
third of the interviewed households (32 percent) food
represents more than 75 percent of the total
household’s monthly expenditures, leaving aside only
a tiny bit for other essential expenses they have, such
as education, health-related or transportation fees.
Little by little, non-essentials get cut. Although the
forthcoming crop harvest is projected to be better than
the previous year one in Yobe State, this data is
particularly worrisome since households’ food stocks
are usually depleted at the on-set of the lean season,
especially considering that many of the worst affected
areas in Yobe (and Borno and Adamawa States as
well) have experienced a decline in food production
for three consecutive years according to FEWS NET
(FEWS NET bulletin- September 9, 2016).
2.2.3. Impacts on Household Food Security
Status
The pattern of food insecurity distribution in Yobe
state varies, if the household is from the host
community or internally displaced. Although the
overall Food Security Index of the IDPs is similar to
the host community’s (76 percent and 73 percent
respectively), the share of households severely
affected by food insecurity is higher among the
displaced (31 percent) than among the host
community (16 percent), suggesting that more
vulnerable displaced population have to cope with
more difficulties than the host community (WFP,
2016). Analysis shows that IDPs perform worse than
the local community on the main food security
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indicators, in particular the most vulnerable share of
households. In Gujba and Gulani up to 74 percent of
the households are food insecure, which translates
into more than 222,402 people (respectively about
140,000 in Gujba and 106,000 in Gulani), of which
more than 67,000 affected in a severe way. This
situation is very worrisome since the proportion of
severely food insecure households is 20 percent,
which corresponds to one fifth of the population
(WFP, 2016).
2.2.4. Educational impacts
The desire for drastic reduction of illiteracy in
modern societies is a basic concern of every society
in the world. This is because, education is one of the
vital indices used in measurement and categorization
of nations as developed or developing. For Nigeria to
be categorized as developing nation, she must
enhanced the quality of literacy among its citizens by
ensuring that, every member of the society has access
to western education. Education is an important key
for the development of any society. In fact, education
is an instrument a society can use to solve her
problems (Daura, 2015).
Children are the torch bearers of any community as
they determine the continuity of any generation of
people. Children are also the tools with which the
human race is propagated. Any society with a low
population of children is tilting towards extinction.
Thus, Children are assets to a people especially when
they are properly educated to be useful citizen and
thereby contribute to the development of any given
society. As the saying goes “it is better to train a child
than to repair an adult”. Also, “you bend the twig to
the desired direction when it is tender”. So the need
for early education of the children is a necessity (Ebi-
Bulam & Justina lere, 2019).
The education for these younger children should be
prepared in a properly conducive surroundings a good
way to foster the meaningful development of a child.
Due to the fact that, the children who have good
education at the childhood level can benefit and foster
greatest contributions to his society far more better
than the others who have not and later chances
(Maduewesi, 2005). Indeed, focusing on giving good
care and education at early ages is most vital because,
children that grew under such care can benefit from
education and social services more likely (UNICEF,
1999).
2.2.5. Health impacts
The rise in the activities of the Boko Haram sect has
brought adverse effects on the population, especially
women and children. This is evident in the increased
number of widows and orphans in Borno, Yobe and
Adamawa States (BBC News, 21st May 2013). Also,
the rise in gender and sexual-based violence has been
on the increase in the region due to the increased
attacks of the sect since 2009. Gender and sexual-
based violence is believed to be a widespread
phenomenon among female IDPs both at various
camps and in host communities (Internal
Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2014). According
to Save the Children (2018), the insurgency in the
North-East ‘continues to raise the number of IDPs,
hinder economic activities, limit trade flows and
escalate food prices. As a result of limited access and
shortage in food supplies, IDP populations in worst-
hit areas of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States
continue to experience food gaps, and acute food
insecurity.’
According to an assessment conducted by the
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
in March 2014, Borno State was reported to have
70% of IDPs living with host families who reported
that water and sanitation facilities were overstretched
as a result of the influx of residents from high risk
local government areas to low risk areas. In
Adamawa State, 65% of IDPs living with host
families reported that the availability of water supply
had decreased from an estimated pre-crisis
availability of 75 litres per day for each resident to an
average of 20 litres per day. They also reported that
access to water treatment chemicals had also become
increasingly difficult. In another report, it was found
out that establishment for water utilities in most parts
of the affected local governments had become
moribund (Imasuen, 2015). This could have grave
consequences. Reports from both domestic and
international agencies have also shown that most IDP
camps since 2009 have lacked adequate facilities in
addition to un conducive environment caused by poor
sanitation. This has resulted in the rise of diseases
such as malaria, acute watery diarrhea, measles and
pregnancy-related issues (International Regional
Information Networks, 2013).
2.2.6. Health impacts
The rise in the activities of the Boko Haram sect has
brought adverse effects on the population, especially
women and children. This is evident in the increased
number of widows and orphans in Borno, Yobe and
Adamawa States (BBC News, 21st May 2013). Also,
the rise in gender and sexual-based violence has been
on the increase in the region due to the increased
attacks of the sect since 2009. Gender and sexual-
based violence is believed to be a widespread
phenomenon among female IDPs both at various
camps and in host communities (Internal
Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2014). According
to Save the Children (2018), the insurgency in the
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North-East ‘continues to rise the number of IDPs,
hinder economic activities, limit trade flows and
escalate food prices. As a result of limited access and
shortage in food supplies, IDP populations in worst-
hit areas of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States
continue to experience food gaps, and acute food
insecurity.’
According to an assessment conducted by the
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
in March 2014, Borno State was reported to have
70% of IDPs living with host families who reported
that water and sanitation facilities were overstretched
as a result of the influx of residents from high risk
local government areas to low risk areas. In
Adamawa State, 65% of IDPs living with host
families reported that the availability of water supply
had decreased from an estimated pre-crisis
availability of 75 liter per day for each resident to an
average of 20 litres per day. They also reported that
access to water treatment chemicals had also become
increasingly difficult. In another report, it was found
out that establishment for water utilities in most parts
of the affected local governments had become
moribund (Imasuen, 2015). This could have grave
consequences. Reports from both domestic and
international agencies have also shown that most IDP
camps since 2009 have lacked adequate facilities in
addition to un conducive environment caused by poor
sanitation. This has resulted in the rise of diseases
such as malaria, acute watery diarrhea, measles and
pregnancy-related issues (International Regional
Information Networks, 2013).
2.3. Theoretical Framework
The study adopts Human Need theory to explain the
problem under investigation. The Human Needs
Theory was developed Abraham Moslow & Burton
(1973). According to Coate and Rosati (1988), human
needs are a powerful source of explanation of human
behaviour and social interaction. All individuals have
needs they strive to satisfy, either by using the system
‘acting on the fringes’ or acting as a reformist or a
revolutionary. Human needs theory, just a few
decades old, was popularized in the works of
Abraham Maslow, John Burton, Marshal Rosenberg
and Manfred Max-Neef. The theory posits that the
basic cause of intractable conflict is the underlying
need of people to meet their needs on individual,
group and societal bases. According to this theory,
human beings need certain essentials if they must live
and attain well-being in any ramification of life. Such
essentials are known as (basic) human needs.
The argument of human needs theorists, therefore, is
that the unavailability of alternative means to meet
the needs of individuals or groups is what triggers
violence – or conflict. Other times, violence also
occurs when humans require understanding, respect
and consideration for their needs. These needs are not
only subsistence ones such as food, water and shelter
but also other biological needs such as participation,
identity, understanding and recognition (Kok 2007);
security, safety, belonging (love), self-esteem and
personal fulfillment (life satisfaction) (Maslow 1973).
Burton (1990) who has been applying human needs
theory more actively to social and political conflicts
looks at how universal human needs often are
neglected, causing groups to use violence to claim
their rights and satisfy their needs. Marker (2003)
believes that unlike interests, needs are untradeable,
insuppressible and nonnegotiable. Contrary to the
belief that all needs are complementarily essential to
human life; no need is inferior to another, Maslow
(1973) views some needs as more urgent than others,
but agrees that all needs are instinctive. Those he
terms more urgent he sees as more powerful too. In
his opinion, the powerful needs are subsistence needs
such as food; water and shelter which he claims
precede all other human needs. As Coate & Rosati
(1988) recommend, ‘social systems must be
responsive to individual needs, or be subject to
instability and forced change (possibly through
violence or conflict)’.
Consequently, Human Need Theory is very
fundamental in working with violent conflict because
of its wide applicability it possesses. This model can
be acknowledged for its diverse actions towards
reconciliation and Nonviolent Communication (NVC)
as seen in some states like The Middle East and
Brazil-US, warring part of Africa. The same model
can be considered applicable in diverse social
contexts in multi-ethnic conflict, interpersonal
conflicting interest and the international society.
The attention of Human Needs Theory is premised at
the beginning of conflicting claims in particular
because it seeks to deal with the visibilityof assembly
parties’ desires while others thinking about the
expectancies of others in it. The principle is an
umbrella one which guarantees all human desires are
competently complied with in its evaluation. In the
evaluation of Danielsen (2005), he rightly located that
once a approach is determined to satisfy crucial
desires thus, we can be capable of lessen the usage of
high-priced peacekeeping via the umbrella of peace
enforcement through buffer zones. It is vital to
emphasis that Human Needs Theory is premised on
the wings of conventional expectations of humanity
as its modules of operation. The HNT reconstruct the
notion unification of all human beings, those who are
from different locality and ethnicity. It additionally
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creates the platform and a not unusual place floor
toward the individual specifically it research the
nexus among the wishes of others, and one’s very
own wishes.
In applying the above theory to the research work on
internally displaced persons in Yobe state and host
communities’ relationship, which often confronted
with situation such as: lack of access to the
necessaries of basic needs approach that is healthcare,
descent sanitation, and inadequate facilities for
accommodation or shelter. Others are entrapped and
face the continuous challenges of diverse sexual
abuse or violence and human trafficking and denial of
justice.
The report given by UN (2018) buttresses the fact that
when a government lacks credibility or legitimacy to
fulfill its primary responsibilities in the social
contract there is bound to be conflict. The ability of
the state to prevent the occurrence of conflict or
diffusion of violence at the nascent stage will together
with coalition and negotiated settlement go a long
way in averting displacement. Conventional and
unconventional approach to the prevention of conflict
can ensure that IDPs are adequately protected. Thus,
there is a need to integrate the aspect of physical,
psychological and legal protection to the internally
displaced persons; when properly managed the state
becomes secure and the escalation of displacement is
prevented. Considering the political dimension to
conflict prevention and management Deng (1993)
concurs strongly that these state machinery are
germane to the legal and physical protection of the
displaced population. The political objective of
conflict management is by promoting confidence to
the displace people, in enduring peace and stability to
allow for the voluntary repatriation and internal
replacement.
Thus, for proper settlement of IDPs in, Yobe State,
the government possesses the primary responsibility
for the protection the rights of all victims affected by
displacement without compromises that of the host
communities and as well to ensure the right of return
to their original communities peacefully and
unharmed. Thus, government must be saddled with
the responsibility of reforming policies and
programmes on public services to safeguard and
served the interest of both the parties as an avenue for
enhancing cordial peaceful exists in the state.
3. Methodology
This section will discuss the research philosophy,
research design, Source of data collection, unit of
analysis, sampling technique, method of data
analysis, data collection procedure and data collection
technique respectively.
3.1. Research Philosophy
Interpretivism will guide this study, for data on the
phenomenon under study to be well gathered,
analyzed and used appropriately. According to Zorabi
(2013), qualitative research is a form of social action
that stresses on the way people interpret and make
sense of their experience to understand the social
reality of individuals. It’s a indeed, a type of research
that seek to investigate, explain and understand given
research problem by deploying procedures
appropriate for the eliciting of information, responses
and perceptive.
3.2. Research Design
This study will use case study research design. Case
study design occurs on one or just a few instances of
a particular phenomenon with a view to providing an
in-depth knowledge of events, relationships,
experiences or processes occurring in a particular
instance (Denscombe, 2007). The decision to use a
case study is a strategic decision that relates to the
scale and scope of an investigation. Case study
research design involves the study of an issue
explored through one or more cases within a bounded
system (Cresswell, 2007)
3.3. Source of Data Collection
For the purpose of this study, two types of data will
be utilized. These are primary and secondary data.
Primary Data are the data collected directly by the
researcher through questionnaire, interview or
observations. Thus, in this study the primarydata will
be obtain using face to face interview with the
individuals who have been selected as targeted
population for this study. Secondary Data refers to
data that is collected by someone other than the
primary user. Common sources of secondary data for
social science include; censuses, information
collected by government departments, organizational
records and data that was originally collected for
other research purposes. Secondary data will be
sourced from documents such as journals, newspaper,
textbook, magazines and other internet materials
relevant to the study.
3.4. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis to be utilized for this study
includes; Government officials (state emergency
management Agency (SEMA), Ministry of
Education, Ministry of Health), internally displaced
persons, Traditional rulers, Host communities and
IDPs Leaders in Yobe state. Unit of analysis means
who or what is under study. Social science research
emphasized that, organizations, individuals and social
interaction groups composed the unit of analysis
(Podsakoff & Organ, 1986; Musa, 2020).
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3.5. Sampling Techniques
This study will use non-probability sampling
technique. A non-probabilitysampling technique uses
non randomized method to draw the sample and
involves judgment. Quota and purposive sampling
techniques will be applied in identifying the
informants during the data collection period. Quota
sampling is a method of non-probability sampling
when the samples are selected based on probability
proportionate to the distribution of a variable in the
population. Because of the heterogeneous nature of
the society and the larger number of the population,
the study will utilized the quota sampling to assign
quota to the unit of analysis as mentioned above in
the 3.2 heading.
3.6. Data Collection Procedure
The primary method of data collection will be used
for the study. Under the primary method interview
will be administered. This study will adopt the used
of face to face interview. Interview seeks to describe
and the meanings of central themes in the world of
the subjects. The main task in interviewing is to
understand the meaning of what the interviewees say.
Semi-structured interview question will be applied in
the study in order to discover perceptions, views and
opinions of the informants. The interview will be
scheduled with targeted people in order to rich
knowledge of the issue under investigation. Such
people will include; Government officials (state
emergency management Agency (SEMA), Ministry
of Education, Ministry of Health), internally
displaced persons, Traditional rulers, Host
communities and IDPs Leaders in Yobe state. The
services of research assistance will be employed to
facilitate the data collection. The informants will be
giving ample time from 30 to 45 minutes and
attention will be paid by the researcher in seeking
perceptions of participant to enrich the data. In
addition, secondary form of data from other sources
such as; newspaper, internet and other published
materials important for this research work will be
explored and used so as to enrich the data or reliable
results.
3.7. Method of Data Analysis
The data collected will be analyzed using thematic
analysis. The collected data through the interview will
be transcribed, reduced into categories to answer the
research questions. Primary data will be collected
through face to face interviews interaction with the
interviewees, which will be aimed at eliciting
firsthand information on their knowledge of the
subject matter.
Therefore, interviews will be analyzed thematically as
follows:
A. The organization, assembling and arrangements
of data before analysis,
B. Transcribing the interview, sorting the relevant
data typing field notes/arranging the data into
appropriate form,
C. Reading the data and construction of the general
information, writing notes and the general ideas
and the findings,
D. Organizing the interview and observation into
brief abstract into the main results.
4. Data Presentation and Results
This section presents data and results. The section
also presents the result of the interview conducted
which provides the basis for an analysis of the
research questions raised and interpretation of data in
line with the objectives of the study.
4.1. Participants Characteristics
The participant includes; the three host communities’
member with traditional ruler, three IDPs member
and three government officials selected to cover the
study area (Yobe State). These are classified and
presented in accordance to their importance in
generalizing the primary data. Thus, a summary of the
group’s characteristics is presented.
Participants
Number of
Participants
Description
R1-R3
R4-R6
R7-R9
3
3
3
Host Communities’
Member,
Internally Displaced
Persons IDPs
Government
Officials
Table 1.1 Descriptions of Participants
The participants of the study were categorized into
three as shown above. Respondent R1-R3 represents
the Host communities’ member. R4-R6 represents the
Internally Displaced Persons IDPs. R7-R9 represent
the Government officials (State Management
Emergency Agency (SEMA), Ministry of Health and
Ministry of Education) respectively. The total
numbers of Respondents in this study are nine (9)
who have been relied upon in the research as primary
source of data collection. The Participants were
selected to decorate the study with their views,
opinions and experiences on the subject under study
as such they are the hosting communities when
displacement do happens. Thus, they are very much
aware the day to day activities of their domain and
considered to be part of the key players and stake
holders in relation to the matter. Besides, they are
more closer to their residents to which every
important information will first in some instances
come from them as such vital information can be
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getting from them and the study find them worthy of
the best and part of the informant. Participant’s
experiences and views contributed to themes of the
study in order to give more comprehensive analysis
and discussion to the Research findings.
Category 1: Implications of Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs) Settlement on Public Services
Management
Themes
Theme1: Unemployment
Theme2: Level of trade
Theme3: Poor nutrition
4.1.1. Unemployment
Refers to a situation whereby people with desperate
intention to work and are available in looking for the
work but, does not have the work at their disposals.
May be also a stage of life whereby jobs opportunities
are very limited and population density is
proliferating geometrically.
In an oral interview conducted with respondent:
As said before, we only have no choice rather than
to go for handworks like; bricklaying, hawking,
manual harrowing among others which yet
overcrowded of strong competitions. However,
majority of IDPS have vast knowledge of several
businesses and its only capital remained a great
setbacks (R1and R5).
Indeed, enable the members of the internally
displaced persons (IDPs) acquire gainful skills that
will make self-reliant even after the current situation
of being displaced said by Abdulkarim (2018) cited in
World Bank, 2013), corresponded with the views of
R1 and R2).
One of the respondents said:
Is depends on the reason they arrived to the
community. For example, if it’s during the raining
seasons, they use to go for farming activities and
there were paying on wages, while, during
harmattan seasons, they are selling firewood for
earnings (R2).
Monitoring Centre, 2014). Also, agriculture and trade
are distorted as a result of violent conflicts. This
statement resembled with the monitoring centre’s
work. Because, IDPs came to host communities due
to insurgency or any other reason of conflict, the
activities of farming known to them would the only
business they may be interrested first before anything
else.
Some the respondents revealed that:
Jobs opportunities are limited for the host
communities talk more of IDPs member. The
government itself have not longer offering jobs for
it citizens of the state. Many of the people who
have studied yet are not working in any of the
government units, agencies, departments,
ministries talk more of the IDPs members. Most
among them have studied too with Degree at
various courses and now pushed to be Internally
Displaced at different society found themselves
with no jobs. Indeed, government have totally
stopped offering a jobs now only to some few
categories R3, R6 and R8).
One of the demanding situations inhibiting the
rehabilitation of internally displaced individuals is
inadequate knowledge of the rights of IDPs as set out
by the UN Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement and the Kampala Convention. These
rights consist of the right to lifestyles, freedom of
movement, association, dignity of human person,
private liberty, proper to personal and own circle of
relatives’ lifestyles etc. IDPs usually suffer the worst
violation of their fundamental human right (Alobo &
Obaji, 2016).
R7 revealed that:
Mostly the IDPs used to have a line of leadership
that is controlling all of their affairs. They looked
into their kinds of the businesses they have been
doing at their homes before the incidents. On same
vain, their leaders are serving them as guarantors
for the communities to accept them without fears
in minds. From the other hand, NGOs are
employing host community members on contract
bases such as; International Organization for
Migrants, world food programme among others
(R7).
However, there are myriads of problems that
negatively affect IDPs management in Nigeria, e.g
funding, corruption, overlapping functions of IDPs
management institutions, dilapidated and meet the
increasing needs of IDPs in the country
(Ifeanyichukwu et’al (2017).
Among the respondents below are of the views that
There is availability of jobs in the community, but
not enough for undertaken. As majority of us
heavily depend on GOD via a medium of NGOs
that are providing supports for sustainability then
and now has stopped. Only during a raining
reason we use to get harrowing wages jobs for
living (R4andR9).
Kayode (2015) said: these funds made available and
the humanitarian services are embezzled by the same
people saddled with the responsibility to ensure the
care of IDPs. Therefore, R4and R9 have similar
opinion with Kayode as the lack of aids make them
heavily defend on supportive bodies.
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4.1.2. Level of Trade
Level of trade here means; stage the productions
capacity of a particular community, nation or country
at a large in comparison with the size, geographical
location and history of trade in the location. It tell us
more about the level of business opportunities and
their capable ability in bringing its final finished or
offer services to the market.
One of the interviews carried out with respondent
open that:
There is less trades activity in the community we
found ourselves. Because, even a food stuff most
be purchases at the metropolitans’ market. And all
the difficulties are resulted due to lacks of start-up
capitals (R1).
R1 viewed corresponded with Francies et’al, (2021)
in his work revealed that, NEMA and other non-
governmental organizations actors have help them
with funds to serve as start-up for their businesses.
Another group of respondents shared verbally their
opinion is relation to the question as:
Trade is as usual. Due to the new arrivals in the
community, trade activities are proliferating.
There are some businesses that have not valued by
the community like; handmade shoes and skillful
businesses. Now that they introduce it, numbers of
youths in the community learnt through
apprenticeship and now developed, progressed
and enjoying the benefits (R2-R3, R5- R6, R7 and
R9).
Life in an urban area can be difficult, for the local
poor as well as IDPs, they are also places of hope and
aspiration. Accepting this fact is the first step to
enabling displaced people to contribute positively to
the economic and social dimensions of city life, as
urban citizens and rights-holders Nuzzel et’al (2020).
R4 is of the view that:
The level of trade is not friendly, low and very
contrary to other communities due to the
insufficiencies in many aspect of life (R4).
R4 idea or opinion be similar to, According to Save
the Children (2018), the insurgency in the North-East
‘continues to increase population displacements,
restrict income generating activities, limit trade flows
and escalate food prices.
While, R8 of this interview question said:
Well, lack of capital mostly becoming a main
setbacks that is disturbing the trade activities in
the community. Most of the IDPs member arrived
to the community with only their cloths wearer and
run for their lives. And their properties were set in
fire by the insurgents thus, they just a burden to
the community and heavily defending on
government. However, since the population is
increased, the level of demands must also increase
hence, trade level must goes up and down (R8).
R8 have the same idea with the below assertion as the
new arrivals to the communities are coming with
nothing thus, becoming a burden population to the
society. Save the children, (2018) said, over
population led to limited access and shortage in food
supplies, IDP populations in worst-hit areas of Borno,
Yobe and Adamawa States continue to experience
food gaps, and acute food insecurity.
4.1.3. Poor Nutrition
Food access is a condition of human consumers of not
having affordability to get meals of at least three
times in a day at Nigeria and other part of the world.
it in tells about the less privileges people with low
economic status in community they are living.
However, access to food is determined by factors
persuading the spatial openness, affordability and
quality of food traders.
From the respondents one believes:
Meals are manageably takings not three times in a
day. Most of the times, is dinner until another 24
hours dinner time (while, lunch is always zero).
Indeed, due to economic challenges faces today it
becomes difficult for even the hosts communities to
have access to three (3) meals square talk more of
IDPs members which were heavenly depending on
government and non-governmental organisations
supports. Only during harvesting period maximum
of two months use to have access to the meal
thrice in a day. We thank GOD for the life for
living (R1, R3-R4, R5-R6 and R8-R9).
R1, R3-R4, R5-R6 and R8-R9 ideas and views
corresponded with Yakubu, (2021) said; The IDPs
(especially women and children) experience
worsening situations of food insecurity and
malnutrition.
Respondents R2 is of the opinion that:
As a host community member, IDPs have not
affected my meals square as normal as it is.
Withstanding of the challenges they are
experiencing, the supports they are receiving from
the government, host community and other NGOs
and married with the small scale businesses they
are doing, reducing their desperate needs on food
(R2).
Malnutrition is a common health challenge faced by
displaced persons in North-East Nigeria. The Nigeria
Nutrition and Health Survey of 2018 showed that the
North-East region has an 8.7% and 1.9% prevalence
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of global acute malnutrition and severe acute
malnutrition respectively (NNHS, 2018).
The opinion of another respondent revealed that:
Withstanding of the situation, they are trying in
searching for something to do for a living.
Especially their children are hawking on street
and some making services of washing glasses at
traffic junctions and their women are going to
houses of riches for maid services (R7).
According to Hughes (2012), the rise of insurgency in
any nation is as a result of several factors such as
poverty, social inequality, poor governance, state
fragility and food insecurity. Its major consequences
are the various forms of humanitarian crises ranging
from forced displacement, high rates of diseases and
food crises, as well as many other health challenges.
4.1.4. Discussion of findings
The study examines how IDPs settlements affect key
areas, such as employment, trade, and nutrition. The
study uses thematic analysis to analyze data and
presents findings on the challenges faced by IDPs in
these areas. The study highlights that IDPs face
limited job opportunities and often resort to low-
paying manual labor to make ends meet. It also finds
that trade opportunities are limited in IDPs
communities, and that many IDPs are dependent on
NGOs for support. The study also notes that the
government is not providing job opportunities to IDPs
and those NGOs are only providing employment on a
contract basis. The study concludes that the overall
impact of IDPs settlements on public services
management is negative, affecting key areas such as
employment, trade, and nutrition.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, the issue of Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs) has become a significant global issue,
particularly in Africa. Nigeria, in particular, has been
affected by the Boko Haram insurgency, which has
led to the displacement of over 2 million people. The
Federal Government of Nigeria has established the
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
to deal with displacement matters resulting from
natural or artificial disasters, however, the
implementation and enforcement of existing norms on
IDPs in Nigeria is a major challenge. The
displacement has also affected the agricultural
production in these areas, and many people are in
need of food assistance. IDPs often lack knowledge
of their rights as set out by the UN Guiding Principles
on Internal Displacement and the Kampala
Convention on the Protection and Assistance of IDPs
in Africa. They also face significant challenges in
host communities when it comes to accessing and
utilizing public services. These challenges include
malnutrition, lack of education and healthcare, poor
drinking water, and other issues. The government has
attempted to address the issue of IDPs through the
creation of a national policy on IDPs in 2003 and the
adoption of the Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement and the African Union Convention for
the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons.
Despite these efforts, the national policy on IDPs has
not been implemented, and the situation for IDPs
remains dire. More efforts are needed to implement
and enforce existing laws and guidelines pertaining to
IDPs rights and entitlements, and to provide support
and assistance to IDPs to help them return home or
reintegrate into society.
5.1. Recommendations
1. The Nigerian Government should take steps to
implement and enforce existing laws and policies
on IDPs, including the national policy on IDPs
and the Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement.
2. The government, in partnership with international
organizations, NGOs, and civil society, should
work to provide IDPs with adequate assistance
and protection, including access to food, water,
shelter, and healthcare.
3. Efforts should be made to address the underlying
causes of displacement, such as insurgency,
community clashes, and natural disasters. This
may involve addressing poverty, inequality, and
political instability, as well as addressing security
concerns in affected areas.
4. IDPs should be provided with livelihood
opportunities such as skills training, job
opportunities and financial assistance to help
them return to normal life.
5. IDPs should have access to education and
healthcare services, and the government should
put in place policies and programs to promote
education and healthcare services for IDPs.
6. IDPs should be made aware of their rights as set
out by the UN Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement and the Kampala Convention on the
Protection and Assistance of IDPs in Africa.
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