Approved AIA CES course; submitted for GBCI CE approval. This is a draft version of the presentation. Final slides will be available by 8/14/2014. Course Description: For lighting and daylighting solutions to be successful and truly sustainable, we must have a holistic, contextual understanding of the building/occupant interface, and how that is influenced by human factors, including relevant physiological, psychological and social/cultural factors. This is the only way to effectively align occupant and other key stakeholders wants, needs and behaviors with lighting/daylighting system capabilities and operational policies. Otherwise building performance and occupant health and productivity are negatively impacted, limiting a project’s ability to meet its lighting and sustainable goals. Using previous master planning, design, retrocommissioning and post occupancy evaluation case studies, the presenter will demonstrate how these human factors can be accounted for and integrated into solutions moving forward, as well as what happens when they aren’t effectively accounted for.

1. 7/14/2014
1
The Human Side of Successful
Lighting/Daylighting Design
GENUINE | PROGRESSIVE | ADVOCATES
Provider Name & Number
August 14, 2014
MARCEL HARMON, PHD, PE, LEED-AP O+M
BEST PRACTICES SLIDE

2. 7/14/2014
2
COPYRIGHT SLIDE
COURSE DESCRIPTION SLIDE
For lighting and daylighting solutions to be successful and truly
sustainable, we must have a holistic, contextual understanding of
the building/occupant interface, and how that is influenced by
human factors including relevant physiological psychological andhuman factors, including relevant physiological, psychological and
social/cultural factors. This is the only way to effectively align
occupant and other key stakeholders wants, needs and behaviors
with lighting/daylighting system capabilities and operational
policies. Otherwise building performance and occupant health
and productivity are negatively impacted, limiting a project’s
ability to meet its lighting and sustainable goals. Using previous y g g g g p
master planning, design, retrocommissioning and post occupancy
evaluation case studies, the presenter will demonstrate how
these human factors can be accounted for and integrated into
solutions moving forward, as well as what happens when they
aren’t effectively accounted for.

3. 7/14/2014
3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SLIDE
• Develop an understanding of what human factors consist of,
how they’ve been shaped by our species’ evolutionary history
and what impact they have on occupant needs/behaviors
related to lighting daylighting and personal controlrelated to lighting, daylighting and personal control.
• Learn how human factors can holistically be accounted for and
integrated into lighting/daylighting solutions, and the financial
and sustainable benefits for doing so.
• Learn how this can applied to various project types, including
master planning, design, retrocommissioning and post
occupancy evaluations.p y
• Develop an understanding of the unexpected impacts that some
well‐intended lighting/daylighting design concepts and ‘value
engineering’ decisions can have on occupants, building
performance and sustainability goals.
WHAT ARE YOU MISSING?
61% ‐ 79%61% 79%
of occupants have
complaints they don’t share
Source: POE of 14 schools; mix of old & new

4. 7/14/2014
4
WHAT ARE YOU MISSING?
1919
The average # of daylighting/lighting lessons
learned from each project.
Average of total lessons learned was 105
Source: POE of 14 schools; mix of old & new
WHAT ARE YOU MISSING?
40.6%40.6%
The percent of U.S. CO2 emissions produced
by Buildings compared to Transportation and
Industry.
Source: ©2013 2030, Inc. / Architecture 2030. All Rights Reserved. Data Source: U.S. Energy
Information Administration (2012).

5. 7/14/2014
5
WHAT ARE YOU MISSING?
$5.48 Billion$5.48 Billion
Avoided future economic costs to U.S.
economy by reducing the commercial building
sector’s emissions by just 5%*
*Based on 2012 emissions data and Johnson and Hope’s (2012) 2010 SCC estimate
using the 1.5% discount rate
Sources: EPA 430‐R‐14‐003: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2012:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html.
Johnson, L. T. and C. Hope. 2012. The social cost of carbon in U.S. regulatory impact analyses: an
introduction and critique. “Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences.” September, 2012.
http://www.eenews.net/assets/2012/09/17/document_gw_05.pdf.
WHAT ARE YOU MISSING?
10 – 10010 100
Multiply building operating costs by this to
determine organization operating costs – the
PEOPLE cost
Sources: CABE/BCO. 2005. The Impact of Office Design on Business Performance. Commission for
Architecture and the Built Environment and the British Council for Offices, London, UK.
www.cabe.org.uk and www.bco.org.uk.
Fisk, W. J. 2002. “How IEQ Affects Health, Productivity.” ASHRAE Journal 44(5):56‐58.

6. 7/14/2014
6
QUANTIFYING THE SOCIAL
Estimated Cost of
Anthropological
Related Services
$10,000
ECM Estimated Total
ImplementationImplementation
Costs
$1,617,450
Simple Payback
(Energy Only)
6.47 yrsConrad Duberstein U.S.
Courthouse and Post
Office’s Lighting +
ECM Estimated
Annual Energy
Savings
$251,585
ECM Estimated
Annual Productivity
Savings
$788,250
Simple Payback
(Energy +
Productivity)
1.57 yrs
Office s Lighting +
Behavioral Related
Energy Conservation
Measure (ECM) Total Cost
and Estimated Payback
QUALIFYING THE SOCIAL
Stories
Expectations –
Occupants,
Operations,
Design
Conflicts
Among
Occupants
Direct &
Indirect
Messaging
Formal &
Informal
Norms
Demographic
Variability
Social
Identity

7. 7/14/2014
7
Identity
RolesFresh Air
Focus on the
Here & Now
Hunter/Gatherer
Ancestors
Image Source: humanpast.net
Modern Global Village
100 yrs ago:
HVAC, Lighting,
Materials, etc.
400 generations ago:
Agriculture &
Urbanism
Daylighting
Exterior
Views
Temperature /
RH Ranges
Social Modern Global VillageSocial
Brains
Sanctioning
MeasuresThe
Other
HUMAN FACTORS OVERVIEW
The Science of Behavior: B=f(I+E)
Physiological
Individual
Behavior
Individual
Needs
Physical Comfort
Task Completion
Developing
Relationships
Maintaining
Relationships
Status Displays
Psychological
Highly
Interactive
Environment
Group
Needs
Negotiating Power
Differentials
Maximizing Profits
Social/
Cultural
Physical
Based on research spanning from:
Kurt Lewin, 1936 Principles of Topological Psychology
to
Elliott Sober & David Sloan Wilson, 1999
Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior

8. 7/14/2014
8
HUMAN FACTORS IMPACTS
on Productivity and Health
Spend over 90% of our time indoors.
In drastically different environments
compared to what we evolved in.
Good Quality
Daylighting vs. No
Daylighting
20%: math
25% dicompared to what we evolved in.
Exposed to chemicals, materials, HVAC,
lighting, etc. whose effects aren’t
thoroughly understood.
25%: reading
Thermal
Discomfort
Up to 10%
Personal
Environmental
Control
7.1% Lighting
1.8% Ventilation
1.2% Temp.
View Access vs.
No Access
Up to 25%
IAQ Improvements
5%+ Reduction in
Sick Days
METHODOLOGY
EAM MODEL - For Building & Occupant Alignment
Evaluate
Background Data
(HR & Building)
Engage Bldg Population
(Interview, Observe, & Survey)
Facility Evaluation
(Space Measurements & FTPs;
O&M Engagement)
Align
Make It Easy As Possible
(Facility, Behavioral, Procedural
Modifications)
Meaningful Feedback
(Information and Mechanisms)
Make It Fun
Monitor
Metrics
(Energy and Water; Survey
Results; Productivity and
Health)
Evaluation Plan
(Frequency; Records and
Engagement)
Add IAddress Issues
© Copyright 2011 M.E. GROUP, Inc.

9. 7/14/2014
9
QUANTIFYING PRODUCTIVITY & HEALTH
Direct Measure
Indirect Estimate
• Previous research
informed by
ethnography
Field
Setting
Lab
Setting
Quantified
Productivity/
Performance
& Health
Impacts
Wasted
Time
Previous
Research
Applied
Direct Estimate
• Multivariate
Regression Analysis
Correlations Average
Impacts
Visibility Issues;
Lack of Daylight
C t l
Post Occupancy Evaluation – Daylighting, Performance Impacts and
Value Engineering
QUANTIFYING PRODUCTIVITY & HEALTH
Teacher/Staff
Annual ProductivityControl
Ad Hoc Solutions
Annual Productivity
Impact:
‐$169,000
V. Sue Cleveland High School
Math Scores:
‐1.5%
Reading Scores:
‐0.9%

10. 7/14/2014
10
11
‘
Design – Evaluation of Daylighting Options Using Productivity Impacts
QUANTIFYING PRODUCTIVITY & HEALTH
0
‘
3
‘
8
‘
Option 1: Frit Glazing
University of Missouri, Kansas City
Option 2: LightLouver
+ Blinds/Shades
Option 2
3% ‐6% increase
in performance
(math & reading
tasks) over Option 1
Photo Rights: BNIM Architects
Retrocommissioning ‐ Occupancy Sensors’ and Lack of Personal
Lighting Control’s Impact on Productivity
QUANTIFYING PRODUCTIVITY & HEALTH
Conrad Duberstein U.S. Post Office & Courthouse
50%+ of courthouse
side occupants
experienced occupancy
sensor problems & lack
personal lighting control
Spending an average of
5 minutes per day
dealing with occupancy
sensor issues
Wasted Time: Costing
$120,000+
Lack of Personal
Control: Costing
$900,000+

11. 7/14/2014
11
OCCUPANT CONTROL
Post Occupancy Evaluation – Lack of Personal Control,
Frustration & Impact on Energy Consumption
Edward Gonzales Elementary
Leaving lights on as a sign of protest &
statement of personal control
Post Occupancy Evaluation –
Elementary Student
Interactions With Occupancy
OCCUPANT
CONTROL
Sensors
Hurley Elementary
Ghost in the Machine

12. 7/14/2014
12
OCCUPANT
CONTROL
Occupant Inertia & Ease of
Bli d C t l A
McKinley Elementary
Blind Control Access
21st Century
Glare or
Brightness
Problems
Audibility &
Noise Issues
Concern W/ Direction Being TakenConcern W/ Direction Being Taken
Like Small School/
Community Feel
Like Small School/
Community Feel
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Master Planning – Text Analysis
Maintenance, IT & Custodial IssuesMaintenance, IT & Custodial Issues
Improve/Maintain AestheticsImprove/Maintain Aesthetics
Improve PlaygroundImprove Playground
Technology
y
EducationTechnology
Infrastructure
Inadequacy
Thermal DiscomfortThermal Discomfort
Collaboration & Small GroupCollaboration & Small Group
Poor Indoor Air QualityPoor Indoor Air Quality
Lack of Temp ControlLack of Temp Control
Problems
Desire/
Appreciation
for Operable
Windows
Other
Lighting
Control
Issues
Cafeteria/
Lunch/
Nutrition
Problems
Health ConcernsHealth Concerns
Desire for Multi-
Levels of Lighting
Additional
Training
Needed
More Communication
Amongst Stakeholders
More Communication
Amongst Stakeholders
Approval of Direction Being TakenApproval of Direction Being Taken
Student
Centered
Technology
Not Only
Answer
West Platte School
District
Safety &
Security
Concerns
Space Size,
Configuration &
Flexibility
Desire/Appreciation
for Daylighting
Dislike Fluorescent
Lighting
& Desired Changes
Plumbing
Issues
& Desired Changes
Need Additional Restrooms
Improving Athletic Fields/FacilitiesImproving Athletic Fields/Facilities
Improving Traffic Flow
& Parking
Improving Traffic Flow
& Parking
Lack of StorageLack of Storage
Class Size (# of Students)Class Size (# of Students)
Wayfinding Problems

13. 7/14/2014
13
Performance Enhancement Measure (PEM) Matrix
Initial
Annual
/
Satisfaction,
Desire
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Master Planning – Prioritizing Solutions
Rank PEM ID
PEM
Description
Initial
Capital
Cost
Labor/
Service
Cost
Energy
Savings
Maintenance
Savings
Productivity
& Health
Benefits
Water
Savings
Time to
Implement
Disruption
of Facilities
Desire
Among Key
Stakeholders
Payback
1 OM‐1003
Resetting and
Recalibrating
Thermostat
Temperature
Setpoints
0 0 0 ☺ 0 ☺☺☺ 0
2 OM‐1010
Evaluate Work
Order Process 0 0 0 0 ☺ ☺☺☺
3 OM‐1012
Develop
Formal Plan
for Storage 0 0 0 0 ☺ 0 ☺☺ 0for Storage
and Disposal
4 OM‐1001
Renew
Maintenance
Contract
0 $$ $$ ☺☺ ☺☺☺
5 OM‐1013
Add (1)
Maintenance
Staff Position
0 $$ $$ ☺ ☺☺☺
6 E‐1006
Relocate
Smart Boards $ 0 0 0 ☺ 0 ☺☺☺
7 OM‐1008 Training $ 0 $ ☺☺ 0 ☺
West Platte School District
Post Occupancy Evaluation –
STAKEHOLDER
WANTS/NEEDS/
VALUES
Post Occupancy Evaluation
Conflicting Values & Needs
Baca/Dlo'ay azhi Community School

14. 7/14/2014
14
Solar tube dome
Hurley Elementary School
Post Occupancy Evaluation – Systems too Complex for Owner
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Teacher: “One of
my lights [Solar
t b ] k [ ]
Solar tube diffuser in classroom with dampers
closed. All others in classroom were open.
tubes] keep[s]
rotating and that is
a big distraction in
the classroom.”
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Peer Pressure, Goals, Competition, Transparency & Feedback
Occupancy Setting: 5 weeks
Lighting
635 KWH
Lighting
34.6% Reduction
• Reduction in False
M.E. GROUP Overland Park,
KS LEED CI Platinum Office
415 KWH
Vacancy Setting: 5 weeks
• Reduction in False
On Occurrences
• Peer Pressure

15. 7/14/2014
15
One-Way Messages
• Increase awareness of design elements operational policies and
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Direct/Indirect Messaging & Social/ Cultural Norms
• Increase awareness of design elements, operational policies and
energy conserving behavior through One-Way Messages
Source: http://www.yankodesign.com/2009/12/22/always‐take‐the‐stairs/
Direct Message Indirect Message
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Post Occupancy Evaluation - Inconsistent Messages
Consistent Use of Lighting Controls
V. Sue Cleveland
High School

16. 7/14/2014
16
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Master Planning - Iniquities in Daylighting
Lawrence, KS
School District
Deerfield, Broken Arrow Cordley, Hillcrest, Kennedy,
New York, Hillcrest, Sunset
Hill, Schwegler, Woodlawn
Langston Hughes,
Prairie Park, Quail
Run, Sunflower
Potential 20% delta in math scores
Potential 26% delta in reading scores
Post Occupancy Evaluation – Views and Unintended Consequences
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Edward Gonzales Elementary

17. 7/14/2014
17
Interior Classroom
Windows
Post Occupancy Evaluation – Daylighting, Views and Unintended
Benefits
STAKEHOLDER WANTS/NEEDS/VALUES
Windows
Facilitate Impromptu
Teacher Discussions
V. Sue Cleveland High School
Q&A
It’s not about the building…
It’s about what we do with it