This is a keynote lecture I gave at a scientific conference on how to translate discoveries about the genome into medical applications. ( http://jointsummits2011.amia.org/keynote-presentations ) I urged them to think of the human body as a lake, and to think of themselves as ecologists. For more information, visit http://carlzimmer.com
A Forbidden Kingdom: The Fungal Microbiome in Skin Health, Why it's Important...Laura Berry
Presented at the 4th Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Forum: USA. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
In the scope of human microbiome research, there remain two related and unexploited areas: skin and fungi. Tom Dawson presents examples of the importance and opportunity in leveraging the skin mycobiome. Tom reviews current understanding of a healthy versus diseased scalp, the scalp Mycobiome, the role of Malassezia in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, the state of the art in Malassezia genomics, and how current treatment options influence the scalp Mycobiome. He identifies candidate organisms, defines pathogenic mechanisms, and discusses successful treatment interventions for the consumer market.
The Human Microbiome in Sports Performance and Healthctorgan
Because our knowledge of the human microbiome is moving so rapidly, we turned our presentation at this conference into a discussion session so experts in the audience could share their professional knowledge and personal experience. By the end of the session, it was clear that we had barely scratched the surface of the importance of our microscopic kin to our health, to sports performance, and to how we need to think about designing research studies. A list of recommended resources is available at: www.caroltorgan.com/microbiome-sports/. We welcome your input!
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
A Forbidden Kingdom: The Fungal Microbiome in Skin Health, Why it's Important...Laura Berry
Presented at the 4th Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Forum: USA. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
In the scope of human microbiome research, there remain two related and unexploited areas: skin and fungi. Tom Dawson presents examples of the importance and opportunity in leveraging the skin mycobiome. Tom reviews current understanding of a healthy versus diseased scalp, the scalp Mycobiome, the role of Malassezia in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, the state of the art in Malassezia genomics, and how current treatment options influence the scalp Mycobiome. He identifies candidate organisms, defines pathogenic mechanisms, and discusses successful treatment interventions for the consumer market.
The Human Microbiome in Sports Performance and Healthctorgan
Because our knowledge of the human microbiome is moving so rapidly, we turned our presentation at this conference into a discussion session so experts in the audience could share their professional knowledge and personal experience. By the end of the session, it was clear that we had barely scratched the surface of the importance of our microscopic kin to our health, to sports performance, and to how we need to think about designing research studies. A list of recommended resources is available at: www.caroltorgan.com/microbiome-sports/. We welcome your input!
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Imaging for the oral cavity neoplastic lesions finalSelf-employed
Presentation about the imaging of the oral cavity from anatomy, imaging modalities used to the most common neoplastic lesions met during clinical practice.
The funny side of science: The Ig Nobel Prize honours achievements that make people laugh but also think afterwards! Here are the 8 best Ig Nobel Pize winning achievements.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
HUman Biological and Cultural EvolutiojPaulVMcDowell
Covers comparative human-nonhunan anatomy, describes the mechanisms of evolution, provides a taxonomy, and traces the evolution of fossil hominins and their tools, and
Recent studies have suggested that various anatomical changes, such as the widening of the hypoglossal canal, the descent of the larynx, and the loss of air sacs, are prerequisites for speech or occurred due to selective pressure on speech. Such studies have been used to suggest that Homo neanderthalis as well as early Homo sapiens were capable of speech. However, using a broad literature review of multimodal languages, such as whistle languages, and the articulation processes behind prosodic features, I will show that such studies ignore various aspects of language that would not require maximal discreteness in phonological features. I will suggest that these studies do not adequately account for prosodic features that would not require anatomical changes in early hominins when considering protolanguage, as they are based on a fundamentally modern view of modern languages which place a heavier load on phonological features at the cost of prosodic load. Therefore, a reanalysis of anatomical changes in early hominins is necessary.
l) Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA.pdfezzi552
Given the following information for Nugget Corporation, answer the questions below.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Cash collected in month of sale
10%
Credit collections:
Collected in month of sale
10%
Collected in month following the sale
75%
Collected in second month following the sale
15%
Each question should have one amount in the answer field.
You must format your answers as follows: $x,xxx
Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
Total collections from credit sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Solution
1) Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 95,000
Working: January February March Total Sales $ 2,75,000
$ 3,25,000 $ 3,50,000 Cash Sales @ 10% $ 27,500 $ 32,500 $
35,000 $ 95,000 2) Total collections from credit sales for the
quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 5,27,625 Working: November December
January February March Total Sales $ 3,00,000 $ 2,50,000 $ 2,75,000 $ 3,25,000 $
3,50,000 Credit Sales @ 90% $ 2,70,000 $ 2,25,000 $ 2,47,500 $ 2,92,500 $
3,15,000 Collection of credit sales in the month of: November
$ 27,000 December $ 2,02,500 $ 22,500 January $ 40,500
$ 1,68,750 $ 24,750 February $ 33,750 $ 1,85,625 $ 29,250 March
$ 37,125 $ 2,19,375 $ 31,500 Total $ 2,47,500 $ 2,48,625 $ 31,500 $
5,27,625.
Imaging for the oral cavity neoplastic lesions finalSelf-employed
Presentation about the imaging of the oral cavity from anatomy, imaging modalities used to the most common neoplastic lesions met during clinical practice.
The funny side of science: The Ig Nobel Prize honours achievements that make people laugh but also think afterwards! Here are the 8 best Ig Nobel Pize winning achievements.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
HUman Biological and Cultural EvolutiojPaulVMcDowell
Covers comparative human-nonhunan anatomy, describes the mechanisms of evolution, provides a taxonomy, and traces the evolution of fossil hominins and their tools, and
Recent studies have suggested that various anatomical changes, such as the widening of the hypoglossal canal, the descent of the larynx, and the loss of air sacs, are prerequisites for speech or occurred due to selective pressure on speech. Such studies have been used to suggest that Homo neanderthalis as well as early Homo sapiens were capable of speech. However, using a broad literature review of multimodal languages, such as whistle languages, and the articulation processes behind prosodic features, I will show that such studies ignore various aspects of language that would not require maximal discreteness in phonological features. I will suggest that these studies do not adequately account for prosodic features that would not require anatomical changes in early hominins when considering protolanguage, as they are based on a fundamentally modern view of modern languages which place a heavier load on phonological features at the cost of prosodic load. Therefore, a reanalysis of anatomical changes in early hominins is necessary.
l) Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA.pdfezzi552
Given the following information for Nugget Corporation, answer the questions below.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Cash collected in month of sale
10%
Credit collections:
Collected in month of sale
10%
Collected in month following the sale
75%
Collected in second month following the sale
15%
Each question should have one amount in the answer field.
You must format your answers as follows: $x,xxx
Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
Total collections from credit sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Solution
1) Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 95,000
Working: January February March Total Sales $ 2,75,000
$ 3,25,000 $ 3,50,000 Cash Sales @ 10% $ 27,500 $ 32,500 $
35,000 $ 95,000 2) Total collections from credit sales for the
quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 5,27,625 Working: November December
January February March Total Sales $ 3,00,000 $ 2,50,000 $ 2,75,000 $ 3,25,000 $
3,50,000 Credit Sales @ 90% $ 2,70,000 $ 2,25,000 $ 2,47,500 $ 2,92,500 $
3,15,000 Collection of credit sales in the month of: November
$ 27,000 December $ 2,02,500 $ 22,500 January $ 40,500
$ 1,68,750 $ 24,750 February $ 33,750 $ 1,85,625 $ 29,250 March
$ 37,125 $ 2,19,375 $ 31,500 Total $ 2,47,500 $ 2,48,625 $ 31,500 $
5,27,625.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. The Inner Jungle:
The Natural History of the Human Microbiome
Carl Zimmer
Joint Summits on Translational Science Keynote Lecture
San Francisco, CA, March 8, 2011
30. Cold Spring Harbor Archives http://www.flickr.com/photos/cshlarchives/4276595071/
31. “Molecular genetics, our latest
wonder, has taught us to spell
out the connectivity of the tree
of life in such palpable detail that
we may say in plain words, ‘This
riddle of life has been solved.’
The ideas of information
storage, of the replication of the
stored information and of its Max Delbruck,
programmed readout have Nobel Lecture, 1969
become commonplace and have
filtered down into the popular
magazines and grade school
textbooks.”
33. It will unlock new insights into our
origins and history as a species;
and it points to new ways of
combating disease. The people of
many countries have invested in
the Human Genome Project's
determination of the sequence, and
it is hard to see how that
investment could have received
better returns.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/full/409745a0.html
49. Microbial abundance raises the
question: how human are we?
Human:
10 trillion human cells
20,000 human genes
Microbiota: Microbiota:
100 trillion microbial cells 20 million microbial genes
99.9% of our genomes the same, but our microbes...?
53. The microbiome kills invading pathogens
The skin bacteria
Staphylococcus
epidermis makes
δ-toxin and kills
S. aureus
Cogen et al, PLoS ONE 5(1): e8557. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008557
54. The microbiome heals wounds
Left ear: wound Right ear: wound
without S. epidermis with S. epidermis
Lai 2009 Nature Medicine 15, 1377 - 1382 (2009)
56. Diversity from nose to nose
Wos-Oxley et al, The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 839–851
57. Mouth to mouth: 818 bacterial species lives in three people’s
mouths, 387 shared by all three.
Zaura et al BMC Microbiol (2009) vol. 9 (1) pp. 259
58. What is the shape of the core microbiome?
Hamady M , Knight R Genome Res. 2009;19:1141-1152
59. Or is it a core of genes, not of species?
Hamady M , Knight R Genome Res. 2009;19:1141-1152
60. Diversity within
the core
Periphery
(not in all people)
Core
(in all people)
Costello et al, Science Vol. 326 no. 5960 pp. 1694-1697
61. r Hair
The body has many niches
Hair
ehead Forehead
Forehead
ernal ear (L) External nose
External nose
ernal ear (R) External ear (R)
External ear (R)
el External ear (L) External ear (L)
mpit (R) Palm (R)
Palm (R)
mpit (L) Index finger (R)
Index finger (R)
ernal nose Palm (L) Palm (L)
tril (R) Index finger (L) Index finger (L)
tril (L) Forearm (R) Forearm (R)
ex finger (R) Forearm (L) Forearm (L)
m (R) Nostril (R) Nostril (R)
ex finger (L) Nostril (L) Nostril (L)
earm (R) EAC (R) Armpit (R)
earm (L) EAC (L) Armpit (L)
m (L) Armpit (R) Sole of foot (R)
k of knee (R) Armpit (L) Sole of foot (L)
k of knee (L) Sole of foot (R) Back of knee (R)
e of foot (R) Sole of foot (L) Back of knee (L)
e of foot (L) Back of knee (R) Navel
C (R) Back of knee (L) EAC (R)
C (L) Navel EAC (L)
ns penis Glans penis Glans penis
ia minora Labia minora Labia minora
l cavity Oral cavity Oral cavity
sal tongue Dorsal tongue Dorsal tongue
(Sp) Gut (Sp) Gut (Sp)
(Sw) Gut (Sw) Gut (Sw)
0.02 0.05
weighted quantitative symmetric
UniFrac (Kulczynski)
Costello et al, Science Vol. 326 no. 5960 pp. 1694-1697
Fig. S11
64. Wang et al, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010) 88:1333–1342
65. From The Art of Ecology, 2011
Time opens new niches
66. Time opens new niches
A 0.9
0.8
UniFrac distance
0.7
0.6 variation within people
(day-to-day)
variation between people
0.5 (on any given day)
0.4
Oral Gut Skin Nostril Hair EAC
cavity
Habitat
B 0.3
eighted UniFrac distance
0.2
variation within people
0.1 (day-to-day)
Costello et al, Science Vol. 326 no. 5960 pp. 1694-1697
variation between people
67. Diversity through co-dependence:
the case of the elusive mouth resident, Synergistetes
Vartoukian et al Environmental Microbiology (2010) 12(4), 916–928
68. Top: Synergistetes alone in culture grows
extremely slowly
Bottom: Parvimonas micra speeds up
growth of Synergistetes (streak)
Vartoukian et al Environmental Microbiology (2010) 12(4), 916–928
70. Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone
Actinomyces Streptococcus
naeshindii oralis
Fusobacterium Porphyromonas
nucleatum gigivalis
Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.
71. Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone
supports the growth of
Actinomyces Streptococcus
naeshindii oralis
supports the growth of
Fusobacterium Porphyromonas
nucleatum gigivalis
Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.
72. Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone
supports the growth of
Actinomyces Streptococcus
naeshindii oralis
supports the growth of
supports the
growth of
Fusobacterium Porphyromonas
nucleatum gigivalis
Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.
73. Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone
supports the growth of
Actinomyces Streptococcus
naeshindii oralis
supports the growth of
supports the
growth of
supports the growth of
Fusobacterium Porphyromonas
nucleatum gigivalis
Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.
74. Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone
supports the growth of
Actinomyces Streptococcus
naeshindii oralis
supports the growth of
supports the cannot support the
growth of growth of
supports the growth of
Fusobacterium Porphyromonas
nucleatum gigivalis
Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.
75. Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone
supports the growth of
Actinomyces Streptococcus
naeshindii oralis
supports the growth of
supports the cannot support on its cannot support the
growth of own, but can speed growth of
growth if A. naeshindii is
also present
supports the growth of
Fusobacterium Porphyromonas
nucleatum gigivalis
Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.
83. A lesson from ecology:
diversity is healthy
Salmonella invades more
successfully if mice are
treated with antibiotics, have
low-diversity microbiomes
(LCM), or are germ-free
Photo- http://flic.kr/p/3vhoNg Stecher and Hardt Current Opinion in Microbiology 2010, 14:1–10
84. Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38
85. Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38
86. Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38
87. Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38
88. Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38
90. As Helicobacter hepaticus
becomes more common in
mouse cecae (A), microbiome
diversity falls (B)
KUEHL ET AL, INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Oct. 2005, p. 6952–6961
96. Do My Bacteria Make Me Look Fat?
Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, et al. 2005. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 11070–5.
97. • Germ-free mice given
ob/ob or wild-type gut
microbes
• Chow consumption and
exercise the same for
both groups
• Both sets of mice had
similar starting weight
and percentage of body
fat
Turnbaugh, et al. Nature 2006; 444:1027
101. Khoruts’s dilemma:
61 year old patient
--Antibiotics for lung infection led to intestinal
C. difficile infection
Chronic Diarrhea - 8 months
Loose bowel movements every 15 minutes
Wore diapers at all times
Confined to a wheel chair
Lost 27 Kg
Antibiotic therapy for C. difficile uneffective
Khoruts, et al. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44, 354–360 (2010)
103. Patient had first solid bowel movement 2
days after treatment
On 6 month follow up visit, reported daily
stools that were well formed
Khoruts, et al. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44, 354–360 (2010)
104.
105.
106. Thanks to Jonathan Eisen, Karen Jansson, Rob Knight,
Sarkis Mazmanian, David Post, and David Skelly
For more information,
visit carlzimmer.com
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Models of a core microbiome. The circles represent the microbial communities in different individuals and can be thought of as either representing different taxa (species, genera, etc.) or representing different genes. (A) “Substantial core” model. Most individuals share most components of the microbiota. (B) “Minimal core” model. All individuals share a few components, and any individual shares many components with a few other individuals, but very little is shared across all individuals. (C) “No core” model. Nothing is shared by all individuals, and most diversity is unique to a given individual. (D) “Gradient” model. Individuals next to each other on a gradient, for example, age or obesity, share many components, but individuals at opposite ends share little or nothing. (E) “Subpopulation” model. Different subpopulations, for example, those defined by geography or disease, have different cores, but nothing is shared across subpopulations. Scenarios C–E would represent situations in which the strategy of identifying core species for sequencing, then using these as a scaffold for “omics” studies, would be problematic.\n
Models of a core microbiome. The circles represent the microbial communities in different individuals and can be thought of as either representing different taxa (species, genera, etc.) or representing different genes. (A) “Substantial core” model. Most individuals share most components of the microbiota. (B) “Minimal core” model. All individuals share a few components, and any individual shares many components with a few other individuals, but very little is shared across all individuals. (C) “No core” model. Nothing is shared by all individuals, and most diversity is unique to a given individual. (D) “Gradient” model. Individuals next to each other on a gradient, for example, age or obesity, share many components, but individuals at opposite ends share little or nothing. (E) “Subpopulation” model. Different subpopulations, for example, those defined by geography or disease, have different cores, but nothing is shared across subpopulations. Scenarios C–E would represent situations in which the strategy of identifying core species for sequencing, then using these as a scaffold for “omics” studies, would be problematic.\n