The document discusses the hocket technique in music, which involves alternately passing a melodic line between two or more voices. It originated in 13th century sacred vocal music in France and has since been used in various cultural contexts, including traditional music from Haiti, Indonesia, and the Central African Republic. Contemporary bands like Dirty Projectors also employ the hocket to outline chords less densely and create more interesting melodies.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. What is a hocket?
• Derived from French word “hoquet”
– A brief interruption or hiccup
• Musical line is shared between two or more
voices.
– Alternately resting while other voice sounds.
3. The Hocket during the Ars Antiqua
• Characteristic of Notre Dame school
– Sacred vocal music
– 13th and 14th centuries
• In seculum d’Amiens longum (Anonymous)
4. The Hocket in Haitian Raras
• Raras and gagas
– Traditional Haitian street processions
• Improvised melody shared between Vaksen
– Bamboo or metal-pipe trumpets
5. Gamelan
• Gamelan
– Traditional Indonesian music
– Played on mostly mallet instruments
• Imbal and Kotekan
– Both refer to technique of swapping melody
between two different instruments.
– Imbal is used in Java, Kotekan in Bali
6. Hindewhu and The Central African
Republic
• Hindewhu
– Onomatopoeia
– Alternately humming and blowing into flute
• Mimicked by Bill Summers on Herbie
Hancock’s “Watermelon Man” using beer
bottle.
7. Dirty Projectors
• The hocket is a primary characteristic of their
music
– Outline harmonic movement
• Make chords less dense
– Create more interesting melodies
– Hocket between voices or in guitar parts
8. The hocket is…
• A shared melodic line of music
– Used to make music more interesting or exciting
• A technique used as early as the 13th century
• Used in many different cultural contexts
• Very common in today’s popular music
