The hill that made BHP was the Broken Hill in New South Wales, Australia. It contained a rich deposit of silver, lead and zinc that was discovered in 1883. This discovery led to the founding of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) which became one of Australia's largest companies. The geology of the hill influenced the layout and development of both the mine and the city of Broken Hill. The deposit consisted of multiple ore lenses that extended over 8 km. BHP dominated mining at Broken Hill for decades but eventually withdrew in 1940 as the ore bodies became depleted. The mining legacy of BHP is still visible today through remnants of infrastructure and the slag heaps that dominate the landscape.
The Ruins at Virginia Water were constructed in 1827 using stones from the Roman city of Leptis Magna in Libya. Sir Jeffrey Wyatville arranged columns, arches, and other architectural elements from Leptis Magna to resemble a ruined Roman temple. Over time the monument deteriorated, with columns falling and walls collapsing. A restoration project in 2008 rebuilt walls, re-erected columns, and addressed deterioration to return the Ruins to their original design.
Dr Mary Macleod - Small scale excavations were carried out on Machair Bharabhais between 1979 and 2001, by Trevor Cowie, and Mary MacLeod. These are finally being brought together for analysis and publication.
This document provides information about Lathkill Dale, including its location in Derbyshire, England. It describes the area's geological history from the Carboniferous period 340 million years ago to the Pleistocene period 2 million years ago. It then details 5 sites along the dale, noting their geological features such as limestone rock and fossils from the Carboniferous period, a mining hole from lead and iron mining since the 13th century, and Mandale Mine buildings made of limestone. Site 4 describes Bateman's House built of limestone and the nearby Lathkill mine shaft. Site 5 focuses on fossils such as brachiopods and crinoids imprinted in the limestone. The conclusion lists topics
Lone Mountain is a property that has a history of mining and mineral exploration - this presentation covers the geology, history, and potential of one of Nevadas many mines
Bannerman Castle Visitors Center PresentationJGT238
The document summarizes the history of Bannerman Island and the Bannerman Castle Complex located on the island in the Hudson River. It provides background on the island's history dating back to its use in the American Revolution. It then details the construction of Bannerman Castle by Francis Bannerman between 1901-1918 to store his arms business inventory. After being abandoned in the 1950s, the site was purchased by New York state and a fire destroyed the remaining structures in 1969. The document concludes by outlining a proposal and master plan to rehabilitate the site which includes stabilizing existing structures, increasing public access and activities, and constructing a new visitor center.
Big Ben is the nickname for the largest bell of the Great Clock of Westminster in the Houses of Parliament in London. It is contained within the clock tower, which at 96 meters is the third tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. The clock and bell have become symbols of the UK and are involved in many New Year's and Remembrance Day traditions, though the bell has cracked twice since its installation in 1859 and required repairs on several occasions.
Erosional and dipositional land form of glacierBhupen Barman
Mr. Bhupen Barman presented on the erosional and depositional landforms of glaciers. The two main erosional processes are plucking and abrasion, which form landforms like roches moutonnees, cirques, and aretes. Depositional landforms created by glaciers include moraines, kames, eskers, and drumlins that are made of materials like boulder clay.
Pikes Peak was formed over billions of years through geological processes including batholith creation, sediment deposition, uplift, erosion, and glacial movement. Magma intruded the earth's crust and cooled to form granite, which was later covered by sediment deposited in a shallow sea. The sediment was uplifted to form the ancestral Rocky Mountains, exposing the granite of Pikes Peak. Glacial erosion sculpted and carved the granite into the distinctive shape of Pikes Peak seen today.
The Ruins at Virginia Water were constructed in 1827 using stones from the Roman city of Leptis Magna in Libya. Sir Jeffrey Wyatville arranged columns, arches, and other architectural elements from Leptis Magna to resemble a ruined Roman temple. Over time the monument deteriorated, with columns falling and walls collapsing. A restoration project in 2008 rebuilt walls, re-erected columns, and addressed deterioration to return the Ruins to their original design.
Dr Mary Macleod - Small scale excavations were carried out on Machair Bharabhais between 1979 and 2001, by Trevor Cowie, and Mary MacLeod. These are finally being brought together for analysis and publication.
This document provides information about Lathkill Dale, including its location in Derbyshire, England. It describes the area's geological history from the Carboniferous period 340 million years ago to the Pleistocene period 2 million years ago. It then details 5 sites along the dale, noting their geological features such as limestone rock and fossils from the Carboniferous period, a mining hole from lead and iron mining since the 13th century, and Mandale Mine buildings made of limestone. Site 4 describes Bateman's House built of limestone and the nearby Lathkill mine shaft. Site 5 focuses on fossils such as brachiopods and crinoids imprinted in the limestone. The conclusion lists topics
Lone Mountain is a property that has a history of mining and mineral exploration - this presentation covers the geology, history, and potential of one of Nevadas many mines
Bannerman Castle Visitors Center PresentationJGT238
The document summarizes the history of Bannerman Island and the Bannerman Castle Complex located on the island in the Hudson River. It provides background on the island's history dating back to its use in the American Revolution. It then details the construction of Bannerman Castle by Francis Bannerman between 1901-1918 to store his arms business inventory. After being abandoned in the 1950s, the site was purchased by New York state and a fire destroyed the remaining structures in 1969. The document concludes by outlining a proposal and master plan to rehabilitate the site which includes stabilizing existing structures, increasing public access and activities, and constructing a new visitor center.
Big Ben is the nickname for the largest bell of the Great Clock of Westminster in the Houses of Parliament in London. It is contained within the clock tower, which at 96 meters is the third tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. The clock and bell have become symbols of the UK and are involved in many New Year's and Remembrance Day traditions, though the bell has cracked twice since its installation in 1859 and required repairs on several occasions.
Erosional and dipositional land form of glacierBhupen Barman
Mr. Bhupen Barman presented on the erosional and depositional landforms of glaciers. The two main erosional processes are plucking and abrasion, which form landforms like roches moutonnees, cirques, and aretes. Depositional landforms created by glaciers include moraines, kames, eskers, and drumlins that are made of materials like boulder clay.
Pikes Peak was formed over billions of years through geological processes including batholith creation, sediment deposition, uplift, erosion, and glacial movement. Magma intruded the earth's crust and cooled to form granite, which was later covered by sediment deposited in a shallow sea. The sediment was uplifted to form the ancestral Rocky Mountains, exposing the granite of Pikes Peak. Glacial erosion sculpted and carved the granite into the distinctive shape of Pikes Peak seen today.
Prospecting History leading to the discovery of Botswana’s diamond minesJames AH Campbell
1) Three phases of mineral exploration and mining in Botswana were outlined: pre-historic, historic, and modern. Pre-historic mining dated back 3.4 million years and involved minerals like iron, copper, and gold.
2) Historic prospecting from the 1860s to 1950s involved companies searching areas like Ngamiland and Bamangwato Reserve with limited success. The first authenticated diamonds were found in 1938 in Pitsani.
3) Modern exploration began in the late 1950s with CAST finding the first diamonds in 1960, though in small quantities. In 1967, De Beers discovered Botswana's first kimberlites at BK01 and AK01 near Orapa, marking
The Bawdwin Mine, Myanmar: a review of its Geological setting and GenesisMYO AUNG Myanmar
The Bawdwin Mine, Myanmar: a review of its geological setting and genesis
NICHOLAS J. GARDINER1,2*, LAURENCE J. ROBB1, MICHAEL P. SEARLE1, KYI HTUN3 & KHIN ZAW4
1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
2
Present address: Centre for Exploration Targeting – Curtin Node, Department of Applied Geology, Western Australian School
of Mines, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
3
Consultant Geologist, S. Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar
4
CODES Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
*Correspondence: nicholas.gardiner@curtin.edu.au
1) The document discusses building 3D geological models of historically significant ore deposits in Tasmania to better understand their litho-structural architecture and evolution.
2) Examples presented include the Ag-Pb Mt Farrell deposit and Cu-Au Iron Blow and North Lyell deposits. The models provide new insights into mineralization controls and structural history.
3) At Mt Farrell, mineralization is now thought to be Devonian vein style related to folding and remobilization of older VHMS-style mineralization. At Iron Blow, high-grade shoots were focused at structural contacts with conglomerate.
Columbia queen property fact sheet 20141115John Chapman
The Columbia Queen property contains four types of mineral deposits and is located 30km north of Revelstoke, BC. It consists of eleven mineral claims covering 4,753 hectares. Exploration has found copper, zinc, lead, silver, and gold mineralization at targets including the Copper Queen showing and the adjacent Mastodon deposit. Recommended exploration includes prospecting around a high-grade float sample, extending soil sampling grids, and drilling targets like the Copper Queen showing and a VTEM and soil anomaly near Mastodon. The property is available for option.
This document provides an overview of the Britannia Mine and community through a series of entries from A to P. It describes how the mine led to acid rock drainage that polluted the local waterways until a treatment plant was built in 2005. It also discusses the bunkhouses where single men lived in close quarters, the company town structure of Britannia Beach, disasters that impacted the community, the ethnic diversity of workers, and the isolation of the community that was reduced by the building of a highway in the late 1950s.
Historical Mining in Texas and the Abandoned Mine Land ProgramJon Brandt
This document provides an overview of mining in Texas, including:
- A brief history of mineral extraction in Texas over the past 300 years, focusing on coal, lignite, uranium and other industrial minerals since 1950.
- A summary of the Texas Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Program, including completed reclamation projects and future work.
- An introduction to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the approval of the Texas AML Program.
- Inventories of over 12,200 mine sites conducted in various regions of Texas in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
- Details on 75 AML reclamation contracts totaling over $31 million
Prehistoric Metal Mining in Britain: The Study of Cobble Stone Mining Tools Based on Artefact Study, Ethnography and Experimentation
Minería Prehistórica en Gran Bretaña: El Estudio de Herramientas Mineras Líticas a Partir de Estudios Artefactuales, Etnografía y Experimentación 33
Simon Timberlake and Brenda Craddock
This document provides a guide to the geology of Central Park in New York City. It is divided into three sections. Section one describes the building stones used in park structures. Section two examines bedrock outcroppings, showing evidence of NYC's tectonic history over billions of years. Section three inspects evidence left behind by glaciers, including striations and erratic boulders deposited during the last ice age. Stops around the park are detailed, identifying rock types and geological features formed by metamorphism, intrusions, erosion and glaciation.
The XAMA mineral property is located in central British Columbia near Fraser Lake and contains seven mineral tenures covering 3,579 hectares. Historical exploration in the 1960s and 1970s identified widespread molybdenum and copper mineralization through soil sampling and geophysical surveys. Recommended exploration includes drilling three 500-meter holes to test induced polarization anomalies identified by previous operators, as well as a modern helicopter-borne electromagnetic survey to further explore the property's potential as a major porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit. The property has excellent infrastructure and is available for option.
The document provides an overview of metalliferous basins in New South Wales that host lead-zinc and other base metal deposits. It discusses the Broken Hill basin, which contains the giant Broken Hill deposit, as well as other significant basins such as the Ponto Group, Girilambone District, and Cobar Basin. The Broken Hill deposit formed during the rift phase of basin development from exhalative and inhalative processes, aided by an elevated geotherm from magmatic underplating. Other examples like the Ponto Group contain smaller Besshi-type copper deposits that formed from seafloor exhalative processes in an oceanic fore-arc setting. The document analyzes factors important for
If you have lived around the Caspian area of Iron County, Michigan, you may have heard of the mysterious town of "Palatka", but have never been able to find it or discover it on the map. What is Palatka? This slideshow takes you down a path of discovering the history of Palatka, as well as the wonderful history of the iron ore mines of Iron County in the early 1900's. See how the birth of mines like the Berkshire, Caspian, Baltic, and Fogerty led to the boom towns of Gaastra, Old Caspian, Caspian...and the mysterious town of Palatka. The history is brought to life with many original pictures and maps of the early 1900's. Enjoy this trip back in time to the early days of Iron County, Michigan.
The Royalle property is located 175 km north of Vancouver in central British Columbia, near the historic Bralorne-Pioneer gold mining camp. The property consists of three contiguous mineral claims covering 2,620 hectares. Exploration over the years has identified several gold and copper-tungsten zones, including the Upper Piebiter gold zone and the Chalco copper-tungsten zone. Recent geophysical surveys have outlined structures prospective for porphyry and epithermal mineralization. The property remains underexplored and offers potential for the discovery of bulk tonnage gold deposits and porphyry-related mineralization.
At the October 2009 AC Transit Transbay Taskforce meeting, attendees were treated to a great historical presentation. Heather Price from William Self Associates presented facts and findings from the excavation process related to the construction of San Francisco's Temporary Transbay Terminal. She was followed with a presentation by Joyce Oishi on the salvage and historical preservation efforts within the existing Transbay Terminal.
Several smaller items salvaged from the Terminal will be on display in an interpretive exhibit at the new Transbay Transit Center (not the Temporary Terminal), while larger items not taken by local museums will be properly recycled.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
This document summarizes the geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. Key points:
1. Amber has been mined from the Noije Bum hill since at least the 1st century AD. Previous studies assigned an Eocene age to the host rocks, but recent evidence suggests they are Cretaceous, specifically Upper Albian.
2. The authors visited the current mining area in 2001. The site occurs within folded sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous to Cenozoic age in the Hukawng Basin. Amber is found in fine-grained sediments deposited in a nearshore marine environment.
3. Evidence from insect incl
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for gold mineralization based on their proximity to producing mines and recent discoveries by other companies on adjacent lands. Skyharbour's key property, Broulan Reef, has returned encouraging drill results that are similar in grade and style to a nearby multi-million ounce deposit. Management has over 80 years of combined experience exploring and developing projects in Red Lake.
A vein of gold : The story of gold mining in Forest Range and Lenswood.lfrlh
The document summarizes the early history of gold mining in the Forest Range area of South Australia, beginning with the first discoveries of gold in the Stony Creek area in 1854-1855. Over 200 men rushed to the area after initial finds of gold by Biggs, Mason and Norton in 1854. By 1855 there were stores and butcher shops established to serve the miners. While some miners found small amounts of gold, most claims did not yield significant rewards and the area was largely abandoned by 1856. Intermittent prospecting continued over the following decades in search of richer gold deposits.
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for high-grade gold mineralization based on their proximity to major discoveries by Goldcorp. Drilling on the Broulan Reef property has intersected gold mineralization in the same structure as the nearby Bruce Channel deposit. The McKenzie Island property also shows continuity of mineralization between properties. Skyharbour aims to explore the untapped potential of these properties through future drilling programs.
An archaeological excavation was conducted at a site in Eastside, Birmingham to investigate the remains of the Belmont and Belmont Row Glassworks. Remains of both glassworks were uncovered including fragments of glassmaking crucibles, pottery, and bricks. Evidence was found of glassmaking as well as possible pottery manufacture and metal working. The excavation also helped establish the extent of the Ashted Pumping Station located on the site.
The document discusses the apparent lack of archaeological evidence from Ireland between the 7th and 3rd centuries BC known as the "Dark Age", and examines how climate fluctuations during this period may have impacted settlement patterns and societal changes, with some communities potentially intensifying activities like trackway construction and bog cultivation in response to increasingly unpredictable conditions.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Prospecting History leading to the discovery of Botswana’s diamond minesJames AH Campbell
1) Three phases of mineral exploration and mining in Botswana were outlined: pre-historic, historic, and modern. Pre-historic mining dated back 3.4 million years and involved minerals like iron, copper, and gold.
2) Historic prospecting from the 1860s to 1950s involved companies searching areas like Ngamiland and Bamangwato Reserve with limited success. The first authenticated diamonds were found in 1938 in Pitsani.
3) Modern exploration began in the late 1950s with CAST finding the first diamonds in 1960, though in small quantities. In 1967, De Beers discovered Botswana's first kimberlites at BK01 and AK01 near Orapa, marking
The Bawdwin Mine, Myanmar: a review of its Geological setting and GenesisMYO AUNG Myanmar
The Bawdwin Mine, Myanmar: a review of its geological setting and genesis
NICHOLAS J. GARDINER1,2*, LAURENCE J. ROBB1, MICHAEL P. SEARLE1, KYI HTUN3 & KHIN ZAW4
1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
2
Present address: Centre for Exploration Targeting – Curtin Node, Department of Applied Geology, Western Australian School
of Mines, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
3
Consultant Geologist, S. Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar
4
CODES Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
*Correspondence: nicholas.gardiner@curtin.edu.au
1) The document discusses building 3D geological models of historically significant ore deposits in Tasmania to better understand their litho-structural architecture and evolution.
2) Examples presented include the Ag-Pb Mt Farrell deposit and Cu-Au Iron Blow and North Lyell deposits. The models provide new insights into mineralization controls and structural history.
3) At Mt Farrell, mineralization is now thought to be Devonian vein style related to folding and remobilization of older VHMS-style mineralization. At Iron Blow, high-grade shoots were focused at structural contacts with conglomerate.
Columbia queen property fact sheet 20141115John Chapman
The Columbia Queen property contains four types of mineral deposits and is located 30km north of Revelstoke, BC. It consists of eleven mineral claims covering 4,753 hectares. Exploration has found copper, zinc, lead, silver, and gold mineralization at targets including the Copper Queen showing and the adjacent Mastodon deposit. Recommended exploration includes prospecting around a high-grade float sample, extending soil sampling grids, and drilling targets like the Copper Queen showing and a VTEM and soil anomaly near Mastodon. The property is available for option.
This document provides an overview of the Britannia Mine and community through a series of entries from A to P. It describes how the mine led to acid rock drainage that polluted the local waterways until a treatment plant was built in 2005. It also discusses the bunkhouses where single men lived in close quarters, the company town structure of Britannia Beach, disasters that impacted the community, the ethnic diversity of workers, and the isolation of the community that was reduced by the building of a highway in the late 1950s.
Historical Mining in Texas and the Abandoned Mine Land ProgramJon Brandt
This document provides an overview of mining in Texas, including:
- A brief history of mineral extraction in Texas over the past 300 years, focusing on coal, lignite, uranium and other industrial minerals since 1950.
- A summary of the Texas Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Program, including completed reclamation projects and future work.
- An introduction to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the approval of the Texas AML Program.
- Inventories of over 12,200 mine sites conducted in various regions of Texas in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
- Details on 75 AML reclamation contracts totaling over $31 million
Prehistoric Metal Mining in Britain: The Study of Cobble Stone Mining Tools Based on Artefact Study, Ethnography and Experimentation
Minería Prehistórica en Gran Bretaña: El Estudio de Herramientas Mineras Líticas a Partir de Estudios Artefactuales, Etnografía y Experimentación 33
Simon Timberlake and Brenda Craddock
This document provides a guide to the geology of Central Park in New York City. It is divided into three sections. Section one describes the building stones used in park structures. Section two examines bedrock outcroppings, showing evidence of NYC's tectonic history over billions of years. Section three inspects evidence left behind by glaciers, including striations and erratic boulders deposited during the last ice age. Stops around the park are detailed, identifying rock types and geological features formed by metamorphism, intrusions, erosion and glaciation.
The XAMA mineral property is located in central British Columbia near Fraser Lake and contains seven mineral tenures covering 3,579 hectares. Historical exploration in the 1960s and 1970s identified widespread molybdenum and copper mineralization through soil sampling and geophysical surveys. Recommended exploration includes drilling three 500-meter holes to test induced polarization anomalies identified by previous operators, as well as a modern helicopter-borne electromagnetic survey to further explore the property's potential as a major porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit. The property has excellent infrastructure and is available for option.
The document provides an overview of metalliferous basins in New South Wales that host lead-zinc and other base metal deposits. It discusses the Broken Hill basin, which contains the giant Broken Hill deposit, as well as other significant basins such as the Ponto Group, Girilambone District, and Cobar Basin. The Broken Hill deposit formed during the rift phase of basin development from exhalative and inhalative processes, aided by an elevated geotherm from magmatic underplating. Other examples like the Ponto Group contain smaller Besshi-type copper deposits that formed from seafloor exhalative processes in an oceanic fore-arc setting. The document analyzes factors important for
If you have lived around the Caspian area of Iron County, Michigan, you may have heard of the mysterious town of "Palatka", but have never been able to find it or discover it on the map. What is Palatka? This slideshow takes you down a path of discovering the history of Palatka, as well as the wonderful history of the iron ore mines of Iron County in the early 1900's. See how the birth of mines like the Berkshire, Caspian, Baltic, and Fogerty led to the boom towns of Gaastra, Old Caspian, Caspian...and the mysterious town of Palatka. The history is brought to life with many original pictures and maps of the early 1900's. Enjoy this trip back in time to the early days of Iron County, Michigan.
The Royalle property is located 175 km north of Vancouver in central British Columbia, near the historic Bralorne-Pioneer gold mining camp. The property consists of three contiguous mineral claims covering 2,620 hectares. Exploration over the years has identified several gold and copper-tungsten zones, including the Upper Piebiter gold zone and the Chalco copper-tungsten zone. Recent geophysical surveys have outlined structures prospective for porphyry and epithermal mineralization. The property remains underexplored and offers potential for the discovery of bulk tonnage gold deposits and porphyry-related mineralization.
At the October 2009 AC Transit Transbay Taskforce meeting, attendees were treated to a great historical presentation. Heather Price from William Self Associates presented facts and findings from the excavation process related to the construction of San Francisco's Temporary Transbay Terminal. She was followed with a presentation by Joyce Oishi on the salvage and historical preservation efforts within the existing Transbay Terminal.
Several smaller items salvaged from the Terminal will be on display in an interpretive exhibit at the new Transbay Transit Center (not the Temporary Terminal), while larger items not taken by local museums will be properly recycled.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
This document summarizes the geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. Key points:
1. Amber has been mined from the Noije Bum hill since at least the 1st century AD. Previous studies assigned an Eocene age to the host rocks, but recent evidence suggests they are Cretaceous, specifically Upper Albian.
2. The authors visited the current mining area in 2001. The site occurs within folded sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous to Cenozoic age in the Hukawng Basin. Amber is found in fine-grained sediments deposited in a nearshore marine environment.
3. Evidence from insect incl
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for gold mineralization based on their proximity to producing mines and recent discoveries by other companies on adjacent lands. Skyharbour's key property, Broulan Reef, has returned encouraging drill results that are similar in grade and style to a nearby multi-million ounce deposit. Management has over 80 years of combined experience exploring and developing projects in Red Lake.
A vein of gold : The story of gold mining in Forest Range and Lenswood.lfrlh
The document summarizes the early history of gold mining in the Forest Range area of South Australia, beginning with the first discoveries of gold in the Stony Creek area in 1854-1855. Over 200 men rushed to the area after initial finds of gold by Biggs, Mason and Norton in 1854. By 1855 there were stores and butcher shops established to serve the miners. While some miners found small amounts of gold, most claims did not yield significant rewards and the area was largely abandoned by 1856. Intermittent prospecting continued over the following decades in search of richer gold deposits.
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for high-grade gold mineralization based on their proximity to major discoveries by Goldcorp. Drilling on the Broulan Reef property has intersected gold mineralization in the same structure as the nearby Bruce Channel deposit. The McKenzie Island property also shows continuity of mineralization between properties. Skyharbour aims to explore the untapped potential of these properties through future drilling programs.
An archaeological excavation was conducted at a site in Eastside, Birmingham to investigate the remains of the Belmont and Belmont Row Glassworks. Remains of both glassworks were uncovered including fragments of glassmaking crucibles, pottery, and bricks. Evidence was found of glassmaking as well as possible pottery manufacture and metal working. The excavation also helped establish the extent of the Ashted Pumping Station located on the site.
The document discusses the apparent lack of archaeological evidence from Ireland between the 7th and 3rd centuries BC known as the "Dark Age", and examines how climate fluctuations during this period may have impacted settlement patterns and societal changes, with some communities potentially intensifying activities like trackway construction and bog cultivation in response to increasingly unpredictable conditions.
Similar to The hill that made BHP AusIMM November 2011 (20)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
1. The hill that made BHP
The ‘broken hill’ in NSW
Tony Webster FAusIMM(CP)
2. Introduction
This presentation is NOT about the
geology of the Broken Hill region,
or the structural history and
genesis of the orebodies
If people are interested, I can
present that in another talk.
I have tried to focus on aspects of
the geology of the ‘broken hill’,
that influenced the history and
development of the Broken Hill
Proprietary Company Ltd, and the
‘Silver City’ that developed next
to its mine
The Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup in Far Western NSW
4. Top 30 Stratiform Sedimentary Zn-Pb Deposits
Assoc Prof Steve Walters, CODES
5. The 1885 prospectus printed in Silverton – 25km from BH
From Bridges, 1920
The Prospectus
6. Charles Rasp, Boundary Rider (right)
Originally from Germany, – climbed the hill near the
boundary of Mt Gipps and Kinchega ‘Run’s and collected
samples on the 5th of September 1883 – later assay
revealed traces of silver.
Rasp is buried in the North Rd Cemetery in Adelaide. His
mansion ‘Willyama’ is in the suburb nearby.
The story of his widow Agnes, and how she spent his
fortune is a whole other story.
George McCulloch, Station Manager (left)
McCulloch married the widow of one of the men from
Mt Gipps Station
He became a well known patron of the arts in London
(the best collection of modern British Art in the world)
He died in London.
The Men that Made BHP
From Bridges, 1920
Both men died in 1907.
7. Guillaume Delprat, Engineer (left)
Dutch-born GM of BHP from 1899-1921 – moved the company
from silver to iron and steel making and laid the foundations for
BHP’s future success.
Developed one of the earliest floatation processes (the Potter-
Delprat process).
In 1935 Delprat was the first recipient of the medal of the
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
William Jamieson, Surveyor (right)
Was in Silverton surveying mining leases and bought in to the
syndicate (3 shares – later sold two) – became the first Manager
of the Broken Hill Mine. A director on the Melbourne board in
1906-26.
Harry Campbell, William Jamieson’s Aboriginal horse minder
discovered the richest near-surface silver ore ever found at
Broken Hill in 1885, while prospecting the southern end of Block
12 with his sledgehammer. This ore paid all of the capital costs of
the mine development (e.g. Bridges, 1920).
Wikipedia,
.
The Men that Made BHP
From Bridges, 1920
Delprat’s daughter Paquita married Douglas Mawson
9. The Outcrop
Views of the ‘broken hill’ in 1884
Taken from the southwestern end (NW side)
and looking northeast
Sources:
Upper photo: Broken Hill Outback Archive (courtesy of Brian Tonkin)
Lower photo from Bridges (1920)
10. Mrs W. R. Wilson and family on the outcrop, looking
northeast over Block 14, 1885.
Note the dog at left. From Fischer (1970)
The Outcrop
‘Mine managers family’ (probably Mrs W. R. Wilson
and family) on the highest part of the lode outcrop,
looking southwest over the BHP, 1885. Note the dog
(again). From Kearns, 1996.
Views of the ‘broken hill’ in 1885
So much for the rugged, male-dominated
culture of early Broken Hill!
11. Single Quarters – c1890’s
View of the ‘broken hill’ from the south-
eastern side - date unknown but probably
early 1890’s
The Outcrop
Broken Hill Outback Archive (courtesy of Brian Tonkin)
12. Single Quarters – c1890’s
View of the ‘broken hill’ from the south-
eastern side - date unknown but probably
early 1890’s
The Outcrop
Broken Hill Outback Archive (courtesy of Brian Tonkin)
13. The Outcrop: Topography reflects the underlying geology
Topography, lode outcrop and open cut positions
From Webster, 2004; 2006 & unpublished
14. BHP Mine 1, 2 and 3 Level Orebody Geology
After Webster (2004; 2006)
Prominent features of the outcrop reflect structures in the orebodies
The Outcrop: Topography reflects the underlying geology
15. The Topography of the Hill
Contour Plan of Broken Hill c1885 – with original leases.
Sketch of the Broken Hill settlement (now Delamore St) in 1885 by Surveyor, W R Thomas (from Kearns, 1996)
Track will become Argent St
Pre-mining topographic contour map of the ‘broken hill’
Constructed from early surveys (mainly Andrews, 1922 and Gustafson, 1939)
Contours are at approx 3.3m intervals (10 feet)
Rocky bluffs = ---------
From Webster, unpublished
16. The Topography of the Hill
Contour Plan of Broken Hill c1885 – with original leases.
Sketch of the Broken Hill settlement (now Delamore St) in 1885 by Surveyor, W R Thomas (from Kearns, 1996)
Track will become Argent St
Rocky bluffs = ---------
From Webster, unpublished
17. In 1885, it wasn’t at all certain if the hill would
come to anything.
A newly graduated 19yo chemist and assayer, W. H
(‘Bill’) Corbould, would often stroll up the hill with
a friend …..
‘If ever it turns out any good, we can say we
sprayed it in its infancy’
In the 1920’s, Corbould consolidated the Mt Isa
field and founded Mt Isa Mines (MIM)
Photo & story from Hore-Lacy, 1981
The Topography of the Hill
and occasionally they’d piss on it.
18. Images: Left, Australian Museum; right, Chapman Collection
The early wealth of BHP was the result of the rich supergene (oxidised) zone
below the surface of the hill – particularly on the BHP Mine 1 and 2 Levels.
Modified after BHP (unpublished); Jamieson and Howell, (1893), and Webster (2004; 2006)
Geology - Supergene-enriched Oxidised Zone
19. Images: Left, Australian Museum; right, Chapman Collection
The early wealth of BHP was the result of the rich supergene (oxidised) zone
below the surface of the hill – particularly on the BHP Mine 1 and 2 Levels.
Plan of 212 foot level
Silicious Iron Ore
Kaolin & Iron
Silicious Carbonate of Lead
Silicious Iron & Kaolin
Carbonates
Oxidised Ore
Oxidised Ore
Kaolin
Kaolin
Silicious Ores
Carbonates
Silicious Ore
Carbonates
Modified after BHP (unpublished); Jamieson and Howell, (1893), and Webster (2004; 2006)
Geology - Supergene-enriched Oxidised Zone
22. ML 12 ML 13ML 11
Surface Infrastructure of the Broken Hill Proprietary Mine 1892
Mining and treatment infrastructure – on the flanks of the hill
Development of the mining infrastructure was very rapid once the field
was proven
Photo sources: BHP and Kearns (1996)
23. ML 12 ML 13ML 11
Surface Infrastructure of the Broken Hill Proprietary Mine 1892
Mining and treatment infrastructure – on the flanks of the hill
Development of the mining infrastructure was very rapid once the field
was proven
And it wasn’t just mining infrastructure…..
Photo sources: BHP and Kearns (1996)
24. • Geotechnical issues (wide stopes with poor underground support) led to the removal of
mining infrastructure from the flanks of the hill and the
• Adoption of the square set timber system of stope support in 1888 (from the Comstock
Lode in Nevada - North Forest Products originally formed to supply mine timber)
The ‘Creeps’ – Geotechnical issues lead to a rethink
Square set stoping was still in use at North Mine until
just before the North Mine closed in 1993.
Hydraulic fill was later perfected at the South Mine
Central Mine mill wrecked by ‘creep’ in 1905.
From Blainey (1968)
25. The Smelters
BHP Smelters in in 1894. Source: Alban Lynch, talk to AusIMM Melbourne Branch, Feb 2008
Originally four smelters in BH
• Block 14,
• British,
• Central and
• BHP - BHP’s the biggest in Australia
BHP had a small silver refinery in Port Pirie and had bought the small British Broken Hill smelters there in 1892
26. The Smelters
Early 1890’s: decision made
to move smelters to the coast
(depletion of oxidised ores,
floatation, cheaper fuel,
transport etc).
All had closed by April 1898.
BHP smelter, Port Pirie, South Australia, 1906
From Blainey (1968)
The Port Pirie smelters needed ironstone flux.
The nearest source was directly across Spencer Gulf, at
an ironstone hill called the ‘iron knob’.
BHP acquired the lease.
28. Caldwell’s impression of Broken Hill (later Delamore St) in late 1884. From Worner &
Mitchell (1983)
1885 sketch of Broken Hill by J. Renowden (from Kearns, 1996).
Images of Delamore St, Broken Hill – from Google Maps
Development of the City of Broken Hill
29. Eastern end Argent St and Delamore St, 1886 (from Solomon, 1988)
Caldwell’s impression of Broken Hill (later Delamore St) in late 1884. From Worner &
Mitchell (1983)
1885 sketch of Broken Hill by J. Renowden (from Kearns, 1996).
Images of Delamore St, Broken Hill – from Google Maps
Development of the City of Broken Hill
30. While the mining infrastructure developed on the flanks of the hill, the town grew on the
alluvial flats to the north.
Development of the City of Broken Hill
31. Development of the City of Broken Hill: The geology controlled the ML
orientation – which influenced urban layout
Google Earth image of the central part of Broken Hill
33. Longitudinal section of the Broken Hill mineralised system (2004)
The Topography Reflects the Underlying Geology
Lost to erosion
Only about 3 million
tonnes of mostly low-
grade mineralised rock
lost to erosion
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
34. Metal Production 1883-1994
(Pasminco Ltd, unpublished data, 1995)
• 19.3 mt Pb,
• 16.6 mt Zn,
• 28.7 million kg Ag,
• 23 t Au (a bi-product of base metal mining).
The Potosi & Silver Peak orebodies are
probably the continuation of the main
lode system
By the late 1930’s it had been recognised that the deposit
consisted of multiple ore lenses.
Eventually there were at least nine spatially associated,
flattened & ribbon-like stratiform orebodies defined.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Steep north and south plunge not fully recognised in the early days.
• Others pegged the leases to the south and far north of the BHP ground
• To facilitate the rapid development of the field and possibly to share some of the risk, BHP floated off separate
companies based on their northern leases (these mines ultimately passed to other owners)
35. 2 km
3 Lens
3 Lens & 2 Lens extend for most of the length of the field, a distance of over 8.5 km
& until recently accounted for most of the production from the field.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Subsequent deeper mine development was to prove that most of the tonnage of high grade ore was in
the down-plunge extensions to the south and north
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
36. 2 km
2 Lens
3 Lens & 2 Lens extend for most of the length of the field, a distance of over 8.5 km
& until recently accounted for most of the production from the field.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
37. 2 km
A Lode Lower/Upper/Southern, Western AL/Western Min, 1 Lens
Several lesser-mineralised horizons predominate in the SW &
now account for most of the production of the field.
• A Lode Upper (ALU),
• A Lode Lower (ALL),
• 1 Lens Upper (1LU),
• 1 Lens Lower (1LL) immediately above 2L.
Southern A Lode lies in the same stratigraphic position
relative to BL as ALU but is a distinct occurrence to the
southwest, and
Southern 1 Lens is a separate ore horizon occupying the 1L
stratigraphic position in the southwestern Perilya Mine.
Probably more closely akin to B Lode,
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
38. 2 km
B Lode (lies at the top of the succession of lesser mineralised horizons).
Several lesser-mineralised horizons predominate in the SW &
now account for most of the production of the field.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
39. 2 km
‘C Lode’ & 4.5 Mineralisation
The 4.5 Mineralisation lies outside the Hores Gneiss.
C Lode Mineralisation is mostly derived from B Lode
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
40. Longitudinal section of the Broken Hill
mineralised system – looking northwest
Why did BHP leave Broken Hill?
BHP finally closed its mine in 1939 after spending several years scavenging ore
during periods of favourable metal prices.
It withdrew from Broken Hill in 1940.
Broken Hill South Ltd later acquired the leases and extracted a large volume of
remnant ore (largely as a result of the perfection of the hydraulic fill process).
In 2011, the new Rasp Mine (CBH Resources) is developing a low grade orebody
in the former BHP lease area
By 1909 the BHP mine was hemmed in, with depleting ore stocks.
Delprat recognised that the mine was dying
41. Longitudinal section of the Broken Hill
mineralised system – looking northwest
Why did BHP leave Broken Hill?
BHP finally closed its mine in 1939 after spending several years scavenging ore
during periods of favourable metal prices.
It withdrew from Broken Hill in 1940.
Broken Hill South Ltd later acquired the leases and extracted a large volume of
remnant ore (largely as a result of the perfection of the hydraulic fill process).
In 2011, the new Rasp Mine (CBH Resources) is developing a low grade orebody
in the former BHP lease area
By 1909 the BHP mine was hemmed in, with depleting ore stocks.
Delprat recognised that the mine was dying
43. Remnants of BHP’s Presence in Broken Hill
Chimney of the first camp (Jamieson's)
The leases of the Broken Hill Field (now consolidated mining
leases)
From Bridges (1920)
44. ‘Proprietary Square’ – the BHP senior staff housing area. Delprats house still stands (with the
Billiard Room he added after becoming hooked on the game) – now the Perilya Social Club
Remnants of BHP’s Presence in Broken Hill
Image of Proprietary Square, Broken Hill – from Google Earth
45. Remnants of BHP’s Presence in Broken Hill
The black slag dump that dominates the skyline
The foundations of the ‘New’ Mill
Delprat’s Shaft (with later headframe)
The office site is now under the rail yards at the
bottom end of Sulphide St – built during the war to
tranship freight from the standard gauge to the
narrow gauge Silverton Tramway to SA
A lingering legacy is the deep-seated hatred of the
company by the locals – BHP won most of its battles
with the unions
Images surviving features if the BHP Co Ltd’s infrastructure at Broken Hill – from Google Maps
46. What is left of the ‘hill’? - Browne Shaft
Webster (2004; 2006)
47. Browne Shaft lookout cutting
Shows Mn carapace over 3 Lens
What is left of the ‘hill’? - Browne Shaft
Webster (2004; 2006)
48. These principles of mining infrastructure placement still apply today. Only the scale has increased
If you think that this is all irrelevant history and that it doesn’t apply to the modern
world, think again
Is this stuff relevant?
49. These principles of mining infrastructure placement still apply today. Only the scale has increased
Is this early view of the Hub and Mt Whaleback from Newman all that different to Broken Hill in
the 1890’s? Source Eckhart (1998)
If you think that this is all irrelevant history and that it doesn’t apply to the modern
world, think again
Is this stuff relevant?
50. There is another hill that features very prominently in the history of BHP –
Iron Knob in South Australia
But that story is for another day.
Last Word