The document discusses empirical software engineering, outlining its definition, significance, and various types of studies. It emphasizes the importance of systematic methods, the use of quantitative and qualitative data, and the need for rigorous evidence in software development. The lecture also addresses research methodologies, including controlled experiments, surveys, and case studies, while highlighting the distinction between software engineering and computer science.

1. 1 Het begint met een idee
Empirical software engineering
Ivano Malavolta

2. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Software engineering
Empirical software engineering
- definition
- dimensions
- types of studies
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Roadmap

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Software engineering

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Where is software today?
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Software today

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How “big” is software today?
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Software today
http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/million-lines-of-code
http://hbr.org/2010/06/why-dinosaurs-will-keep-ruling-the-auto-industry/ar/1

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To DESIGN software
- software development has to be a systematic activity
QUALITY assurance
- we have to verify and validate our SW in order to make it something
people can rely on
- we have to do it as soon as possible
ABSTRACTION
- the principal instrument for managing complexity
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Needs

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The application of engineering to software
Field of computer science dealing with software systems that
are:
– large and complex
– built by teams
– exist in many versions
– last many years
– undergo changes
Programming skills are not enough
“Physicist example”
–
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Software engineering (SE)
Programmer:
complete program
Software engineer:
software component

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A more precise definition of SE
"Software Engineering means application of a
systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach
to development, operation and maintenance of
software [1]"
1. “IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology,” IEEE std 610.12-1990, 1990.

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Computer science
- Computability, algorithms and complexity, programming
languages, data structures, databases, artificial intelligence, etc.
Software engineering
- The APPLICATION of computer science, mathematics, project
management to build high quality software
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Software engineering VS computer science

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Empirical software engineering

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Scientific use of quantitative and qualitative data to
- understand and
- improve
software products and software development processes
[Victor Basili]
Data is central to address any research question
Issues related to validity addressed continuously
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Empirical software engineering

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Intuition
● It is an application of the scientific method
○ ask yourself a question
○ observe a phenomenon
○ formulate an hypothesis
○ build a prediction
○ setup an experiment
○ perform analysis on your results

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Anecdotal evidence or “common-sense” often not good
enough
- Anecdotes often insufficient to support decisions in the industry
- Practitioners need better advice on how and when to use
methodologies
Evidence important for successful technology transfer
- systematic gathering of evidence
- wide dissemination of evidence
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Why empirical studies?

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● Tested on a single system (lack of generalization)
● Data analysis not statistical
● No indications on how many runs were performed, error rate,
etc.
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How NOT to do experiments

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How NOT to do experiments

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How NOT to do experiments
IE9
Chrome
FireFox
Opera
Safari

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“In the lab” versus “in the wild” studies
Qualitative versus quantitative studies
Primary versus secondary studies
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Dimensions of empirical studies

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Common “in the lab” methods
– Controlled experiments
– Literature reviews
– Simulations
Common “in the wild” methods
– Quasi-experiments
– Case studies
– Survey research
– Ethnographies
– Action research
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“In the lab” VS “in the wild” studies

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Examples

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Qualitative research
studying objects in their natural setting and letting the findings
emerge from the observations
– inductive process
– the subject is the person
Quantitative research
quantifying a relationship or to compare two or more groups with the
aim to identify a cause-effect relationship
– fixed implied factors
– focus on quantitative data → promotes comparison and statistical
analyses
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Qualitative VS quantitative studies

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Example
They are
complementary

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Primary studies
empirical studies in which we directly make measurements or
observations about the objects of interest, whether by surveys,
experiments, case studies, etc.
Secondary studies
empirical studies that do not generate any data from direct
measurements, but:
– analyze a set of primary studies
– usually seek to aggregate the results from these in order to provide
stronger forms of evidence about a phenomenon
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Primary VS secondary studies

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Examples

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… and what about this?

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Survey
Case study
Experiment
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Types of empirical studies

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Def: a system for collecting information from or about people
to describe, compare or explain their knowledge, attitudes and
behavior
Often an investigation performed in retrospect
Interviews and questionnaires are the primary means of
gathering qualitative or quantitative data
Surveys are done by taking a sample which is representative
from the population to be studied
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Survey

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Example

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1. ADLs Identification
– Identify preliminary set of ADLs
– Systematic search
2. Planning the Survey
3. Designing the survey
4. Analyzing the Data
– vertical analysis (and coding) + horizontal analysis
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Example

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Def: an empirical enquiry to investigate one instance (or a
small number of instances) of a contemporary software
engineering phenomenon within its real-life context, especially
when the boundary between phenomenon and context cannot
be clearly specified
Observational study
Data collected to track a specific attribute or establishing
relationships between different attributes
Multivariate statistical analysis is often applied
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Case study

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Example

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Def: an empirical enquiry that manipulates one factor or
variable of the studied setting
1. Identify and understand the variables that play a role in software
development, and the connections between variables
2. Learn cause-effect relationships between the development process
and the obtained products
3. Establish laws and theories about software construction that
explain development behaviour
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Experiment

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Experiment
Models key characteristics of a reality in a controlled
environment and manipulating them iteratively to investigate
the impact of such variations and get a better understanding of
a phenomenon
Laboratory
Simplified and controllable reality where the phenomenon
under study can be manipulated
CONTROL - CONTROL - CONTROL
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A more intuitive definition...

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Example

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What to choose?

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This is called technology transfer
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How to have an impact in reality?

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Software is pervasive
Software engineering != computer science
You know the basics of empirical SE now
Don’t make claims you cannot eventually measure
Don’t think in black and white only
– don’t divide the world in methods, analyses, case study, etc.
– don’t be afraid to look also at other disciplines
→ we are software engineers in any case
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What this lecture means to you?

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Readings
Chapters 1, 2, 3Chapters 1 and 2
+ one article among the ones mentioned in the previous slides