The document summarizes a research project studying agricultural extension and rural water supply in Ethiopia. It aims to understand how well services are reaching farmers, particularly women, and the challenges in providing these services. The study uses surveys of households, local leaders, and service providers in 8 districts across Ethiopia to examine access to extension services and drinking water. Qualitative case studies in 4 districts will provide additional context on service delivery and governance arrangements. Key research questions include the level of outreach achieved by extension services, their responsiveness to gender needs, and how decentralized drinking water supply systems function in practice.
Distance to key services can impact quality of life in rural areas. In Norfolk, some rural settlements have greater distances to services like GPs, dentists, and banks. Specifically, certain areas are over 10km from essential services, highlighting geographic isolation issues. Improving access to services is important to reduce social exclusion, especially for those relying on public transport.
Napa rhna 5 30-12 public workshop power pointkristinemassey
Â
The public workshop provided an overview of the RHNA (Regional Housing Needs Allocation) process to determine housing needs in the Napa subregion. It included a welcome, meeting overview, presentation on the draft RHNA methodology, and time for public comment. The summary recapped next steps which are for the subregion to adopt a final methodology and issue draft allocations, with opportunities for local jurisdiction and public input throughout the process.
The document summarizes the national policy context around public service mutuals in the UK. It defines public service mutuals as organizations that have spun out of the public sector and continue delivering public services with a high degree of employee control. The coalition government is committed to increasing diversity of providers, including mutuals, to support objectives like greater value and innovation. Support programs provide information, advice, and professional services to help emerging mutuals. A growing number of mutuals have been established across various sectors like social care and fire services. Future work aims to further support mutuals through targeted campaigns, finance access, and raising local authority awareness.
Integrating Environment in Local Planning in Tajikistan and AR CrimeaUNDP Eurasia
Â
The document discusses integrating environmental considerations into local development planning in Tajikistan and Crimea. It describes how poverty-environment issues are being integrated into District Development Programs in Tajikistan through a process that involves reviewing the current situation, setting objectives, screening for environmental impacts, and developing poverty-environment indicators. Capacity building efforts include training materials and sessions to develop awareness and skills in mainstreaming the poverty-environment nexus into the planning process. The results include poverty-environment integration in district plans and criteria being applied to development projects. Strategic environmental assessment is also being applied to development strategies to upstream environmental factors into decision making.
The presentation was from the Business as Mutual conference held at Anglia Ruskin University on 12th September 2012. To find out more visit www.businessasmutual.co.uk
Global learninginsustainabledrinkingwater j_delaharpeIRC
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Global progress has been made in increasing access to drinking water, but 780 million people still lack access. Ensuring drinking water services are sustainable long-term requires addressing factors like lack of skilled technicians, insufficient funding for maintenance, and weak local government capacity. A study of 13 countries found common barriers to sustainable service delivery include incomplete decentralization, weak sector collaboration, and insufficient support for local water providers. Closing the financing gap and achieving universal access will require effective long-term planning, multi-stakeholder cooperation, and support focused on local service delivery and asset management.
The life-cycle costs approach is a methodology for assessing and monitoring the costs of sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene services. It involves estimating costs from initial construction through to repairs, replacements, and expansions over the entire life cycle. Adopting this approach requires considering all cost aspects to ensure appropriate and sustainable service levels. The approach has been tested in several countries, finding that most costs are currently borne by households with little support for maintenance. Using life-cycle cost analysis can reveal insights on cost-effectiveness and value for money to improve investments and ensure sustainable services.
David Behan: The transition to a new health and care systemThe King's Fund
Â
David Behan, CBE, Director General of Social Care, Local Government and Care Partnerships, Department of Health, discusses the opportunity for integration between local authorities and the NHS.
Distance to key services can impact quality of life in rural areas. In Norfolk, some rural settlements have greater distances to services like GPs, dentists, and banks. Specifically, certain areas are over 10km from essential services, highlighting geographic isolation issues. Improving access to services is important to reduce social exclusion, especially for those relying on public transport.
Napa rhna 5 30-12 public workshop power pointkristinemassey
Â
The public workshop provided an overview of the RHNA (Regional Housing Needs Allocation) process to determine housing needs in the Napa subregion. It included a welcome, meeting overview, presentation on the draft RHNA methodology, and time for public comment. The summary recapped next steps which are for the subregion to adopt a final methodology and issue draft allocations, with opportunities for local jurisdiction and public input throughout the process.
The document summarizes the national policy context around public service mutuals in the UK. It defines public service mutuals as organizations that have spun out of the public sector and continue delivering public services with a high degree of employee control. The coalition government is committed to increasing diversity of providers, including mutuals, to support objectives like greater value and innovation. Support programs provide information, advice, and professional services to help emerging mutuals. A growing number of mutuals have been established across various sectors like social care and fire services. Future work aims to further support mutuals through targeted campaigns, finance access, and raising local authority awareness.
Integrating Environment in Local Planning in Tajikistan and AR CrimeaUNDP Eurasia
Â
The document discusses integrating environmental considerations into local development planning in Tajikistan and Crimea. It describes how poverty-environment issues are being integrated into District Development Programs in Tajikistan through a process that involves reviewing the current situation, setting objectives, screening for environmental impacts, and developing poverty-environment indicators. Capacity building efforts include training materials and sessions to develop awareness and skills in mainstreaming the poverty-environment nexus into the planning process. The results include poverty-environment integration in district plans and criteria being applied to development projects. Strategic environmental assessment is also being applied to development strategies to upstream environmental factors into decision making.
The presentation was from the Business as Mutual conference held at Anglia Ruskin University on 12th September 2012. To find out more visit www.businessasmutual.co.uk
Global learninginsustainabledrinkingwater j_delaharpeIRC
Â
Global progress has been made in increasing access to drinking water, but 780 million people still lack access. Ensuring drinking water services are sustainable long-term requires addressing factors like lack of skilled technicians, insufficient funding for maintenance, and weak local government capacity. A study of 13 countries found common barriers to sustainable service delivery include incomplete decentralization, weak sector collaboration, and insufficient support for local water providers. Closing the financing gap and achieving universal access will require effective long-term planning, multi-stakeholder cooperation, and support focused on local service delivery and asset management.
The life-cycle costs approach is a methodology for assessing and monitoring the costs of sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene services. It involves estimating costs from initial construction through to repairs, replacements, and expansions over the entire life cycle. Adopting this approach requires considering all cost aspects to ensure appropriate and sustainable service levels. The approach has been tested in several countries, finding that most costs are currently borne by households with little support for maintenance. Using life-cycle cost analysis can reveal insights on cost-effectiveness and value for money to improve investments and ensure sustainable services.
David Behan: The transition to a new health and care systemThe King's Fund
Â
David Behan, CBE, Director General of Social Care, Local Government and Care Partnerships, Department of Health, discusses the opportunity for integration between local authorities and the NHS.
Advanced EC seminar on decentralisation and local governance
European Commission EuropeAid
2-5 July 2012, Brussels
The seminar reviewed the country context and the evolving international development framework and considered how to manage the political dimensions of decentralisation. It also looked at using decentralisation as a trigger to foster better development outcomes and governance and what all this means for future EU engagement in decentralisation and local governance. Jean Bossuyt, ECDPM, was the lead facilitator of this meeting. Alisa Herrero, ECDPM, was also one of the experts facilitating this seminar.
The two-day training event titled "The Changing Face of Affordable Housing and Community Revitalization" will provide information about $10.1 billion in funding from HUD and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that can be used to revitalize struggling communities in 2009. The training will cover HUD programs that provide funding for affordable housing, community development, energy efficiency, and community revitalization. It will also discuss best practices for obtaining and managing HUD grants and ensuring programs meet their intended outcomes. The event will be held on April 27-28, 2009 in Arlington, Virginia.
Delaware County has taken several steps to engage in energy planning, from establishing an Energy and Environmental Advisory Board to developing an Energy Action Agenda and implementing federally funded projects. Key projects have included installing solar panels, conducting energy audits, and establishing a municipal grant program. The county also created an Energy Plan and Action Strategy to provide a framework for existing and future energy projects. Learning experiences from these initiatives have helped shape the county's ongoing energy planning efforts.
Community Budget Pilot Programme PresentationBHWBB
Â
This document discusses plans for a neighborhood community budget pilot project in Castle Vale, UK. Key points include:
1) Establishing a Castle Vale Health and Wellbeing Board to manage pooled health budgets and commission local services.
2) Developing a community health survey and consultations to inform priorities like smoking, obesity, and mental health.
3) Testing proposals for local health reform by exploring new ways to resource local services through budget devolution and better integration of GP and community services.
4) Key milestones include establishing the Health and Wellbeing Board, conducting a baseline audit, and developing an evaluation framework.
The document summarizes research from the DERREG project on rural development in Europe. It discusses three key findings:
1) Forestry in Ireland is increasingly seen as important for rural sustainability, but has had little effect on wider rural development without additional support structures. The County Clare Wood Energy Project is an example of how forestry can stimulate rural development when the right supply chain and knowledge supports are in place.
2) Governance arrangements are important for facilitating grassroots rural initiatives in response to globalization. The research identified supports for learning and innovation in the BMW region of Ireland and reviewed several grassroots initiatives to analyze support interfaces.
3) Strong inter-agency cooperation in Roscommon
The document announces a two-day training event on April 27-28, 2009 in Washington DC about revitalizing communities using funds from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The training will cover HUD programs that provide funding for affordable housing, community development, energy efficiency, and addressing homelessness. It will teach attendees how to obtain and manage HUD grants for community redevelopment programs.
This document discusses the costs and impacts of post-construction support to rural water supplies. It finds that while direct support through activities like monitoring and circuit riders is widely accepted as necessary, data on the costs and effectiveness of different support models is limited. Studies in Ghana and Colombia found that water systems receiving structured, long-term support performed better than those relying on ad hoc arrangements. However, impacts on actual service levels were smaller and performance varied within support models. Arrangements for support include local governments, utilities, NGOs and community associations, but no single approach emerged as clearly most effective. Recurrent costs for management and maintenance dominate over time as infrastructure coverage increases.
This document proposes a benefit sharing paradigm for REDD+ in Indonesia that views communities as co-owners of projects rather than disturbed neighbors. It suggests defining benefits more broadly than just cash distributions, to include well-being, sustainability, and fulfilled social needs derived from carbon as well as other ecosystem services. The document outlines identifying various beneficiaries like communities, developers, and governments and their potential benefits, and distributing benefits through existing and new channels as part of a green development plan while ensuring community access, safeguards, and transparency. Key challenges mentioned are developing legal frameworks, defining ownership and beneficiaries, increasing capacity for management, and preventing corruption.
This document summarizes a community tourism visioning event for River Canyon Country. It includes an introduction to scenario planning as a tool to envision plausible futures. Key drivers shaping the region are identified and clustered. Four scenarios are then developed describing different potential futures for tourism in River Canyon Country based on these drivers. Characteristics of each scenario are outlined. The document concludes with a preferred 2030 vision for River Canyon Country and some key action areas to work towards realizing that vision.
This presentation focuses on the role of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (MSPs) and the importance of private sector engagement in CARE Ethiopia's GRAD program. MSPs are an innovative tool used by CARe to build relationships among all the stakeholders and develop and improve the program's interventions.
Combining Collective and Individual Paths to Behavior Change?GHPN
Â
The document summarizes a program in Ethiopia that combined collective and individual approaches to behavior change around hygiene and sanitation. Key aspects of the program included:
1) Implementing a hybrid of community-led total sanitation and strengthened home visits to negotiate improved practices.
2) Achieving results at scale by taking a systems approach that engaged multiple stakeholders and considered hardware, promotion, and institutional capacity.
3) Early results found that communities that participated in collective activities like "walks of shame" were more likely to own latrines, indicating the combination of individual and collective approaches was effective.
This document discusses current agricultural extension service models in sub-Saharan Africa, including traditional supply-driven, demand-driven, NGO, and private models. It analyzes which models are most effective and their constraints. Key points include: 1) Demand-driven and participatory approaches have been shown to perform better than top-down models. 2) However, supply-driven approaches still play a major role in disseminating technologies, especially soil and land management practices. 3) All models have strengths and weaknesses, so countries utilize a combination to maximize coverage.
1. The study examines the impact of Ethiopia's agricultural extension services on technology adoption, input use, and productivity among female and male farmers.
2. It finds that female-headed households have less access to extension services through visits, meetings, and advice compared to male-headed households.
3. Receiving advice from agricultural extension agents significantly increases technology adoption and input use for both female and male farmers.
4. After controlling for input use and access to extension, the study finds no significant difference in agricultural productivity between female-headed and male-headed households.
Policy experts Margaret Krome (Michael Fields Agricultural Institute) and Ferd Hoefner (National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition) discuss federal funding and the 2013 farm bill, and why these matter to community food systems.
The document discusses using technology like television to help develop agricultural practices and community development in developing countries. It questions what impact could be achieved if the full persuasive and instructional power of television was used to help schools develop new educational patterns and modernize farming. It also considers where the break-even point might be reached where increased costs of using technology are offset by savings from faster rates of change.
Introduction to Livestock and Irrigation Value chains for Ethiopian Smallhold...ILRI
Â
The LIVES project is a partnership between ILRI, IWMI, the Ministry of Agriculture, and regional agricultural bureaus in Ethiopia, supported by CIDA. The project focuses on developing high-value livestock and irrigated crop value chains for smallholders. It will work in 10 zones across Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, and SNNP regions. The goal is to increase income and gender equitable wealth for smallholders through market-oriented production of crops like vegetables, fruits, and livestock like dairy, beef, poultry. Key activities include value chain development, capacity building, knowledge management, and action research over livestock and irrigation value chains.
Digital Green is an NGO that uses ICT like short videos to improve agricultural extension services for small farmers in India and other countries. The videos demonstrate best farming practices to address issues like declining yields and involve local farmers as producers and subjects. This approach is more cost-effective and engaging than traditional top-down methods. Evaluation found the video-mediated extension approach increased adoption of new practices by farmers seven-fold compared to conventional models. Digital Green aims to create a sustainable system where farmers both consume and produce agricultural content.
This document proposes creating a Federal Green Infrastructure Community of Practice (CoP) to benefit the Metro Atlanta area. A survey of 10 federal agencies found differing definitions of green infrastructure and identified needs like education, funding opportunities, and planning models. The CoP would allow federal staff to share expertise, collaborate, and promote a consistent approach to incorporating green infrastructure at all scales. Doing so could provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to the Atlanta region through services like improved water quality and increased recreation. Next steps proposed forming a steering committee and focusing initial CoP discussions on projects within Atlanta.
Opportunities and challenges to developing REDD+ benefit sharing mechanisms i...CIFOR-ICRAF
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This document discusses opportunities and challenges for developing REDD+ benefit sharing mechanisms in developing countries. It identifies key issues such as governance arrangements, rights and tenure, monitoring and verification methods, stakeholder involvement, and measuring co-benefits. Designing equitable benefit sharing that incentivizes emissions reductions while recognizing local rights and costs will require balancing efficiency and equity considerations. The REDD+ Benefits Sharing project aims to provide guidance to improve benefit sharing mechanism design, development, and implementation.
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human...Global Livestock CRSP
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Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human Health, and Nutrition with ENAM. Presented by O. Sakyi-Dawson (University of Ghana) at the GL-CRSP End of Program Conference on June 17, 2009, Naivasha, Kenya.
Advanced EC seminar on decentralisation and local governance
European Commission EuropeAid
2-5 July 2012, Brussels
The seminar reviewed the country context and the evolving international development framework and considered how to manage the political dimensions of decentralisation. It also looked at using decentralisation as a trigger to foster better development outcomes and governance and what all this means for future EU engagement in decentralisation and local governance. Jean Bossuyt, ECDPM, was the lead facilitator of this meeting. Alisa Herrero, ECDPM, was also one of the experts facilitating this seminar.
The two-day training event titled "The Changing Face of Affordable Housing and Community Revitalization" will provide information about $10.1 billion in funding from HUD and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that can be used to revitalize struggling communities in 2009. The training will cover HUD programs that provide funding for affordable housing, community development, energy efficiency, and community revitalization. It will also discuss best practices for obtaining and managing HUD grants and ensuring programs meet their intended outcomes. The event will be held on April 27-28, 2009 in Arlington, Virginia.
Delaware County has taken several steps to engage in energy planning, from establishing an Energy and Environmental Advisory Board to developing an Energy Action Agenda and implementing federally funded projects. Key projects have included installing solar panels, conducting energy audits, and establishing a municipal grant program. The county also created an Energy Plan and Action Strategy to provide a framework for existing and future energy projects. Learning experiences from these initiatives have helped shape the county's ongoing energy planning efforts.
Community Budget Pilot Programme PresentationBHWBB
Â
This document discusses plans for a neighborhood community budget pilot project in Castle Vale, UK. Key points include:
1) Establishing a Castle Vale Health and Wellbeing Board to manage pooled health budgets and commission local services.
2) Developing a community health survey and consultations to inform priorities like smoking, obesity, and mental health.
3) Testing proposals for local health reform by exploring new ways to resource local services through budget devolution and better integration of GP and community services.
4) Key milestones include establishing the Health and Wellbeing Board, conducting a baseline audit, and developing an evaluation framework.
The document summarizes research from the DERREG project on rural development in Europe. It discusses three key findings:
1) Forestry in Ireland is increasingly seen as important for rural sustainability, but has had little effect on wider rural development without additional support structures. The County Clare Wood Energy Project is an example of how forestry can stimulate rural development when the right supply chain and knowledge supports are in place.
2) Governance arrangements are important for facilitating grassroots rural initiatives in response to globalization. The research identified supports for learning and innovation in the BMW region of Ireland and reviewed several grassroots initiatives to analyze support interfaces.
3) Strong inter-agency cooperation in Roscommon
The document announces a two-day training event on April 27-28, 2009 in Washington DC about revitalizing communities using funds from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The training will cover HUD programs that provide funding for affordable housing, community development, energy efficiency, and addressing homelessness. It will teach attendees how to obtain and manage HUD grants for community redevelopment programs.
This document discusses the costs and impacts of post-construction support to rural water supplies. It finds that while direct support through activities like monitoring and circuit riders is widely accepted as necessary, data on the costs and effectiveness of different support models is limited. Studies in Ghana and Colombia found that water systems receiving structured, long-term support performed better than those relying on ad hoc arrangements. However, impacts on actual service levels were smaller and performance varied within support models. Arrangements for support include local governments, utilities, NGOs and community associations, but no single approach emerged as clearly most effective. Recurrent costs for management and maintenance dominate over time as infrastructure coverage increases.
This document proposes a benefit sharing paradigm for REDD+ in Indonesia that views communities as co-owners of projects rather than disturbed neighbors. It suggests defining benefits more broadly than just cash distributions, to include well-being, sustainability, and fulfilled social needs derived from carbon as well as other ecosystem services. The document outlines identifying various beneficiaries like communities, developers, and governments and their potential benefits, and distributing benefits through existing and new channels as part of a green development plan while ensuring community access, safeguards, and transparency. Key challenges mentioned are developing legal frameworks, defining ownership and beneficiaries, increasing capacity for management, and preventing corruption.
This document summarizes a community tourism visioning event for River Canyon Country. It includes an introduction to scenario planning as a tool to envision plausible futures. Key drivers shaping the region are identified and clustered. Four scenarios are then developed describing different potential futures for tourism in River Canyon Country based on these drivers. Characteristics of each scenario are outlined. The document concludes with a preferred 2030 vision for River Canyon Country and some key action areas to work towards realizing that vision.
This presentation focuses on the role of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (MSPs) and the importance of private sector engagement in CARE Ethiopia's GRAD program. MSPs are an innovative tool used by CARe to build relationships among all the stakeholders and develop and improve the program's interventions.
Combining Collective and Individual Paths to Behavior Change?GHPN
Â
The document summarizes a program in Ethiopia that combined collective and individual approaches to behavior change around hygiene and sanitation. Key aspects of the program included:
1) Implementing a hybrid of community-led total sanitation and strengthened home visits to negotiate improved practices.
2) Achieving results at scale by taking a systems approach that engaged multiple stakeholders and considered hardware, promotion, and institutional capacity.
3) Early results found that communities that participated in collective activities like "walks of shame" were more likely to own latrines, indicating the combination of individual and collective approaches was effective.
This document discusses current agricultural extension service models in sub-Saharan Africa, including traditional supply-driven, demand-driven, NGO, and private models. It analyzes which models are most effective and their constraints. Key points include: 1) Demand-driven and participatory approaches have been shown to perform better than top-down models. 2) However, supply-driven approaches still play a major role in disseminating technologies, especially soil and land management practices. 3) All models have strengths and weaknesses, so countries utilize a combination to maximize coverage.
1. The study examines the impact of Ethiopia's agricultural extension services on technology adoption, input use, and productivity among female and male farmers.
2. It finds that female-headed households have less access to extension services through visits, meetings, and advice compared to male-headed households.
3. Receiving advice from agricultural extension agents significantly increases technology adoption and input use for both female and male farmers.
4. After controlling for input use and access to extension, the study finds no significant difference in agricultural productivity between female-headed and male-headed households.
Policy experts Margaret Krome (Michael Fields Agricultural Institute) and Ferd Hoefner (National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition) discuss federal funding and the 2013 farm bill, and why these matter to community food systems.
The document discusses using technology like television to help develop agricultural practices and community development in developing countries. It questions what impact could be achieved if the full persuasive and instructional power of television was used to help schools develop new educational patterns and modernize farming. It also considers where the break-even point might be reached where increased costs of using technology are offset by savings from faster rates of change.
Introduction to Livestock and Irrigation Value chains for Ethiopian Smallhold...ILRI
Â
The LIVES project is a partnership between ILRI, IWMI, the Ministry of Agriculture, and regional agricultural bureaus in Ethiopia, supported by CIDA. The project focuses on developing high-value livestock and irrigated crop value chains for smallholders. It will work in 10 zones across Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, and SNNP regions. The goal is to increase income and gender equitable wealth for smallholders through market-oriented production of crops like vegetables, fruits, and livestock like dairy, beef, poultry. Key activities include value chain development, capacity building, knowledge management, and action research over livestock and irrigation value chains.
Digital Green is an NGO that uses ICT like short videos to improve agricultural extension services for small farmers in India and other countries. The videos demonstrate best farming practices to address issues like declining yields and involve local farmers as producers and subjects. This approach is more cost-effective and engaging than traditional top-down methods. Evaluation found the video-mediated extension approach increased adoption of new practices by farmers seven-fold compared to conventional models. Digital Green aims to create a sustainable system where farmers both consume and produce agricultural content.
This document proposes creating a Federal Green Infrastructure Community of Practice (CoP) to benefit the Metro Atlanta area. A survey of 10 federal agencies found differing definitions of green infrastructure and identified needs like education, funding opportunities, and planning models. The CoP would allow federal staff to share expertise, collaborate, and promote a consistent approach to incorporating green infrastructure at all scales. Doing so could provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to the Atlanta region through services like improved water quality and increased recreation. Next steps proposed forming a steering committee and focusing initial CoP discussions on projects within Atlanta.
Opportunities and challenges to developing REDD+ benefit sharing mechanisms i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Â
This document discusses opportunities and challenges for developing REDD+ benefit sharing mechanisms in developing countries. It identifies key issues such as governance arrangements, rights and tenure, monitoring and verification methods, stakeholder involvement, and measuring co-benefits. Designing equitable benefit sharing that incentivizes emissions reductions while recognizing local rights and costs will require balancing efficiency and equity considerations. The REDD+ Benefits Sharing project aims to provide guidance to improve benefit sharing mechanism design, development, and implementation.
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human...Global Livestock CRSP
Â
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human Health, and Nutrition with ENAM. Presented by O. Sakyi-Dawson (University of Ghana) at the GL-CRSP End of Program Conference on June 17, 2009, Naivasha, Kenya.
1) TEEB's origins stem from recognizing the economic significance of global biodiversity loss and the need to demonstrate biodiversity's value in economic terms.
2) TEEB builds assets like reports, databases, and a collaborative community to advance its approach of recognizing, demonstrating and capturing ecosystems' value to support decision making.
3) Examples show TEEB's approach applied through regional planning, legislation, protected area evaluation, certification, and payments for ecosystem services to integrate value into decisions and markets.
PUBLIC SECTOR &SOCIAL MOBLIZATION- nudrat muftiNUDRAT MUFTI
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28 March to 2 April 2011-Training Course on âSocial Mobilization and Rural Developmentâ Organised by AHK National Centre for Rural Development & MA, Islamabad
Advanced EC seminar on decentralisation and local governance
European Commission EuropeAid
2-5 July 2012, Brussels
The seminar reviewed the country context and the evolving international development framework and considered how to manage the political dimensions of decentralisation. It also looked at using decentralisation as a trigger to foster better development outcomes and governance and what all this means for future EU engagement in decentralisation and local governance. Jean Bossuyt, ECDPM, was the lead facilitator of this meeting. Alisa Herrero, ECDPM, was also one of the experts facilitating this seminar.
The Rural Advantage Conference is a two-day annual event organized by UNL Extension and the Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society since 2003. The conference aims to educate producers, consumers, and educators about profitable and sustainable agricultural opportunities through presentations, workshops, and discussions. Over 220 people attended in 2012, and surveys found that 53% of past attendees improved their knowledge of sustainable practices and 79% said it would help them improve production. Follow up surveys found that 42% of attendees adopted new ideas or practices and saw economic gains over $2,000. The conference promotes increasing sustainability in Nebraska's agriculture, rural communities, and environment.
This document provides tools and guidance for developing local poverty reduction action plans (LPRAPs) in the Philippines. It outlines various data sources that can be used to analyze the poverty situation in a local government unit (LGU) including the community-based monitoring system, local governance performance management system, and health and social welfare department systems. These data sources can provide information on poverty incidence, drivers of poverty, and poverty among families and communities. The document also provides templates for priority project lists, project briefs, and programs/services that can help structure the LPRAP. Problem tree and solution tree analyses are introduced as tools to identify core poverty problems and strategies to address them.
Enabling communities to regenerate mountain landscapes in the African HighlandsILRI
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Presented by Tilahun Amede at the Stakeholdersâ Workshop on Enhancing Communitiesâ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Induced Water Scarcity in Kabe Watershed, South Wollo Zone, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, 24-25 November 2011.
Joseph Tanui: Grassroots participation in land regeneration through the Landc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
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The document discusses the Landcare approach to grassroots participation in land regeneration. Landcare is defined as a movement, approach, body of knowledge, and ethic that enables communities to care for the land in a nurturing way. Examples of Landcare programs are given from countries like Australia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Indonesia, and the South Pacific. The Landcare approach addresses challenges in African farming by ensuring participation, linking biophysical and socioeconomic factors, and enhancing the role of local governments. It utilizes multi-level action research, innovation platforms, and community-led reforms to improve land management and sustainable livelihoods.
The document discusses the REDD+ Social and Environmental Standards Initiative, which aims to develop standards to ensure REDD+ programs effectively reduce emissions while respecting human rights, reducing poverty, and conserving biodiversity. The initiative seeks to help early adopters, encourage improved performance, and build global support. Standards will include principles, criteria, and indicators to guide REDD+ program policies, implementation, and outcomes. The initiative is currently testing standards in pilot countries and seeking broader adoption.
Similar to The Governance of Service Delivery for the Poor and Women:A Study of Agricultural Extension and Rural Water Supply in Ethiopia (20)
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on âStatistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopiaâ, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
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1) The study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on food marketing margins in Ethiopia using phone surveys of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers conducted in February 2020 and May 2020.
2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopiaâs livestock sector essp2
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1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security in Ethiopia â An Interim Analysisessp2
Â
This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopiaâs agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
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The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
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This document summarizes research on the affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia. It finds that between 2001 and 2017, the cost of the least expensive diet providing adequate calories and nutrients for an adult woman increased 67% from $0.91 to $1.52. While real prices of some staple foods have decreased in recent years, prices of nutrient-rich foods like dairy, eggs, and meat have increased substantially. However, overall affordability has improved due to rising incomes. Still, ensuring adequate supply of nutritious foods is important to keep their prices low.
The EAT Lancet Publication: Implications for Nutrition Health and Planetessp2
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The document discusses a publication by the EAT-Lancet Commission that aimed to define global scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems. It established a reference diet of 2500 calories per day consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and limited red meat and sugar. Current diets vary widely from this target. The commission also set planetary boundaries related to greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and nutrient flows to define a safe operating space for food production. Global modeling was used to identify combinations of measures needed to meet dietary targets sustainably by 2050, such as shifting diets, reducing food waste, and improving agricultural practices.
Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
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The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
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This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 â CoE VisionDianaGray10
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In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
⢠The role of a steering committee
⢠How do the organizationâs priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
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Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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An English đŹđ§ translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech đ¨đż version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
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Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as âkeysâ). In fact, itâs unlikely youâll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, theyâll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
Youâll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
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Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
âTemporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the âTemporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformerâ tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChipâs Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNsâ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
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Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
âHow Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-eff...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the âHow Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Visionâ tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his companyâs pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind fĂźr viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heiĂes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und LizenzgebĂźhren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer mĂśglich. Das verstehen wir und wir mĂśchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lÜsen kÜnnen, die dazu fßhren kÜnnen, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nÜtig, und wie Sie ßberflßssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen kÜnnen, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnÜtigen Ausgaben fßhren kÜnnen, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins fßr geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren LÜsungen. Und natßrlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Ăberblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und ĂźberflĂźssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
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Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
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The Governance of Service Delivery for the Poor and Women:A Study of Agricultural Extension and Rural Water Supply in Ethiopia
1. ESSP-II Policy Conference
22-24 October, 2009
Hilton Hotel, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
The Governance of Service Delivery for
the Poor and Women:
A Study of Agricultural Extension and Rural
Water Supply in Ethiopia
Regina Birner, Mamusha Lemma,
Tewodaj Mogues, Fanaye Tadesse
2. Rationale of the research project
⢠Agriculture is back on the international development
agenda,
⢠but providing agricultural and rural services has remained
a major challenge!
⢠How to reach millions of farmers even in the most remote
areas?
⢠Governance reforms worldwide
⢠Decentralization â involving local communities in service
delivery â public sector reforms
⢠What works where and why?
⢠What works for the rural poor and for women?
ď˘Three-country research project: Ethiopia, India and Ghana
3. Social and economic services
and infrastructure in rural areas
Health and
education
Rural roads
Electricity
Drinking water
Agricultural
extension
Agricultural
input
supply
Page 3
4. What are the challenges of providing
rural services?
⢠Challenges to make the market mechanism work
⢠Public good â merit good â externalities
⢠Challenges for the public sector
⢠Transaction-intensive in terms of space and time
⢠Requiring discretion â difficult to standardize (extension)
⢠Challenges of involving local communities
⢠Local elite capture, social exclusion
⢠Capacity problems
⢠Special challenges to reach women with agricultural services
⢠Perception bias: âWomen donât farm.â
⢠Key to meeting the challenge: Creating accountability!
5. Oliver Williamsonâs cost-effectiveness approach
to identify the efficient governance structure
TCA
$ Extension provided
Total costs with adjusted
incurred for packages
achieving a TCP
defined Extension provided
TCD
under standardized
outcome Extension
package approach
provided with
discretion of
extension agent
Difficulties
of
supervision
a1 a2
Attributes
Diversity of agricultural conditions
Page 5
6. Oliver Williamsonâs cost-effectiveness approach
to identify the efficient governance structure
TCA
$ Extension provided
Total costs with adjusted
incurred for packages
achieving a TCP
defined Extension provided
TCD
under standardized
outcome Extension
package approach
provided with
discretion of
extension agent
Difficulties
with increased
of accountability
supervision
a1 a2
Attributes
Diversity of agricultural conditions
Page 6
7. National / State-level National / State-level
Political Representatives (NP) Ministries (NM)
Political
Parties (PP)
Local Political Development
Representatives (LP) Agencies / Advocacy
NGOs (DA)
Community-Based
Organizations (CO)
Household Public Sector
Members (HH) Service Providers (PS)
NGO / Private
service providers (NG)
Services
Accountability Framework based on World Bank (2004)
8. Focus of the study in Ethiopia
⢠Access to agricultural extension
⢠High policy attention to extension, and increasing adaptation of
packages
⢠Knowledge gap: How much outreach has been actually achieved so
far in different regions? How well does the delivery mechanism work?
⢠Gender dimension of agricultural extension
⢠General government commitment to gender equality
⢠Knowledge gap: To what extent do agricultural extension services
address the needs of female farmers?
⢠Drinking water supply
⢠Government efforts to increase water supply through decentralized
provision, and water committees
⢠Knowledge gap: How do these delivery methods actually work on the
ground?
10. Local Political
Representatives (LP)
Household Public Sector
Members (HH) Service Providers (PS)
NGO / Private
service providers (NG)
Services
Page 10
11. Survey Design
Kebele level survey
Local Political Representatives
- Kebele chair (156)
- Kebele council member (312)
- Kebele council speaker (156)
- Wereda council member (156)
Household survey Kebele level survey
Household Members Service Providers
- Both HH head and spouse - Development agents (312)
separately (1,761 respondents: - Agricultural cooperative head (156)
843 men, 238 female-hh- - Water committee head (156)
heads, 680 female spouses)
12. Survey Design
ď§ 8 weredas total, in 7 regions: Afar, Amhara, Beneshangul-
Gumuz, Gambella, Oromia, SNNP, Tigray
ď§ Four paired weredas (in proximity to each other): One wereda
of a pair in âleadingâ locally decentralised region, one in an
âemergingâ region.
ď§ In the case of one pair: Amhara and Tigrayâde facto differences in
history of local empowerment
Page 12
13. Survey Design
ď§ Household survey (quantitative):
â in 4 randomly drawn kebeles of each of the 8 weredas
â 35 randomly drawn households in each selected kebele
â total of planned 1120 households, with up to two respondents in each household
ď§ Kebele-level surveys (quantitative):
â in all kebeles of each selected wereda
â total of planned 156 kebeles
ď§ Case studies (qualitative):
â in one kebele in each of four weredas (in Amhara, Beneshangul-Gumuz, Oromia,
Tigray); ie weredas are subset of the above 8 weredas
â interviews at the wereda and kebele level in these four weredas
ď§ In this first set of studies:
ď§ We mostly take a descriptive-analytical approach
Page 13
15. 5%
0%
10%
15%
20%
30%
25%
Extension visits
farm/home
Attend
extensionist's
community meetings
Visit
demonstration
plots
Visit
demonstration
homes
Trained at
Farmer Training
Centre
Service by
cooperative
Men
Agricultural
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
input credit
Women
Access to different forms of extension
16. 0%
5%
10%
20%
25%
30%
15%
Extensionist at
farm/home
Extensionst's
community
meetings
Demonstration
plots
Demonstration
homes
education
Farmer
Training
Centre
Service by
cooperative
Poor
Access to extension, by poverty and
Literate
Illiterate
Agricultural
Non-poor
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
input credit
17. Access to extension by survey site
(percent of respondents)
60
54
50
39 39 37
40
30 27 27 25 24 24
20 18
15 13
11
10 8
2 1
0
Visited by extension agent at farm or home
Attended extension agentâs community meetings
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
18. Access to extension and livestock services in India
(Percent households with contract during past year)
80
70 67.8
60
Male-headed
50 households (owning
land/livestock,
40 respectively)
30 27.2
Female-headed
20 households (owning
land/livestock,
10 4.4 respectively)
1.0
0
Agricultural Livestock services
extension
ISEC-IFPRI Survey, 2006
19. Access to agricultural extension in Ghana
(Percent households visited by agent during the past year)
20%
18%
16%
14% 12.3%
11.7%
12% 10.9%
10%
8%
6%
4%
1.8% 2.1%
2% 1.4%
0.0% 0.0% 0.5%
0%
Forest Zone Transition Zone Savannah Zone
Male-Headed Households Female-Headed Households
Female Spouses
ISSER-IFPRI Survey, 2008Page 19
20. Gender composition of extension staff
(Percentage in sample)
ISEC / ISSER / EEPRI - IFPRISurveys
21. Satisfaction with agricultural extension
(percent of respondents)
100
90
80
70 Very dissatisfied
60
50
Somewhat
92.5 95.4 dissatisfied
40
Somewhat
30
satisfied
20
Very satisfied
10
0
HH Heads Spouses
22. Adoption of new technologies
During the past two years, did you start to use some farming
practice for the first time, such as a new variety, new crop, new
input, new cultivation technique, new breed, etc.?
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
89.7
50% 96.6
no
40% yes
30%
20%
10%
10.3
0% 3.5
Head Spouses
23. Variables associated with visit by extension
agent and uptake of new practices
Variable Visit by Started new
extension agricultural
agent practice
Gender (1=male) + ***
Education (1=literate)
Household status (1=head)
Wealth (consumer assets owned) + **
Household size + *** + ***
Male dependents
Female dependents -*
District dummies included included
Observations 1,753 1,740
Likelihood ratio chi-square test 250.69 *** 167.08 ***
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
24. Conclusions and Policy Implications
⢠Reducing regional disparity in access to extension
⢠Federal support to emerging regions already ongoing
⢠What additional strategies could be used?
⢠Strategies to better target female farmers
⢠Linking extension with womenâs groups
⢠Increasing female staff among extension agents
⢠Evaluating agricultural extension services
⢠Challenges in measuring farmersâ satisfaction
⢠High satisfaction rates in spite of low adoption rates
⢠Need for further methodology development, especially if
satisfaction data are to be used for management purposes
⢠Measuring adoption rates and productivity
⢠Further research needed if goal is to establish causality
25. Conclusions and Policy Implications
⢠Making extension more demand-driven
⢠Trade-off
⢠Better supervision in case of package approach
⢠Limitation to adapt to diverse local conditions
⢠How to increase discretion of extension agents, while using
other mechanisms to create accountability?
⢠Recent policy changes (Implemented after this study)
⢠Development of packages based on âbest practicesâ of local
model farmers
⢠Shifting of responsibility for monitoring from supervisors to
Subject Matter Specialists
⢠Increased role for kebele councils/cabinets
⢠Assessment of new approaches topic for future research
27. Access to drinking water
(Primary water source)
National
average:
11%
(2004, WDI 2008)
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
28. Primary water source is improved source
Gender -0.287 *
(1 = male) (0.169)
Education 0.017 Afar-D -0.334
(1 = literate) (0.133) (0.217)
Respondent status 0.119 Amhara-D2 0.239
(1 = head, 0 = spouse) (0.127) (0.182)
Wealth (No. of consumer 0.046 * Benesh. G.-D -0.088
asset types owned) (0.024) (0.173)
HH size (No. of -0.019 Gambella-D 0.437 ***
HH members) (0.018) (0.164)
Working age women -0.010 Oromia-D -1.579 ***
(% of HH members) (0.009) (0.241)
Working age men -0.010 SNNP-D -1.193 ***
(% of HH members) (0.009) (0.205)
Female dependents -0.011 Tigray-D 0.165
(% of HH members) (0.009) (0.185)
Male dependents -0.009 constant 0.595
(% of HH members) (0.009) (0.932)
No. of obs.: 960, LR Ď2: 196.53***
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
29. Average time to get water from different
water sources (in minutes)
Water source Wet season Dry Season
River, lake, spring, pond 58 91
Rainwater 6 â
Well without pump 74 102
Well with pump 71 82 In Ghana:
Public standpipe 30 29 Less than
Householdâs private 30 minutes
standpipe/ tap 3 3
Water vendor 63 80
Other 24 153
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
30. Identification of public services with greatest
problem, by socioeconomic status
Education status Wealth status
Public service/
infrastructure: Literate Illiterate Non-poor Poor
Drinking water 28% 34% 28% 36%
Sanitation/drainage 0% 0% 0% 0%
Small-scale
irrigation 1% 1% 1% 1%
Health 17% 19% 18% 15%
Education 6% 3% 7% 3%
Electricity 14% 8% 17% 13%
Roads 16% 6% 15% 11%
Livelihood
opportunities 2% 1% 3% 3%
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
31. Identification of public services with greatest
problem, by region
Afar- Amhara- Amhara- Benesh. G- Gambella- Oromia- SNNP- Tigray-
D D2 D3 D D D D D
Drinking water 65% 29% 25% 35% 28% 36% 19% 34%
Sanitation/
drainage 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Small irrigation 1% 3% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 1%
Health 21% 31% 22% 31% 8% 9% 11% 14%
Education 1% 8% 3% 3% 1% 9% 2% 5%
Electricity 0% 10% 21% 7% 6% 6% 16% 40%
Roads 0% 10% 22% 9% 6% 8% 33% 1%
Livelihood
opportunities 2% 4% 4% 1% 2% 1% 6% 3%
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
32. Identification of public services of greatest
concern, by gender
Public
Diff. sign.
service/Infrastructure: Men Women
Drinking water 31% 34%
Sanitation/drainage 0% 0%
Small-scale irrigation 1% 0% *
Health 17% 19%
Education 5% 3%
Electricity 16% 11% **
Roads 14% 12% **
Livelihood opportunities 2% 3% **
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
33. Particular concerns with drinking water supply
60.0%
50.0%
40.0% Not enough drinking
water supply
30.0%
Drinking water is of poor
quality
20.0%
Problems with collecting
fees for water use
10.0%
Other problems with
water
0.0%
Men Women Men Women
problem 7 years ago problem today
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
35. Tendency to complain when dissatisfied
with drinking water
Question: During the past 1 year, did you approach anyone when you
were dissatisfied with the water quantity or quality?
Male respondents Female respondents
5% 3%
6%
16%
77% 91%
Yes No Never been dissatisfied Ye s No Ne ve r be e n dissatisfie d
EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009
36. Capacity of Water Committees
⢠Water committees receive limited training on technical
issues concerning water facilities
⢠But receive no training on âsoft skillsâ: Community
mobilisation to maintain water systems; community
education and persuasion to use improved sources; etc.
⢠In several of the sites, receive little technical and other
support from wereda water desks
⢠In all case study sites except for one, water committee
heads were men (although other water committee
members included women)
37. Accountability and consultation in water
provision
⢠Local knowledge and priorities in water service provision
⢠Sense of a lack of consultation with local water committees in siting and
construction of water facilities
⢠Found to be the case irrespective of facility provider (government or NGOs)
⢠Problematic relationship between water committees and
water users
⢠Water committees unable to persuade users to participate in maintenance
and pay fees
⢠Collapse of water facilities as well as water committees
⢠Fall-back to use of unimproved water sources when facilities donât work,
rather than use complaint mechanism
⢠In Tigray, better âshort routeâ accountability mechanisms than elsewhere
⢠Though everywhere, much dissatisfaction about level of financial fees for
construction and maintenance of systems
38. Conclusions and Policy Implications
⢠Access to safe drinking water sources is very low
⢠32% of study householdsâwhich is substantially higher
than nation-wide rural access of 11% (2004, WDI 2008)
⢠Weak accountability links may be a hindrance in translating
rural residents priority concerns into policy priorities
ď˘Placing access to safe drinking water higher on the priority
list (noting that it also has implications for productivity)
⢠Households identify drinking water as their main priority
concern
⢠yet they report relatively high satisfaction rates and hardly
take any action to complain.
ď˘Treat satisfaction data with care.
39. Conclusions and Policy Implications
⢠Water committees, the lowest level service providers, are
still insufficiently inclusive
ď˘Take measures to make committees inclusive â or
consider alternatives (Making it a responsibility of
councils?)
⢠Water committees not able to counter-act top-down
facility provision.
ď˘Draw on local knowledge and local considerations in
selecting sites â more discretion.
⢠Water committees have high discretion in setting rules,
fees, etc., but unable to effectively use this discretion due
to nearly no training on âsoft skillsâ
ď˘Train water committees on community relations
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41. National / State-level National / State-level
Political Representatives (NP) Ministries (NM)
Political
Parties (PP)
Local Political Development
Representatives (LP) Agencies / Advocacy
NGOs (DA)
Community-Based
Organizations (CO)
Household Public Sector
Members (HH) Service Providers (PS)
NGO / Private
service providers (NG)
Services
Accountability Framework based on World Bank (2004)