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The Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: A Multiplex Critical AI Approach

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Junaid Qadir
Junaid Qadir

Presentation by Junaid Qadir (Qatar University) at Symposium on Ghazali on Education: Contemporary Practical Applications from an Enduring Legacy - Day 2 Organized by Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)

Education
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The Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: A Multiplex Critical AI Approach JUNAID QADIR Professor of Computer Engineering, CSE Department, CENG, Qatar University
1 TASKSTHAT HUMANS CAN DO ONTHEIR OWN THE HUMANTASKSTHAT AI CAN AUTOMATE NEWTASKSTHAT HUMANS CAN DOWITH AI AUGMENTATION Stone Tools The Wheel PRIMITIVE BEGINNINGS Printing Press Steam Engine Light Bulb DAWN OF MODERNITY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Internet Smartphone AI and Robotics ChatGPT DIGITAL AGE: INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY Homo Faber— Human the Tool Maker Technology and Humanity: An Evolving Partnership
Are we getting smarter or dumber with technology Why are these authors coming to starkly different conclusions? CYBORG CENTAUR AI THE HUMAN “AI won’t replace you, but someone with AI will” https://hbr.org/2023/08/ai-wont-replace-humans- but-humans-with-ai-will-replace-humans-without-ai? Even if one tries, it has become almost impossible to escape the effects of technology
Two important insights about technology
Some Risks of Harmful Effects of AI Technology AI COLONIALISM The “Global North”—the rich dominating countries stand to dominate and monopolize the market MARGINALIZING THE MARGINALIZED Data-poor regions, not having indigenous LLMs, are put at a long-term risk of being colonized by standards embedded in LLMs SOPHISTRY & PRETENTION Post-Truth Society: Easy to create plausible but untrue information. DEHUMANIZATION Contributing to roboticization and dehumanization of people and using them as means for technologic ends REINFORCED BIAS AI is not very artificial. Embedded within it are often (Eurocentric) human biases and judgements. Even with AI, there is no escaping ethical choices. INEQUALITY & LACK OF SHARED PROSPERITY W I D E N I N G G A P ACHEIVEMENT TIME Technology, in the absence of appropriate checks, tends to exacerbate inequality.
Religious Harms of Uncritical Use of AI TECHNO HUMAN ENGINEERING Nudging and exploiting people’s behavior for commercial reasons (surveillance capitalism) DISTRACTING FROM REALITY AI-XR can distract from the reality ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) SLIPPERY SLOPE TO SINNING Reduction of friction from sins and making sins easy through nudging THE DANGER OF NAFSANIYYAH Fulfilling (selfish) desires and pleasure and feeding the lower self HALO EFFECT The Gullibility to Believe AI is infallible Is there a God? Is there an afterlife?
Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: Critical Islamic Perspective 2 — highlighted the flaws of materialism and hedonistic living — focused on the primacy of moral character and virtue — highlighted the religious danger of uncritical acceptance of knowledge and technology — highlighted the danger of focusing superficially only on appearances — highlighted the importance of intention (lillahiyat) and purpose (maslahah) — highlighted that knowledge should be transformative and not only descriptive
Philosophies underlying tools/ technologies Şentürk, Recep et al. Comparative theories and methods between uniplexity and multiplexity, 2020. EPISTEMOLOGY TECHNOLOGY & TOOLS Uniplex Approaches Uses a reductionist impoverished worldview Multiplex Approaches Uses a multi- layered comprehensive approach for explaining reality ONTOLOGY/ METAPHYSICS (How do we know anything) (What exists; What is the nature of reality?) Technology is used for some ends and is premised with some underlying worldview about the nature of reality (metaphysics), existence (ontology), and value (axiology) AXIOLOGY (What are the values to be pursued)
I, RODNEY BROOKS, AM A ROBOT REDUCTIONISM: when humans are reduced to be just like machines/ robots/ animals METAPHORS SHAPE THE WAY YOU THINK “Metaphorical thinking half discovers and half invents the likenesses it describes.”—James Geary Can machines think? Modern Technology’s Uniplex Worldview RELIGION OF TECHNOLOGY: The belief that human beings can develop technologies to effectively become “gods” creating a technological utopia with immortality, perfectness, dominion, transcendence.
Ghazalian Multiplex Human Ontology How we understand the self determines how we explain, understand, and regulate human behavior? Purification of the Heart: Good Character ( ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ' ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ق‬ ) The heart is the knowing, deciding and acting human agency. The body and limbs are just tools of the heart
Ghazali’s Nuanced Approach to Technologies Critically appraisal and guarded adoption Realized the downside of a technology (and became wary as a replacement for memory after the robbery incident) but used it critically with intent for a religious purpose. Ghazali lived in the medieval era with limited technology. We didn’t even have the printing press then [and there’s a long history of Muslim engagement with the printing press too]. HOW CAN WE LEARN FROM HIS VIEWS ON TECHNOLOGY AL-GHAZALI AND THE ROBBERS Subsequent to this event, Ghazali became obsessed with memory, something that was always available and present to him, while writing was susceptible to ‘‘theft.’’ WRITING TO REMEMBER WRITING TO INFORM Compulsive doxological writing (aide memoire or memory-writing) WRITING ON HEART Heart writing .. Writing as part of a highly meta- physicalized self
How will Ghazalian AI project be useful for the world? 3 WHAT THE WORLD HAS LOST DUE TO DECLINE OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION • Knowledge/science became a tool to dominate and manipulate. • Diminishing focus on moral character, virtue, values, and ethical conduct. • Increased materialism and a loss of meaning/ purpose. • Exclusive focus on the pursuit of wealth to the detriment of nature and humanity. • Rise in nationalism, new tribalism, racism, and selective “human rights.” • Greed-driven colonization and increased global conflicts. The unfair assertion that al-Ghazali is to blame for the downfall of sciences in Muslim world
Technology will not be considered autotelic HOMO DEUS TECHNOLOGY FOR WHAT? What happens when humans try to attain God-like capabilities of Creation, Omniscience, and Immortality. X TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM TECHNOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTALISM Technology is neither good nor bad Nor is it neutral
Holistic Conception of Human Flourishing (Duniya and Akhirah) Starkly at odds with the transhumanist agenda aiming for digital immortality and at creating a digital eartly utopia. Ibn al-Qayyim (RA) said, “Verily, the Sharia is founded upon wisdom and welfare for the servants in this life and the afterlife.” Islam is not only focused on the Akhirah but motivates the development of conditions and supports for civilization and human material flourishing in this world aided by a divinely inspired moral order. ‫ﰻ‬ ُ # ‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺲ‬ ٍ ‫ذ‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ِ ‫ﻘ‬َ ‫ﺔ‬ُ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫ت‬ ِ ۗ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ﻧ‬8‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬َ ‫ﻓ‬ 8 ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫ن‬ َ => ‫ﺟ‬ ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬َ ‫ﰼ‬ُْ ‫ﯾ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫م‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﻘ‬ِDَ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺔ‬ ِ ۖ ‫ﻓ‬ َ ‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ز‬ُ ‫ﺣ‬ ْ ‫ﺰ‬ ِ ‫ح‬ َ ‫ﻋ‬ َ ‫ﻦ‬ ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ 8‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ِ ‫و‬َ => ‫د‬ ْ O ِ ‫ﻞ‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺠ‬ َ ‫ﻨ‬ 8 ‫ﺔ‬َ ‫ﻓ‬ َ‫ﻘ‬َ ‫ﺪ‬ ْ ‫ﻓ‬ َ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬َ ۗ ‫و‬َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺤ‬ َ ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ُ ‫ا‬ V # ‫ﻧ‬ْ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ﻻ‬8 ‫ﻣ‬َ Xَ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﻐ‬ ُ ‫ﺮ‬ُ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ِ ) 185 3: ( “Every soul will taste death and you will be paid in full only on the Day of Resurrection. Whoever is kept away from the Fire and admitted to the Garden will have triumphed. The present world is only an illusory pleasure” (Translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem) ‫و‬َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ‫ـ‬e ‫ﺬ‬ ِ ‫ﻩ‬ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺤ‬ َ ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ُ ‫ا‬ V # ‫ﻧ‬ْ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ﻻ‬8 ‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ ْ ‫ﻮ‬ ٌ ‫و‬َ ‫ﻟ‬َ ‫ﻌ‬ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ۚ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ن‬ 8 ‫ا‬ V 8 ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬َ ‫ا‬ mْ ٓ ‫ﺧ‬ ِ ‫ﺮ‬َ ‫ة‬َ ‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ ِp ‫ﻲ‬َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺤ‬ َ ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬َ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ُ ۚ ‫ﻟ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫ﰷ‬َ ‫ﻧ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬َ ‫ﻌ‬ْ ‫ﻠ‬َ ‫ﻤ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ َ ) 64 29: ( “The life of this world is merely an amusement and a diversion; the true life is in the Hereafter, if only they knew.” (Translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem
Ghazalian Multiplex Critical AI DOES IT LEAD TO HUMAN FLOURISHING & FELICITY? ( ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ) 1.Ibādāt (religious duties) 2.Munjīāt (salvation) 3.Mu'amalat (human relations aspect of Islam) 4.Muhlikāt (damnation) DOES IT RESULT IN PUBLIC GOOD? ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ + ‫ﺔ‬ ) DOES IT LEAD TO SOCIAL ROT? ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ ) These perennial questions don’t cease to apply with advanced technology and help us judge if the ends that technology is used for is worthwhile ﴿ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ % ‫ذ‬ َ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗ‬ِ * ‫ﻞ‬ َ ‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ ُ ‫ﻢ‬ْ ‫ﻻ‬َ ‫ﺗ‬ُ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺴ‬ ِ ‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ِ ‫ا‬ 7ْ 8 ‫ر‬ْ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ % ‫ﻧ‬>‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﳓ‬َْ ‫ﻦ‬ ُ ‫ﻣ‬ُ ‫ﺼ‬ ْ ‫ﻠ‬ِ ‫ﺤ‬ ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ َ * H8 ‫ﻻ‬َ ‫ا‬ % ‫>ﳖ‬ُ ‫ﻢ‬ْ ‫ﱒ‬ ُُ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﻤ‬ُ ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺴ‬ ِ ‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ َ ‫و‬َ‫ﻟ‬َ ‫ﻜ‬ ِ ‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫ﻻ‬َ Lَ ‫ﺸ‬ ْ ‫ﻌ‬ُ ‫ﺮ‬ُ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ َ ﴾ ] ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ة‬ : 11 ، 12 [ . DOES IT LEAD TO DESTRUCTIVE VICES? ( 0 1 ‫ﲀ‬ ‫ت‬ ) `Ujb and Batar (Trying to be God) Satisfying Desires • Ghaflah (Forgetting Akhirah/ Zikr/ Death) Third Quarter - The Ways to Perdition (Rubʾ al-muhlikat) •Book 21: The Marvels of the Heart •Book 22: On Disciplining the Soul •Book 23: On Breaking the Two Desires •Book 24: Defects of the Tongue •Book 25: Condemnation of Rancor and Envy •Book 26: Condemnation of the World •Book 27: Condemnation of Miserliness and Condemnation of the Love of wealth •Book 28: Condemnation of Status and Ostentation •Book 29: Condemnation of Pride and Conceit •Book 30: Condemnation of Self-Delusion DOES IT LEAD TO SAVING VIRTUES? ( ‫ﻣ‬ 4 ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ) Fourth Quarter - The Ways to Salvation (Rubʿ al-munjiyat) •Book 31: On Repentance •Book 32: On Patience and Thankfulness •Book 33: On Fear and Hope •Book 34: On Poverty and Abstinence •Book 35: Faith in Divine Unity and Trust in Divine Providence •Book 36: On Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment •Book 37: On Intention, Sincerity, and Truth •Book 38: On Holding Vigil and Self-Examination •Book 39: On Meditation •Book 40: On the Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife
SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS “How does a Muslim practice ethics in an age of technology? Of course, this question immediately triggers issues related to economics, politics, culture, society, and questions related to the environment in which technology is embedded” — Ebrahim Moosa. PURPOSE & EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ & ' ‫ﻦ‬ Safeguarding/protecting religion ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ Safeguarding/protecting life ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Safeguarding/protecting intellect ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ / ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Safeguarding/protecting lineage ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ / ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ Safeguarding/protecting property Does it comply with the following essentials? MINDFUL USE OF TECH WITH INTENTION His last words on his deathbed: “cultivate sincerity of motive" (alaykum bi al-ikhlas). TECHNOLOGY & PURIFICATION OF THE SOUL ‫و‬َ‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺲ‬ ٍ ‫و‬َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ َ ‫ﻮ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 89:7 ( ‫ﻓ‬َ78‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﻬ‬ َ ‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﻬ‬ َ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ُ ‫ﺠ‬ ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬َ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬َ ‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ْ ‫ﻮ‬َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 8 ( ‫ﻗ‬َ ‫ﺪ‬ ْ C8 ‫ﻓ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬َ ‫ﺢ‬ َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ز‬َ ‫ﰷ‬ - ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 9 ( ‫و‬َ ‫ﻗ‬َ ‫ﺪ‬ ْ I َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫د‬ َ ‫ﺳ‬ - ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 10 ( Ghazalian Multiplex Critical AI for Judging AI
jqadir@qu.edu.qa Thank you! ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ 9 ‫ﲅ‬ . . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ Cٔ ‫ﴍ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ Cٔ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﳑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﲑ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﲑ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ا‬ R ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﱒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ R U ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﲑ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ٕ ‫ﳖ‬ ‫ﲈ‬ ‫ﲩ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 4 ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﳍ‬ ‫ﲈ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ Cٔ ‫ن‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ` ‫ﺒ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱃ‬ c ‫ﴪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﳊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ h ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﲠ‬ ‫ﲈ‬ j ‫ﲀ‬ U ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﳊ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﲟ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ n ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ Know that ... that which is sought for itself is better and more honored than what it sought for other than itself. That which is sought for other than itself are gold and silver, for they are two stones of no intrinsic benefit, and if it were not that Allah has made them the means to facilitate the fulfillment of needs, they and pebbles would have been one and the same.

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The Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: A Multiplex Critical AI Approach

  • 1. The Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: A Multiplex Critical AI Approach JUNAID QADIR Professor of Computer Engineering, CSE Department, CENG, Qatar University
  • 2. 1 TASKSTHAT HUMANS CAN DO ONTHEIR OWN THE HUMANTASKSTHAT AI CAN AUTOMATE NEWTASKSTHAT HUMANS CAN DOWITH AI AUGMENTATION Stone Tools The Wheel PRIMITIVE BEGINNINGS Printing Press Steam Engine Light Bulb DAWN OF MODERNITY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Internet Smartphone AI and Robotics ChatGPT DIGITAL AGE: INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY Homo Faber— Human the Tool Maker Technology and Humanity: An Evolving Partnership
  • 3. Are we getting smarter or dumber with technology Why are these authors coming to starkly different conclusions? CYBORG CENTAUR AI THE HUMAN “AI won’t replace you, but someone with AI will” https://hbr.org/2023/08/ai-wont-replace-humans- but-humans-with-ai-will-replace-humans-without-ai? Even if one tries, it has become almost impossible to escape the effects of technology
  • 4. Two important insights about technology
  • 5. Some Risks of Harmful Effects of AI Technology AI COLONIALISM The “Global North”—the rich dominating countries stand to dominate and monopolize the market MARGINALIZING THE MARGINALIZED Data-poor regions, not having indigenous LLMs, are put at a long-term risk of being colonized by standards embedded in LLMs SOPHISTRY & PRETENTION Post-Truth Society: Easy to create plausible but untrue information. DEHUMANIZATION Contributing to roboticization and dehumanization of people and using them as means for technologic ends REINFORCED BIAS AI is not very artificial. Embedded within it are often (Eurocentric) human biases and judgements. Even with AI, there is no escaping ethical choices. INEQUALITY & LACK OF SHARED PROSPERITY W I D E N I N G G A P ACHEIVEMENT TIME Technology, in the absence of appropriate checks, tends to exacerbate inequality.
  • 6. Religious Harms of Uncritical Use of AI TECHNO HUMAN ENGINEERING Nudging and exploiting people’s behavior for commercial reasons (surveillance capitalism) DISTRACTING FROM REALITY AI-XR can distract from the reality ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) SLIPPERY SLOPE TO SINNING Reduction of friction from sins and making sins easy through nudging THE DANGER OF NAFSANIYYAH Fulfilling (selfish) desires and pleasure and feeding the lower self HALO EFFECT The Gullibility to Believe AI is infallible Is there a God? Is there an afterlife?
  • 7. Ghazalian Project for the AI Era: Critical Islamic Perspective 2 — highlighted the flaws of materialism and hedonistic living — focused on the primacy of moral character and virtue — highlighted the religious danger of uncritical acceptance of knowledge and technology — highlighted the danger of focusing superficially only on appearances — highlighted the importance of intention (lillahiyat) and purpose (maslahah) — highlighted that knowledge should be transformative and not only descriptive
  • 8. Philosophies underlying tools/ technologies Şentürk, Recep et al. Comparative theories and methods between uniplexity and multiplexity, 2020. EPISTEMOLOGY TECHNOLOGY & TOOLS Uniplex Approaches Uses a reductionist impoverished worldview Multiplex Approaches Uses a multi- layered comprehensive approach for explaining reality ONTOLOGY/ METAPHYSICS (How do we know anything) (What exists; What is the nature of reality?) Technology is used for some ends and is premised with some underlying worldview about the nature of reality (metaphysics), existence (ontology), and value (axiology) AXIOLOGY (What are the values to be pursued)
  • 9. I, RODNEY BROOKS, AM A ROBOT REDUCTIONISM: when humans are reduced to be just like machines/ robots/ animals METAPHORS SHAPE THE WAY YOU THINK “Metaphorical thinking half discovers and half invents the likenesses it describes.”—James Geary Can machines think? Modern Technology’s Uniplex Worldview RELIGION OF TECHNOLOGY: The belief that human beings can develop technologies to effectively become “gods” creating a technological utopia with immortality, perfectness, dominion, transcendence.
  • 10. Ghazalian Multiplex Human Ontology How we understand the self determines how we explain, understand, and regulate human behavior? Purification of the Heart: Good Character ( ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ' ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ق‬ ) The heart is the knowing, deciding and acting human agency. The body and limbs are just tools of the heart
  • 11. Ghazali’s Nuanced Approach to Technologies Critically appraisal and guarded adoption Realized the downside of a technology (and became wary as a replacement for memory after the robbery incident) but used it critically with intent for a religious purpose. Ghazali lived in the medieval era with limited technology. We didn’t even have the printing press then [and there’s a long history of Muslim engagement with the printing press too]. HOW CAN WE LEARN FROM HIS VIEWS ON TECHNOLOGY AL-GHAZALI AND THE ROBBERS Subsequent to this event, Ghazali became obsessed with memory, something that was always available and present to him, while writing was susceptible to ‘‘theft.’’ WRITING TO REMEMBER WRITING TO INFORM Compulsive doxological writing (aide memoire or memory-writing) WRITING ON HEART Heart writing .. Writing as part of a highly meta- physicalized self
  • 12. How will Ghazalian AI project be useful for the world? 3 WHAT THE WORLD HAS LOST DUE TO DECLINE OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION • Knowledge/science became a tool to dominate and manipulate. • Diminishing focus on moral character, virtue, values, and ethical conduct. • Increased materialism and a loss of meaning/ purpose. • Exclusive focus on the pursuit of wealth to the detriment of nature and humanity. • Rise in nationalism, new tribalism, racism, and selective “human rights.” • Greed-driven colonization and increased global conflicts. The unfair assertion that al-Ghazali is to blame for the downfall of sciences in Muslim world
  • 13. Technology will not be considered autotelic HOMO DEUS TECHNOLOGY FOR WHAT? What happens when humans try to attain God-like capabilities of Creation, Omniscience, and Immortality. X TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM TECHNOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTALISM Technology is neither good nor bad Nor is it neutral
  • 14. Holistic Conception of Human Flourishing (Duniya and Akhirah) Starkly at odds with the transhumanist agenda aiming for digital immortality and at creating a digital eartly utopia. Ibn al-Qayyim (RA) said, “Verily, the Sharia is founded upon wisdom and welfare for the servants in this life and the afterlife.” Islam is not only focused on the Akhirah but motivates the development of conditions and supports for civilization and human material flourishing in this world aided by a divinely inspired moral order. ‫ﰻ‬ ُ # ‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺲ‬ ٍ ‫ذ‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ِ ‫ﻘ‬َ ‫ﺔ‬ُ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫ت‬ ِ ۗ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ﻧ‬8‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬َ ‫ﻓ‬ 8 ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫ن‬ َ => ‫ﺟ‬ ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬َ ‫ﰼ‬ُْ ‫ﯾ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫م‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﻘ‬ِDَ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺔ‬ ِ ۖ ‫ﻓ‬ َ ‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ز‬ُ ‫ﺣ‬ ْ ‫ﺰ‬ ِ ‫ح‬ َ ‫ﻋ‬ َ ‫ﻦ‬ ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ 8‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ِ ‫و‬َ => ‫د‬ ْ O ِ ‫ﻞ‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺠ‬ َ ‫ﻨ‬ 8 ‫ﺔ‬َ ‫ﻓ‬ َ‫ﻘ‬َ ‫ﺪ‬ ْ ‫ﻓ‬ َ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬َ ۗ ‫و‬َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺤ‬ َ ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ُ ‫ا‬ V # ‫ﻧ‬ْ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ﻻ‬8 ‫ﻣ‬َ Xَ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﻐ‬ ُ ‫ﺮ‬ُ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ِ ) 185 3: ( “Every soul will taste death and you will be paid in full only on the Day of Resurrection. Whoever is kept away from the Fire and admitted to the Garden will have triumphed. The present world is only an illusory pleasure” (Translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem) ‫و‬َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ‫ـ‬e ‫ﺬ‬ ِ ‫ﻩ‬ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺤ‬ َ ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ُ ‫ا‬ V # ‫ﻧ‬ْ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ﻻ‬8 ‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ ْ ‫ﻮ‬ ٌ ‫و‬َ ‫ﻟ‬َ ‫ﻌ‬ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ۚ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ 7 ‫ن‬ 8 ‫ا‬ V 8 ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬َ ‫ا‬ mْ ٓ ‫ﺧ‬ ِ ‫ﺮ‬َ ‫ة‬َ ‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ ِp ‫ﻲ‬َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﺤ‬ َ ‫ﯿ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬َ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ُ ۚ ‫ﻟ‬َ ‫ﻮ‬ْ ‫ﰷ‬َ ‫ﻧ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬َ ‫ﻌ‬ْ ‫ﻠ‬َ ‫ﻤ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ َ ) 64 29: ( “The life of this world is merely an amusement and a diversion; the true life is in the Hereafter, if only they knew.” (Translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem
  • 15. Ghazalian Multiplex Critical AI DOES IT LEAD TO HUMAN FLOURISHING & FELICITY? ( ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ) 1.Ibādāt (religious duties) 2.Munjīāt (salvation) 3.Mu'amalat (human relations aspect of Islam) 4.Muhlikāt (damnation) DOES IT RESULT IN PUBLIC GOOD? ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ + ‫ﺔ‬ ) DOES IT LEAD TO SOCIAL ROT? ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ ) These perennial questions don’t cease to apply with advanced technology and help us judge if the ends that technology is used for is worthwhile ﴿ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ % ‫ذ‬ َ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗ‬ِ * ‫ﻞ‬ َ ‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻬ‬ ُ ‫ﻢ‬ْ ‫ﻻ‬َ ‫ﺗ‬ُ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺴ‬ ِ ‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ِ ‫ا‬ 7ْ 8 ‫ر‬ْ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ﻗ‬َ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ % ‫ﻧ‬>‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﳓ‬َْ ‫ﻦ‬ ُ ‫ﻣ‬ُ ‫ﺼ‬ ْ ‫ﻠ‬ِ ‫ﺤ‬ ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ َ * H8 ‫ﻻ‬َ ‫ا‬ % ‫>ﳖ‬ُ ‫ﻢ‬ْ ‫ﱒ‬ ُُ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ْ ‫ﻤ‬ُ ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺴ‬ ِ ‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ َ ‫و‬َ‫ﻟ‬َ ‫ﻜ‬ ِ ‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫ﻻ‬َ Lَ ‫ﺸ‬ ْ ‫ﻌ‬ُ ‫ﺮ‬ُ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ َ ﴾ ] ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ة‬ : 11 ، 12 [ . DOES IT LEAD TO DESTRUCTIVE VICES? ( 0 1 ‫ﲀ‬ ‫ت‬ ) `Ujb and Batar (Trying to be God) Satisfying Desires • Ghaflah (Forgetting Akhirah/ Zikr/ Death) Third Quarter - The Ways to Perdition (Rubʾ al-muhlikat) •Book 21: The Marvels of the Heart •Book 22: On Disciplining the Soul •Book 23: On Breaking the Two Desires •Book 24: Defects of the Tongue •Book 25: Condemnation of Rancor and Envy •Book 26: Condemnation of the World •Book 27: Condemnation of Miserliness and Condemnation of the Love of wealth •Book 28: Condemnation of Status and Ostentation •Book 29: Condemnation of Pride and Conceit •Book 30: Condemnation of Self-Delusion DOES IT LEAD TO SAVING VIRTUES? ( ‫ﻣ‬ 4 ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ) Fourth Quarter - The Ways to Salvation (Rubʿ al-munjiyat) •Book 31: On Repentance •Book 32: On Patience and Thankfulness •Book 33: On Fear and Hope •Book 34: On Poverty and Abstinence •Book 35: Faith in Divine Unity and Trust in Divine Providence •Book 36: On Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment •Book 37: On Intention, Sincerity, and Truth •Book 38: On Holding Vigil and Self-Examination •Book 39: On Meditation •Book 40: On the Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife
  • 16. SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS “How does a Muslim practice ethics in an age of technology? Of course, this question immediately triggers issues related to economics, politics, culture, society, and questions related to the environment in which technology is embedded” — Ebrahim Moosa. PURPOSE & EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ & ' ‫ﻦ‬ Safeguarding/protecting religion ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ Safeguarding/protecting life ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Safeguarding/protecting intellect ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ / ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Safeguarding/protecting lineage ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ / ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ Safeguarding/protecting property Does it comply with the following essentials? MINDFUL USE OF TECH WITH INTENTION His last words on his deathbed: “cultivate sincerity of motive" (alaykum bi al-ikhlas). TECHNOLOGY & PURIFICATION OF THE SOUL ‫و‬َ‫ﻧ‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ ‫ﺲ‬ ٍ ‫و‬َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ َ ‫ﻮ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 89:7 ( ‫ﻓ‬َ78‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﻬ‬ َ ‫ﻤ‬َ ‫ﻬ‬ َ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ُ ‫ﺠ‬ ُ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬َ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬َ ‫ﺗ‬َ‫ﻘ‬ْ ‫ﻮ‬َ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 8 ( ‫ﻗ‬َ ‫ﺪ‬ ْ C8 ‫ﻓ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬َ ‫ﺢ‬ َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ز‬َ ‫ﰷ‬ - ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 9 ( ‫و‬َ ‫ﻗ‬َ ‫ﺪ‬ ْ I َ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ﻣ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫د‬ َ ‫ﺳ‬ - ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎ‬ ) 10 ( Ghazalian Multiplex Critical AI for Judging AI
  • 17. jqadir@qu.edu.qa Thank you! ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ 9 ‫ﲅ‬ . . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ Cٔ ‫ﴍ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ Cٔ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﳑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﲑ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﲑ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ا‬ R ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﱒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ R U ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﲑ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ٕ ‫ﳖ‬ ‫ﲈ‬ ‫ﲩ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 4 ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﳍ‬ ‫ﲈ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ Cٔ ‫ن‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ` ‫ﺒ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱃ‬ c ‫ﴪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﳊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ h ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﲠ‬ ‫ﲈ‬ j ‫ﲀ‬ U ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﳊ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﲟ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ n ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ Know that ... that which is sought for itself is better and more honored than what it sought for other than itself. That which is sought for other than itself are gold and silver, for they are two stones of no intrinsic benefit, and if it were not that Allah has made them the means to facilitate the fulfillment of needs, they and pebbles would have been one and the same.