The Future Of Fiber Optics

The Future Of Fiber Optics
James Gourley
PHS 208
Barrett Honors Contract
Additional Research Report
The Future of Fiber Optics
I. What is Fiber–Optics? Fiber–optic technology is often discussed in a wide range of conversations.
This may be when people talk about TVs, phones, internet, or general technology. Fiber optics may
also be referred to when talking about light and optics. An optical fiber is defined as a "flexible,
transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of
human hair" (Wikipedia). These fibers are used as a means of light transmission from one end of the
fiber to the other end of the fiber and this is referred to as fiber–optic communications. These fibers
are quite technologically advanced because they have the ability to transmit more data and at a
quicker rate than normal cables made of wire. There is also much less lost data when using fiber–
optic technology. Clearly, the benefits of fiber–optics are much greater than traditional wired cables.
Fiber–optic cables are also used for the purpose of lighting and sensing. There are already many
practical applications of the technology such as lasers, but these applications are just the beginning
of the potential of this powerful technology.
II. How was Fiber–Optics Discovered? Fiber–optics as we know it today has been the result of a
long chain of inventions that all began with John Tyndall's 1854 discover that light can be conducted
through water and bent. Later in 1895, a
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How Does Hide An Object?
How to hide an Object Electromagnetically
Manikanta Nallagatla Mukka Sai Manish
Electronics &Communication Department Electronics &Communication Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
manikanta001nallagatla@gmail.com m.saimanish1996@gmail.com
Abstract–
Invisibility cloaks, a subject that usually occurs in science fiction and myths, have attracted wide
interest recently because of their possible realization. The biggest challenge to true invisibility is
known to be the cloaking of a macroscopic object in the broad range of wavelengths visible to the
human eye. Here we discuss various methods of realizing the idea 'How to hide an Object
Electromagnetically'. Method1: by incorporating the principle of transformation optics into a
conventional optical lens fabrication with low–cost materials and simple manufacturing techniques.
Method2: to cover–up the scattering of the hidden object with the scattering of a background object
so that only the scattering of the background object can be detected by an outside observer and the
hidden object disappears electromagnetically. Method3: Using Active Electromagnetic cloaking.
Literature Survey:
Invisibility, which has been a long–time goal, has received many studies with transformation optics
(TO), meta–materials and other methods in recent years [1–16]. Readers can get some background
on this topic with some recent reviews (see e.g., [17, 18]). There are

Optical Properties Of Thick Metal Nanohole Arrays
2. Optical properties of thick metal nanohole arrays fabricated by electron–beam and nanosphere
lithography.
INTRODUCTION
Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through nanohole arrays has been concentrated broadly in
several aspects, including the hypothesis and confirmation of its origin parameters influencing its
intensity, the optical properties, for example like its transmission spectra and divergence. Several
parameters including the refractive index of the medium on the metal film surface, the wavelength
and condition of polarization of the incident light, the holes shape and periodicity of the structures
change the spectral behavior in term of intensity and position of the transmitted peaks. The
structures that support EOT have discovered their applications in numerous fields including visible
spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, sub–wavelength optics, nonlinear optics, and photolithography.
As the EOT is influenced by parameters like the shape and periodicity of the holes, devices made in
light of this marvel will be more sensitive and supports larger selectivity. Regardless of these
advantages a large portion of existing use of EOT has been acknowledged on the structures with
limited region of coverage. Because of the constrained techniques and choices for fabrication of
such structures, the EOT–based devices were fabricated with finite array sizes. This paper deals
with two methods that deals with two methods to produce arrays of nanoholes with sizes of

Optic Neuritis Case Studies
Optic Neuritis
Introduction
Optic neuritis (ON) is a disease related to the eye that causes visual impairment. ON arises due to
the inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve, affecting interpretation of visual signals
causing blurred, grey or dim vision. More often than not, ON is monocular in scope however there
are cases where both eyes are affected. ON has been known to be highly associated with Multiple
Sclerosis (MS) however an individual does not have to have MS to be diagnosed with ON.  81
Epidemiology and Pathology
Optic Neuritis has been found to persist more commonly in young healthy adults, with females
having a higher incidence rate than males. ON is the most common optic neuropathy in individuals
under the age of 50 years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute ON usually involves a singular eye being affected whereby 90% of ON cases take place; the
other 10% of cases occurring in both eyes is found to occur more frequently in children under the
age of 15. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trials (ONTT) identified vision loss and eye pain as the
most common symptoms found in patients with acute unilateral ON. Vision loss was found to occur
steadily over a period of a few hours to a few days, with a peak in between 1–2 weeks, whilst eye
pain occurred in 92% of those affected and would worsen through eye movement. These visual
defects however would usually resolve itself with care, with the ONTT presenting 56% of
participants being clear after one year and 73% cleared after 10 (Cleary et al., 1997). In other cases,
a patient may become affected with papillitis (intraocular ON) causing hyperemia leading to the
swelling of the optic disc; a point of exit for optic ganglion cells. This area is important for the
major blood vessels to supply the retina and thus aid in interpreting visual signals to be passed
through the optic nerve into the brain. 

Optical Optic Of Fibre Optic
Abstract The used of fibre optic technology in subsea control system has impressively improved the
communication capacity, quality and reliability. It provides large bandwidth, extend step–out distant
with minimum error rate. This survey paper will focus on basic overview of fibre optic transferring
data in communication system, key benefits of using fibre optic in subsea production control
system, comparison between the used of fibre optic and cooper wire, key components and
consideration of fibre optic design for subsea control and case study of Ormen Lange oil and gas
production field that use fibre optic technology in subsea communication system. Introduction The
growth of demand in oil and gas consumption has led to substantial investment towards the industry.
New technologies and systems are introduced to increase the production of hydrocarbon. Field go
deeper and isolate to explore new and extensive amount of oil and gas. That is why, subsea oil and
gas discoveries getting popular. Advance technologies were used to overcome challenges and
resistant, such as multiphase flow measurement, artificial reservoir lift system and intelligent
monitoring sensor for well. However, to control such that technologies, they requires reliable
communication system that can transfer high amount of speed data with minimum failures.
Umbilical has to design with data highway to support communication between topside control
systems to subsea control modules. Traditionally, the data are

I Am A International Competitor
I am a learner. I am a sporting competitor. I am not afraid of failure. I am eager to learn the lessons
required to reach the top. I dare say it is a very pleasurable mix. My views on learning are not
extraordinary. They are however centred on comprehensive and investigative approaches to
engineering problems. I am happiest when I am identifying problems – in a complex circuit, in
control systems, logic and digital circuits or simply the detection of flaws in coding. When the
problem is accessible and simultaneously acts as an intellectual stimulant I recognise an automatic
leveraging of inner resources and a gearing up of the mind to solve the issue. I find myself thinking
furiously adopting several parallel courses of action and a range of approaches which will result in
the best fastest solution to the problem. The entire exercise is meditative with the focus resting
solely on the end result. Every problem can be solved at different levels of abstraction and by
implementing different strategies. So then, the knowledge base acquired through class lectures and
the committed guidance from tutors, from peer reviewed journals and publications, from interactive
workshops and seminars, from the engaging technical discussions and debates comprise the raw
material to work with. What a qualified professional does with the vast pools of information largely
decides the shape his career takes. The vast application potential and tremendous scope for a
successful career in the field

Ap Physics Unit 8 Lab
Lab Report 8
Physical Optics
Physics 262–003
Author: A. Coughran
Lab Partners: E. Ortiz, H. Barham
Date: 5/10/17
Lab Report 8 A. Coughran 5/10/17
Objective:
The objective in Lab 8 is to measure wavelength of five emission lines of light and a laser beam
through the principle of light interference.
Theory:
Light passed through a transmission grating is often sent in all directions due to interference. The
grating acts as a new wave source and causes the light to travel in different paths. Equation 1 below
shows the relationship between path difference and light direction due to constructive interference.
D represents the line spacing and sinƟ=a/c according to the drawing below. mλ=dsinƟ Equation 1
Equation 2 below can be used when small angle values are present (such as when m=1) and is a ...
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The base of the light triangle, b, was measured first. Then, the light positions, a, were measured f=or
the first order (m=1) and second order (m=2) light beams to determine the angle Ɵ for each. This
data was organized in an Excel table and used to find the wavelength, λ, of the laser through
Equation 1. This value was then compared to the theoretical value for wavelength of the laser, which
was 6.328x〖10〗^(–7)m, and the percent error was calculated between the two.
Procedure B – Wavelength Measurement of Light Color
The diffraction grating was used to measure the angle values of different light colors using a
collimator. The wavelength of each light beam according to the corresponding color was then
calculated using the specific angle value. In this procedure, a telescope was used to form an image
from the diffracted light from the transmission grating. A mercury light source was also used as a
light ray source of

Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
This is a brief review of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) otherwise known as Harding
disease. LHONs is a degenerative eye disease that causes vision loss in the teen years of those
afflicted. As most optic neuropathies LHONs is heterogeneous genetic and a minimum prevalence
of 1 in 10000. However, differing from many similar hereditary optic neuropathies LHONS is a
maternally inherited mutation and has never been observed to be paternally inherited. Meaning that
the gene responsible is only on the X sex chromosome. In this review, we will be specifically
observing the way in which LHON is more predominantly displayed in males with the gene as
opposed to women and the possible mitochondrial mutations responsible for this. It has ... Show
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In many parts of the world where smoking is popularly practiced LHONs and other similar optic
atrophic diseases have shown outbreaks in those who have no sign of the responsible mutations for
them (Rosaralis et al. 2015 n.pg). This was shown in a study by Matthew Anthony Kirkman, of
Imperial College London with expertise in Neurosurgery, in this study (the largest study, by
population, done on LHONs ) Kirkman proved the correlation between tobacco and increased risk
for development of vision loss in LHONs type pedigrees. And while he also found a correlation
between alcohol abuse and vision loss he determined that his research was not extensive enough to
determine causation (Kirkman 2009). So while many believe that other environmental factors such
as malnourishment and alcohol abuse there is little proof that anything other than heavy cigarette
smoking can encourage LHONs and similar diseases. Kirches conducted a case study in which the
hereditary movement of LHONs was observed. In this study, it was found that LHONs can cause an
acute loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. According to this study "RGC loss occurs in
about 50% of male and only 10–15% of female mutation carriers" this shows evidence that men are
more effected by LHONs it also shows why women do not show symptoms of LHONs (Kirches
2011 n.pg). Showing the true causes of blindness presented with

Telescopes Are Those That Use Both Mirrors And Lenses
Catadioptric: Catadioptric telescopes are those that use both mirrors and lenses to produce an image.
The most common or popular type of catadioptric telescope is the Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope.
Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes (SCT) are a catadioptric design, meaning they use both lenses and
mirrors. SCTs are primarily reflecting telescopes, but they use a corrector lens to eliminate
aberrations that would result from the mirror design alone. In an SCT the incoming light passes
through the Schmidt corrector lens (also called a corrector plate) at the front of telescope. It is
reflected from a concave primary mirror at the back of the scope which focuses the light to the front
of the telescope where it is reflected again by a smaller, convex secondary mirror. Finally, the light
travels back through a hole in the primary mirror to the rear of the scope where an eyepiece is
located for visual observing. (Starizona.com, 2015) Below is a ray diagram of a Schmidt–
Cassegrain telescope: (A–levelphysicstutor.com, 2015) At first it seems that an SCT should have a
focal length twice as long as the length of the tube, since the light travels twice the length of the
tube. However, SCTs actually have focal lengths about 5 times longer than the tube length. This is
due to the convex curvature of the secondary mirror. This effectively magnifies the focal length,
making the scope act much longer than it is. The diagram below shows how a Cassegrain type
telescope (such as an SCT)

Fiber Optic Technology Essay
From the beginning, efficiency and speed in the telecommunications industry has advanced at a fast
pace owing to fiber optic technology. In 1979, AT&T filled the telecommunications industry with
revolutionary ideas by developing a mode for data transmission using a light, called fiber optic
cable. This mode produced a bandwidth of 44.736 Mbps and could multiplex 672 trunk circuits on
one fiber alone (Cole, M. 2000). However, this development was merely the start of a huge
extension to telecommunications, something that would transform the industry constantly.
Although AT&T brought in fiber optic technology in 1979, they weren't the first company to think
of such a creative idea. The conception of interchanging data by making use of light ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The laser was small in size than a grain of sand, but the application of fiber optics in telephony was
made possible. In 1987, an additional accomplishment in the fiber optics industry was fulfilled; this
accomplishment was the erbium–doped fiber amplifier, which admitted numerous channels of light
to coexist on a single circuit. This fiber amplifier rendered sufficient channels for single fiber cable
to manage 80 million telephone calls at the same time (Greatest Achievements, 2000).
Nowadays, fiber optic technology carries data by distributing light pulses along slim strands of
plastic or glass fiber by means of a laser or light emitting diode (LED). Strands of fiber are
comprised of three major components: the core, cladding, and buffer coating. The contained by part
of the fiber is called the core. A fiber's core is the pathway where the light passes through.
Encompassing the core is optical matter called cladding. Cladding recurrently reflects light pulses
stimulating the pulses to pass through easily by way of the fiber core. The buffer coating functions
as a covering for the cladding and the core by shielding it from external elements, for example,
moisture (Fotec, 1996).
The glass fibers that constitute the core of the fiber strands employed in contemporary fiber optic
systems are generally established on pure sand. Fiber created from regular glass utilized in windows
is polluted that impurities

Tutorial: Optics and Cm
PC1222 Fundamentals of Physics II Tutorial 8 1. Refraction of Light I. When a man stands near the
edge of an empty drainage ditch of depth 2.80 m, he can barely see the boundary between the
opposite wall and bottom of the ditch as shown. The distance from his eyes to the ground is 1.85 m.
(a) What is the horizontal distance d from the man to the edge of the drainage ditch? (b) After the
drainage ditch is ﬁlled with water as shown, what is the maximum distance x the man can stand
from the edge and still see the same boundary? [Ans: 1.65 cm] 2. Refraction of Light II. A light ray
enters a rectangular block of plastic at an angle θ1 = 45.0◦ and emerges at an angle θ2 = 76.0◦ as
shown. (a) Determine the index of refraction of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[Ans: 22.4 cm; 28.4 cm] PC1222: Fundamentals of Physics II Semester I, 2013/14 Tutorial 8 Page
3 of 3 6. Lens–Mirror System. A convex lens ( f = 20.0 cm) is placed 10.0 cm in front of a plane
mirror. A matchstick is placed 25.0 cm in front of the lens as shown. (a) If you look through the lens
toward the mirror, where will you see the image of the matchstick? (b) Is the image real or virtual?
Explain. (c)

The Technology of Light Detection and Ranging
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is considered an old technology, but also a new technology
at the same time. LiDAR has existed for close to 20 years. However the system has only been
available in industry for the past 10 years. This is due to the costs associated with having a
functioning system. There is many applications used by this technology. Some examples of this are
survey data, structural information, speed traps, and mainly survey and topographic data. LiDAR
has been around since the early 1950's. Once the development of accurate positioning systems took
place LiDAR became a viable option for mapping technology. This system measures distance by
targeting an area with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. This is precision mounted on the
underside of an aircraft, the sensor emits rapid pulses of ultraviolet or infrared light which in turn
measures said distances. In turn this system can target a wide range of materials. From terrain to
clouds and gasses. (Ranges are determined by computing the amount of time it takes the light to
leave the airplane, travel to the ground and return to the sensor. A sensing unit's precise position and
attitude, instantaneous mirror angle and the collected ranges are used to calculate 3–D positions of
terrain points. As many as 100,000 positions or "mass points" can be captured every second.)
Works Cited
BC–CARMS. (2006). LiDAR – Overview of Technology, Applications, Market Features & Industry.
Victoria, BC: BC–CARMS.

Optic Nerve Construction
There are many structures in the eye, some of which include; the retina, rods and cones, the macula,
the central fovea, the cranial nerve, the optic chiasm and the lateral geniculate nucleus. The retina is
a layer at the back of the eye containing cells that are sensitive to light, it triggers impulses through
the optic nerve. Rods and cones are specialized receptors which sense light and color. The macula is
an area about the diameter of a pencil head and is close to 100 times more sensitive to small visual
features than the rest of the retina. The central fovea is an area of the retina in the center of the
macula that has an extremely high resolution. The cranial nerve is responsible for nerve impulses
that travel along the optic nerve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bergman like the evolutionists, used other scientist's studies and claims to make his argument
sound. Bergman also included the counterargument, otherwise known as the evolutionists view of
the retina, which helps the reader see both sides of the story. Bergman's argument is valid because
even though the eye may be different from what evolutionists think the ideal eye would look like, it
still functions at the highest rate possible and can not be redesigned to make it faster or more
efficient then the original God given

Nimrud Lens Research Paper
710 BC
Nimrud lens
The Nimrud lens – a piece of rock crystal – may have been used as a magnifying glass or as a
burning–glass to start fires by concentrating sunlight.
1000 AD
Reading stone
The first vision aid, called a reading stone, is invented. It is a glass sphere placed on top of text,
which it magnifies to aid readability.
1021 AD
Book of Optics
Muslim scholar Ibn al–Haytham writes hisBook of Optics. It eventually transforms how light and
vision are understood.
1284 AD
First eye glasses
Salvino D'Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses.
1590 AD
Early microscope
Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans place multiple lenses in a tube. They observe that viewed
objects in front of

What Do You Need It For?
On a chilly morning, a Professor of Physics entered a university. Suddenly, a 10–year–old boy
emerged on his way to the entrance. " It 's a bit extraordinary to meet such a person at this time and
place ," he though to himself. He stopped and looked at the boy with curiosity.
"Hello, sorry to bother you Sir, but is it possible to get a chunk of dry ice here?" the boy asked.
The Professor stood still and looked bewildered. He asked, "Dry Ice?"
"Yes, you know, about – 80 degrees Celsius, solid carbon dioxide."
The Professor furrowed his eyebrows. "What do you need it for?"
"I 'm in 4th grade and I love science. I have good grades, but a friend of mine has poor grades in
science and I decided to help him. We want to prepare a lesson about ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The boy couldn 't believe his eyes – he was going to get a Dewar flask full of liquid nitrogen!
That is where by adventures with Physics began. I was the boy who asked for help. The day of my
presentation was one of the best days of my life, although it was one of the hardest, too. I had been
preparing everything for that day for about a week. I had had to persuade my teacher to allow us
(my friend and I) to give the lesson, find a place where I could find some dry ice and finally present
it in an interesting way. It was demanding, especially since I took the lead, but it gave me an
incredible amount of self–confidence and sparked my curiosity to further expand my knowledge.
Those simple LN2 experiments ignited a true fire in my heart, the need for exploring the unknown
and seeking answers to questions such as: "What would happen if...?" That fire is still within me.
Since that day, I have seen the world from a different angle. I started looking for new phenomena
and thinking of doing real research. I considered different career paths, but all of them led me back
to physics.
Finally, two years ago, I found my true love, Quantum Optics. It started so innocently... with nights
spent in a laboratory with just one optical table, a charming laser and a bouquet of lenses and
mirrors. My 'romance ' developed, as I kept developing more and more complicated setups. Then
one day I decided to take this big step... I started working on single photons. About a

Optic Essay
Fibre optic possibly the future of wires. Made to transfer light at impressive speeds allowing the
ever growing internet, faster. But it isn't only for the internet; it can be used as a light guide in
surgeries, wiring in aircraft for field networking.
What materials make up fibre optic cable, and why these?
Core – The inner piece of the cable with a high refractive index.
Cladding – The outer piece of the cable with a low refractive index.
Jacket – The outer protective layer usually made of polyurethane.
Buffer – It is another protective layer usually made. A tight buffer usually consists of polymer which
is coated in intimate contact with the primary coating applied during the manufacturing.
So we know the core needs a higher refractive index then the cladding but what is a refractive index
anyway? Well the refractive index of an optical medium (material which electromagnetic waves can
transmit through) is a number without association that outlines light/ radiation that spreads through
the medium. So n=c/v , n being the refractive index, c being the speed of light in the vacuum
(Space) and v is the speed of light in the material. E.g. the refractive index of olive oil is 1.47 so
light travels 1.33 times slower in olive oil then a vacuum. Light is contained inside the core by total
internal reflection; total internal reflection is when a transmitting wave hits a medium boundary at
an angle larger than the particular critical angle to the normal of the surface. This

Nt1310 Unit 1 Lab Report
FIGURE 1.7– A magnified view of a single lenslet shows a portion of an aberrated wavefront (red
curve) passing through. If the wavefront had been flat (aberration–free), it would have focused to a
point on the video sensor (CCD) on the lenslet's optic axis (yellow dot). Refractive errors distort the
wavefront out of a plane, so a wavefront portion (red curve) enters the lenslet curved and tilted. The
light will therefore be focused to another part (red dot). The dot will be shifted by an amount that is
in direct proportion to the wavefront tilt.
Figures 1.6 and 1.7 illustrate how the position of the dots can be used to compute the eye's
wavefront aberration. Figure 6 is a magnified view of a single lenslet shown in Fig. 3, with a portion

Current Modern Techniques Used Fibre Optic Systems
Contents Introduction 5 Literature review 5 History background 5 Application 6 Theory and Issues
7 Design and issues 7 Advantages 8 Disadvantages 8 Conclusion 9 References 9 Introduction
Communication has always been one of the essential needs of humanity. In the past 20 years,
communication systems have developed drastically in a small amount of time, as a result of the
creation of Internet, the use of communication systems has been enhanced, allowing our modern
technologies to function efficiently and fulfilling our needs as the industry grows. The industry is
constantly looking for methods to increase the quality, quantity and velocity in the transfer of data.
The following report will analyse the current modern techniques used in fibre–optic systems. Briefly
examine the origins and history of lightwave systems. Followed by discussing the main techniques
that are currently used within the design of fiber–optic, the main concerns regarding theoretical and
design issues. Carrying on to discuss the advantages, disadvantages, possible risks and the possible
solutions for those. To conclude on the future development of fibre–optic and how the mentioned
techniques can be used in other systems. Literature review History background The origins of the
use of light for communication purposes is very remote. In the past, mirrors, fire, smoke signals
were used to communicate between the surrounding habitants of an important event such as

Fiber Optic Communication Systems And Introduction

Fiber Optic Communication Systems and Introduction to SONET/SDH (December 2014) Pravalika
Nagulapally, (012600326)
Abstract– This paper explains about the Evolution of fiber optic networks in Communications. It
describes in detail about the Optics communication model and also detailed MATLAB work on
calculating the parameters that are required to setup a optical link. It also emphasizes on different
bands employed in Communication systems. The section three of the paper describes briefly
regarding Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).
The SONET networks topology and their hierarchy is also described in this paper. The data rates of
Sonet/Sdh and the optical market highlights are described at ... Show more content on
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Fiber optic communications systems are light wave systems that employ optical fibers for
information transmission.
Fig. BL vs Year
A commonly used figure of merit for communication systems is the bit rate distance product. (BL),
where B is the bit rate and L is the repeater spacing. Figure shows that the BL product has increased
with technical advances.
II. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Modern fiber–optic communication systems
generally include an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send
into the optical fiber, a cable containing bundles of multiple optical fibers that is routed through
underground conduits and buildings, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover
the signal as an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital information
generated by computers, telephone systems, and cable television companies.
Figure shows a generic block diagram of an optical communication system. It consists of a
transmitter, a communication channel and a receiver. Optical communication systems can be
classified into two broad categories.
Fig:Optical Communication System
Guided: Guided lightwave systems: The optical emitted by the light source remains confined.
Unguided: The optical beam emitted spreads out in space.
A.Transmitters:

The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light–emitting
diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes. The difference

Physics : Observational Astronomy : Fall 2015
PHYSICS 30123: Observational Astronomy – Fall 2015
LABORATORY 1: Jordan Adams
Collaborator: Corey Nix
PURPOSE: The aim of the investigation was to further our understanding of the physical laws that
govern our ability to receive and interpret information in the form of visible light. We have all had a
physics class that at least brushed the introduction of optics, but we can still further our
comprehension by experimenting with optics that have different characteristics. Does one axis truly
get inverted when viewing an object through a lens? How significant of an effect does human error
have in calculating reflection (if any)? How much does magnification blur an image viewed through
an optic? How much does the angle of light deflect from a change of medium?
PROCEDURE: First, the law of reflection was examined. The law was verified by observing the
reflected image of a place marker, marking where the reflection appeared to line up with another
place marker, and then subsequently drawing a line along the line of sight for the pins. The angle
was then measured and verified through equivalency, as if the law of reflection is true then the
interior and exterior angles of the setup, with a line normal to the mirror's plane drawn in the center.
Next, refraction was studied. This was accomplished by noting the placement of a prism, and then
putting down place markers. Then, while one looked through the prism, additional place markers we
put down that appeared to line up

Optical Optic Communications Link For Aircraft
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates a fiber optic communications link for aircraft that utilizes wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) to avionics environment to support multiple analog RF signals
transmission simultaneous over single optical fiber. This paper investigates the simultaneous
transmission of two RF signals over a single optical fiber. The transmission of FM and AM analog
modulated signals, and also FSK digital modulated signals, over a fiber optic link (FOL) employing
wavelength division multiplexing is determined. We present data from measurements of power loss,
total harmonic distortion (THD), signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), delay, carrier–to–noise ratio (CNR),
and bit error rate (BER).The results indicate that wavelength division multiplexing is a fiber optic
technology appropriate for avionics applications.
INTRODUCTION
During flight, aircraft avionics transmit and receive Radio Frequency signals from/to antennas over
coaxial links. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment corrupts proportionately, as the
density and complexity of onboard avionics increases, which prompts diminish in signal–to–noise
ratios (SNRs) and potential safety concerns. Existing coaxial cable–based systems cannot be
implemented for a network with simple, dependable, and lightweight which is free from the impacts
of electromagnetic interference and fit for supporting the broadband communications needs of
future installed computerized aeronautics systems. A

Fiber Optic Network For Overall Broadband Systems Essay
Abstract:
Fiber optic frameworks are essential telecom foundation for overall broadband systems. Wide
transmission capacity signal transmission with low postpone is a key prerequisite in present day
applications. Optical strands give tremendous and amazing transmission data transfer capacity with
immaterial inactivity, and are presently the transmission medium of decision for long separation and
high information rate transmission in telecom systems. This paper gives an outline of fiber optic
correspondence frameworks including their key innovations, furthermore talks about their
innovative pattern towards the following generation. Index Terms Bandwidth, Broadband, Fiber
optics, Latency, Telecommunication. Introduction:
The significant main force behind the far reaching utilization of fiber optics communication is the
high and quickly expanding customer and business interest for more telecom limit and web
administrations, with fiber optic innovation equipped for giving the obliged data limit (bigger than
both remote associations and copper link). Advances in technology have empowered more
information to be passed on through a solitary optical fiber over long separations. The transmission
limit in optical communication systems are fundamentally enhanced utilizing wavelength division
multiplexing.
An alluring highlight for future optical systems is the capacity to process data totally in the optical
area with the end goal of intensification, multiplexing, de–multiplexing,

Part A shows how limited the range of the Spectronic 20...
Part A shows how limited the range of the Spectronic 20 spectrometer is. It did not measure
transmittances below 400 nm or above 575 nm. This means the light source emitted those
wavelengths of light so weakly they were not detected by the instrument. Figure 3 plots the relative
overall response of the Spectronic 20, the relative response of a phototube, and the relative lamp
intensities as a function of wavelength. The Spectronic 20 response curve shows a maximum
relative response at 512 nm with a transmittance of 88.3%. The phototube response curve shows a
maximum relative response at 400 nm with a transmittance of 100%. This means the light source
used in Part A emitted green light stronger than any other wavelengths and the phototube ... Show
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The Ocean Optics does not have this ability and fluctuations that deviate from the accepted value
are observed as shown by its residuals plot. The r2 value (see table 12 in Appendix A and table 13 in
Appendix B) shows that the data are more linear for the Cary 60 instrument (r2 = 1.00) than for the
Ocean Optics instrument (r2 = 0.994). The absorbances for the Cary 60 were more accurate than the
absorbances for the Ocean Optics when compared against accepted absorbance values (Appendix C)
for the absorbance accuracy and linearity portion of the experiment (tables 2 and 3). These
differences can be attributed to stray light and background corrections. Because the Ocean Optics
sample holder is exposed to outside light, it is more prone to scattered light error, which inflates the
absorbance expected. The Cary 60 does not suffer from this issue because it is in a dark
environment. Also, as previously discussed, the Cary 60 corrects for background whereas the Ocean
Optics instrument does not. The calculated percent stray light for the Cary 60 and Ocean Optics
measurements were 0.09% and 5.26%, respectively. The reason why these values were so different
is explained by the environment in which the measurements were taken. The Cary 60 analyzed

Advantages Of Fiber Optic Biosensors
PH4604 Topics in Applied Physics:
Bioimaging and Sensing
Chin Zong Yang
U1340544E
Fiber Optic Biosensors
Abstract:
This paper studies the clinical use of fiber optic biosensors, its advantages over traditional means of
detection and limitations of this new technology. An in–depth study of its history, how the
technology works, and comparisons with older methods of bio–sensing will also be made.
Introduction:
A biosensor is a device or method that allows a certain specific biological material to be detected.
Common forms of detection are Fluorescence techniques, Raman Scattering, Plasmon Resonance,
Near–infrared Spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These detection methods each
have distinct advantages and disadvantages, and can adapt to a variety of different applications for
different situations. However, traditional methods of biosensing usually requires the molecule to be
labeled with an analyte, which must be chemically bound the molecule that is to be detected,
making such methods slow, cumbersome and sometimes even toxic to the body. ... Show more
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Besides being used in biosensing, fiber optics has been used in various telecommunication and
high–speed networks around the world, replacing or supplementing traditional copper wires. This is
due to the rapid advancement of relatively new technologies from fiber optics: the laser and the low
cost of fiber optics production. Fiber optic biosensors also have excellent light permeability, easy
and cheap to manufacture, able to illuminate the target with light and also able to transmit the light
that is emitted by the target after

Fiber Optic Communication
Final Assignment: Fibre Optic Communication Glossary: Introduction What is fibre optics and fibre
optic communication Brief introduction to fibre optics and fibre optic communication History
Beginnings of Fibre optics and Fibre optic communication Development of fibre optic
communication through the years Present Current state of fibre optic communication Current uses
of fibre optic communication Advantages and disadvantage using fibre optic communications
Comparisons with other forms of communication (copper wiring) Future Future uses and
technology updates and development of Fibre Optic communication State of fibre optic
communication in the future Introduction: Having the diameter of a human hair, Fibre Optics are
thin and long strands of glass that have revolutionized the field of telecommunications and have had
a huge part to play in the arrival of the Digital Age. Fibre Optics are transparent, flexible strands of
fibre made from quality glass like silica or plastic mainly to transmit light from one end of its fibre
to another. The structure of the fibre optic consists of three main parts: The core : The centre glass of
the fibre from where the light would travel The Cladding: The material around the core (centre
glass) which reflects all the light back into the core Buffer Coating: A layer of coating which
prevents any damage occurring to the glass This light transmitting function of the fibre optic is used
in Fibre

Microscopy Is A Practical Field For Using Microscope
Microscopy is a practical field for using microscopes to view object that cannot being seen with the
naked eye or object that contained by the resolution range of the normal eye.
There are two fundamentally different types of microscope.
1. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE:– Consist of electromagnetic lenses to focus a beam of light .
– Having magnification power up to 200000.
LIGHT MICROSCOPE:– consist of a single or a series of glass lenses to focus light in order to
form an image. – Having maximum ability of magnification is 1500.
The simplest form of microscope consists of a single glass lense mounted in a metal frame called
magnifying glass. More advanced light Microscope is constant of more than one lense system is
known as COMPOUND MICROSCOPE.
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
The modern light microscopes is made up of more than one glass lense in combination. When an
object is placed at the focus of convex lense , its magnified, inverted and real image is obtained.
PARTS OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:– It consist of different parts which is as follows–
Head
Base
IMAGE OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE WITH ALL PARTS
1. LENSE SYSTEMS:– The compound microscope consist of three lense system.
a).Eye piece/oculars:– it occurs at the top of microscope and used

Optic Flow
I have driven professionally for about a million miles between trucks and taxi's so my examples
tend towards what I know. The second part of the optic flow sensation or phenomenon is how a
mountain appears still when it is fifty miles away and I can recall being influenced by this many
times. I might have decided to stop for the day when driving the truck, and could go further, because
of seeing this over and over. Going further means more money for a trucker. This explains a lot
when I think of how tiring driving through mountainous regions is over driving other places. Sure,
driving up and down is more exhaustive because it requires more attention, but now it seems optic
flow could have played a part because the mountain would not get with ... Show more content on
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They could hit something that has no apparent motion trying to stay away from a faster apparent
motion. The apparent part is fascinating because the thing they wanted to avoid might not be
moving, other than earth rotation, at all. How I can see this could have serious consequences for me
is an eye opener. My very first day out in the big truck I ran over a traffic light on the curb,
destroyed it, the trailer axle and tires, and my spirit. I figured my driving career was over before it
started, but the company must have known about the dangers of optic flow because I got a scolding,
a write–up, and sent back out. The reasoning used in the scolding, besides my own fear of not being
able to drive again even if they said I could, is that someone could have been standing there and I
would have run them over. Being run over by a potentially 80,000–pound vehicle would not be
good. I know now that the curb was optically moving and I did not match my optic flow properly,
but at the time I thought I was just not smart enough to be able to drive a big truck, understandably.
Looking at optic flow I can imagine many other times it has created issues moving around in society
and nature so this subject really caught my

Detection Of Optic Disc Location
Automatic Detection of optic disc location in Color Fundus Retinal Images Using Circle Operator
Abstract–In this work a method is proposed to detect optic disk (OD) automatically in color retinal
fundus image without using background mask and blood vessels. Based on the properties of OD, an
idea of circle operator is presented here. This method has been applied on six public databases and
the promising results are obtained. The experimental results indicate that this proposed method of
automatic OD detection has good accuracy and is also time efficient.
In modern ophthalmology, detection of optic disk is a very important step for retinal image analysis.
It is one of the main feature of extracting the anatomical structure of the retina as illustrated in Fig.
1(a). Optic disk can be defined as the circular brighter region in retinal fundus image where blood
vessels converge and optic nerve is formed. OD detection is very indispensable for the computer
aided diagnosis of different eye diseases such as glaucoma detection and diabetic retinopathy [1].
Fig. 1(b) represents the fundus image with retinal lesion.
Many optic disc detection methods have been proposed ear–lier. In [4]–[6], image brightness based
methods are proposed. In these methods it is expected that the OD usually resembles according to
the brightest pixels within fundus images. In [7] and [8], image variation based methods are
proposed based on the statement that the OD has a high image variation due to the

Fiber Optics
Fiber optics is a cable that is quickly replacing out–dated copper wires. Fiber optics is based on a
concept known as total internal reflection. It can transmit video, sound, or data in either analog or
digital form . Compared to copper wires it can transmit thousands of times more data (slide 2) .
Some of its general uses are telecommunications, computing, and medicine. The very first
"fiber" was made in 1870 by the British physicist John Tyndal. In this experiment that he showed to
the Royal Society he placed a powerful waterproof lamp inside a tank of water, which had closed
pipes coming out the sides. When he opened up the pipes so water could flow, to the amazement of
the crowd, the light totally internally reflected inside ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you want a short–range network without monstrous bandwidth needs, you can save money and
get the multimode. On the other hand, if you want a large network with a large bandwidth, you will
need to fork out the money for the singlemode. Fiber optic cable is constructed with an
industry standard with respect to that the cladding on all cable, whether single or multimode, must
be 125 mm. (slide 8) This is done so the same tools can be used for both types of cables. Fiber
cables are also bunched, much like their copper counterparts are. Individual cables are called
simplex, double cables are called duplex, and four cables wrapped together are quadplex. Wires
with more than four cables are also available. Some of the possible ones are groups of twelve,
thirty–six, and forty–eight. Another important aspect of fiber optics is attenuation, which
is decrease in power from one point to another. (Slide 9) Attenuation is measured in dB/km and a
3.0 dB/km loss corresponds to about a 50% loss in 1 km. One of the major advantages of fiber over
copper is lower attenuation. Copper wires need repeaters about every three miles, but fiber can go
without a repeater for sixty miles. There are two types of attenuation: intrinsic and
extrinsic. One of the two types of intrinsic attenuation is scattering, which makes up about 96% of
the intrinsic. This is caused by Rayleigh scattering in which light rays collide with atoms in the
cable and

E & C Department, Indian Institute Of Technology Roorkee
Metamaterial Cloaking
Soumay Gupta1 and Tanvi Sharma1
14116067 14116070
1 E&C Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Abstract
Metamaterials have been a subject of increasing interest due to their ability to manipulate the flow
of EM waves. We analyse the mechanism by which metamaterials are able to exhibit this property
which is exploited to develop the Harry Potter–esque invisibility cloaks. We briefly discuss the
whole new branch of optics called "Transformation Optics" developed for this purpose, and
comment on the extent to which these materials can cloak.
Introduction
Metamaterials are artificially designed materials which have properties that cannot be found in
natural materials.[1] They were first theoretically proposed by Veselago in 1968 as materials having
negative permeability and permittivity. This is why these are also known as Left Handed Materials
(LHM) or Negative Refractive Index materials (NIM). The first discovery in this domain was done
by Sir Pendry et al in 1996, who discovered a wire medium with negative permittivity. This was
followed by other significant discoveries like negative permeability by Pendry in 1999 and LHM by
Sir Smith in 2001.
Metamaterial structures can either be periodic (homogenous) or non–periodic (inhomogenous).
Their properties depend on the construction and arrangement of their constituents. These con–
stituents are usually smaller

Network Networks : Fiber Optic Networks
Just like most other types of technology, cabling and communication are advancing faster than ever
before. One of the most promising advances in this area is fiber optic cabling. Fiber optic refers to
the technology and the medium associated with the transfer of information as light impulses along a
plastic or glass fiber. With the demand for faster communication and network speeds fiber optic is
quickly becoming the leading choice in most developed countries. Fiber optic wire is capable of
carrying much more information than a conventional copper wire can and electromagnetic
interference is much less of an issue with fiber. One single glass fiber can carry the equivalent of
one–hundred television channels or one hundred thousand phone ... Show more content on
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The people who thought that audio, video, and other forms of data could be transmitted by light
through cables, were scientists that came much later. Modern day Fiber optics was developed by
Bell labs and Corning in the late 1960s. The glass fibers used in more modern day fiber–optic
systems are based on ultrapure fused silica. Fiber that is made from ordinary glass is so dirty that
impurities reduce signal intensity by a factor of one million in only about 16 ft of fiber cable. These
impurities need to be removed before useful long–haul fibers can be made. Most of these advances
occurred in the late 20th century and by 1977 glass–purifying and other fiber–optic manufacturing
techniques had also come a very long way. But even perfect and pure glass is not completely
transparent. It weakens light in two different ways. One, which occurs at shorter distances is a
scattering caused by unavoidable density changes throughout the fiber. In other words, when the
light changes mediums, the resulting change in density causes interference. The other is a longer
wavelength absorption by atomic vibrations. Even with these two small disadvantages, fiber Fiber–
optic technology has been taken advantage of in many areas. Many intercity routes were in
operation by 1985, and a handful of transoceanic routes had been set up by 1990. In the mid–90 's,
worldwide connections were possible through the Internet. Fiber optics have very quickly become
the

Perspectivist Optics
In the article "Getting the Big picture in Perspectivist Optics", by Mark A. Smith, he purposes the
argument of how we come to understand and categorize objects. He does this in an elongated
analogy of sight and cognition. He suggests that the perspectivists was about the origins of sight,
and how we understand objects. Due to this, perspectiva should been understood in a scientific view,
not just our visual perception, but rather visual cognition. To help understand his view of how we
understand objects, he uses Aristotle's theory, the perspectivists' point of view, and the human eye
and how it perceives objects to the brain. Each of these served as a stepping stone to one another,
and helped us further our understanding of how we can see, ... Show more content on
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This perspectivist ideas in known as the "account of radiation." The two flaws that they saw
pertained to light and his holistic view. They first pointed out that light is, in fact, visible. Tweaking
Aristotle's view, they gave the role of light more significance and power. They said not only does
light let the eye see the object in view, but it also gives sight to us in general. Light lets us see the
color of the objects around us and not only that, the source of the light is radial. They believe that
light isnt free floating, but rather it has specific points, where it illuminates from. From this point, it
has a radius and everything in its radius is exposed. To make Aristotle right they said because the
light lets us see the colors and things around us it makes it "act" invisible, even though it really is a
visible factor. In addition to this, the view that light comes from a point, proved Aristotle's holistic
view wrong. This is because light lets us instantly see and understand what we are seeing. There is
no form to understand. The object seen is just an object, and that object can be understood by
looking at it and observing it, due to the

Sof Optics
Sof–Optics, Inc. 1. See attached slide on final page 2. There are a number of problems facing Sof–
Optics (detailed below). The most severe problems are in the CSR department: a. Major problems: i.
Going forward, Sof–Optics will be under pressure to lower prices since B&L (the industry leader)
just slashed prices by 25%. This is especially troubling, given the point that follows... ii. Loss of
customers (and sales) due to long customer service wait times or lack of phone lines available (i.e.,
getting a busy signal). Given that this is a high fixed cost industry, volume is especially important so
that Sof–Optics can remain competitive on price and cover their high fixed costs of production. iii.
The company had higher than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part–time employees would be preferred (to work in the middle of the day). iii. Improve lunch
scheduling: Shift lunch breaks around to better match high volume periods with capacity –
especially from 1–1:30 when there are several breaks overlapping. d. Other customer experience
ideas i. Play music or news while customers are waiting on the phone 4. a. Capacity of CSR = 27.6
calls per hour Note: We calculated theoretical capacity using hours worked and estimated length and
mix of calls from Exhibit 3. This calculation assumes that any time between calls is negligible. The
27,000 seconds available per rep per day is based on 9 hours of work minus one hour for lunch and
two 15 minute paid breaks. We have excluded the 10 min break that reps tend to take in the morning
due to high stress, because we assume that could potentially go away in the future if the center is
running optimally. The calls per hour capacity is calculated by dividing the number of average
seconds available per hour by the weighted average length of a call. Standard Custom % of calls
60% 15% Seconds per call 85.0 120.0 Weighted seconds 51.0 18.0 Call types Status New Acct 15%
5% 220.0 450.0 33.0 22.5 Lens 3% 125.0 3.8 Misc 2% 120.0 2.4 Weighted avg. length of call 130.7
Seconds available per day Calls per day Calls

Principles Of Photonics And Optical Engineering
University of Texas at Arlington
EE5380: Principles of Photonics & Optical Engineering
EXTRA CREDIT
Supriya Kavilkar
100 109 5019
15 August 2015 Absorption coefficient
The absorption coefficient decides how far into a material, the light of a particular wavelength can
penetrate before it is absorbed.
The photons that have an energy above the band gap, depends on the wavelength and its absorption
coefficient is not constant. The likelihood of retaining a photon relies on upon the probability of
having a photon and an electron connect so as to move starting with one energy band then onto the
next. The absorption is relatively low for photons with energy very close to that of the band gap, as
only those electrons directly at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because dn/dω and dε'/dω have the same sign, the index of refraction decreases with frequency in a
spectral region of anomalous dispersion. Anomalous dispersion can be observed experimentally if
the substance is not too opaque at the resonance frequency. E.g. certain dyes have absorption bands
in the visible region of the spectrum and exhibit anomalous dispersion in the region of these bands.
Prisms doped with these dyes produce a spectrum that is reversed, i.e. the longer wavelengths are
refracted more than the shorter wavelengths. Aperture
A device that controls the amount of light admitted through an opening. In photography and digital
photography, aperture is the unit of measurement that defines the size of the opening in the lens that
can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or digital sensor. The size of the
aperture is measured in F–stop. Aspherical
Aspherical lenses are lenses with complex curved surfaces, such as where the radius of curvature
changes according to distance from the optical axis. It offers excellent aberration correction
performance, which provides superior resolution, even with compact optics composed of a small
number of elements.
Astigmatism
In a system with astigmatism, the power of the optical system

My Journey Into The Field Essay
I am Qingjun Wang, currently a senior at Hunan University, majoring in Electronic Engineering.
Began my journey into the field by studying in Physics and Microelectronics department of Hunan
University, where physics ranks in the top 1% of ESI global discipline. Studying on this topic,
which I am very much interested in, led me to excel in my program, earning me a GPA of 90.3 on a
100–point scale, which ranked me as the top student out of the 112 who are in my program. My life
over the last three years have revolved around attending lectures and making projects, I know that
this has aided me in gaining solid knowledge and proficient research skills. During my freshman
year at university, I implemented a system based on C programming language of student cards,
which is was suitable for consumption and helped the system with complete functions. During this
time, I was very new to the world of physics and did not have relevant experience and because of
this inexperience, I found that the most complex and challenging part of the project was
coordinating all the C++ Source Files and making sure that they work together as a Win32 Console
Application. To try to resolve these hurdles, I bombarded myself with books and articles that guided
me through the process of building my desired application, spending 8 days studying in the library
during the summer semester to ensure that I build the best one possible. Although it was very
challenging, I pushed myself to start by programming

Optics In The Tuxedo
Common wisdom tells us that if something looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and talks like a
duck, then most likely, it is a duck. We all know, however, that this is not always true.
The idea of optics is captured perfectly in a scene from the movie "The Tuxedo." Jackie Chan is
working for a millionaire and in the scene the millionaire turns to Jackie and says, "It's 90% the
suit."
What he is referring to is the optics of a situation–what perception the picture creates.
In Australian politics, the Federal Treasurer, Mr. Joe Hockey, was photographed smoking a cigar at
the time when he was bringing down a tough budget in parliament. The imagery was all wrong and
the press had a field day depicting Mr. Hockey as a fat cat, smoking cigars while the common man
battled. The depiction was completely unfair and most people knew it, but it was an association Mr.
Hockey was never able to fully shake.
Optics is the non–verbal, subliminal messaging that surrounds the actual message. When it comes to
stakeholder management, optics is central to everything. It is the backbone to effective
communications.
Optics are why politicians kiss a baby whenever there is a camera ... Show more content on
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This can include everything from how a person dresses to how long they took to prepare a
presentation. Consider a manager going out to a factory to address the staff. If they wear a suit and
cuff links, the factory staff will find it difficult to see past the suit and hear the message. All they
will see is a stuffed shirt coming from head office to give them news they assume they don't want to
hear.
Equally, if the manager arrived wearing factory uniform, the staff would question who the manager
was trying to impress. They might reject the approach, and say, "You are not one of us." Once again,
the message would be

A Brief Look at Quantum Optics
Quantum optics tells us that left (l)– and right (r)–circularly polarized (CP) photon conveys
"integer" spin angular momentum, +ℏ and –ℏ, respectively, although photon is massless elemental
particle. The nature of "integer" spin obeying Bose–Einstein statics makes plural spins confine in an
ultrasmall temporalspace with the same quantum state, meanwhile, "half integer" spin like electron
denies to share the same quantum state in a molecular space, well–known as Pauli exclusion
principle. Intense CP–photon acts as an energy source that preferentially generate optically active
substance from prochiral substances and/or to preferentially decompose one enantiomer from
racemic mixtures. On the other hand, weak CP–photon is used as a probe to detect substance
chirality in the ground and photoexcited states, known as circular dichroism (CD), optical rotation
dispersion (ORD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy.1 Knowledge and
understanding an efficient generation and reversibility of optically active substances from achiral
precursors in the absence of chiral chemical influence has long been a challenging subject among
chemists and scientists. This approach called absolute asymmetric synthesis (AAS) is beneficial to
avoid multiple–step synthesis that often require designed catalysts and specific chiral chemical
sources with high ee.2 So far, several AASs have been employed, including spontaneous symmetry
breaking crystallization, vortex stirring,3f–3h

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Glass Fiber Optics
1. What are sheathed fibers?
Answer–
The optics that have an external cladding whether opaque or transparent in order to afford a
mechanical protection to the optics.
2. Why do some fibers change the colour of the light?
Answer–
In fact, all fibers change the color of the light in one way or another. Due to the physical
characteristics of the conductor some frequencies travel with less impediment than others and it is
impossible to produce a fiber that would have the same attenuation on the whole of the visible
spectrum. To expect a light conductor to transport millions of different wavelengths along with
exactly the same attenuation in every one would be quite unreasonable.
Some fibers absorb a little more blue than red and less green than yellow and others just the
opposite. Consequently, the hue and tone of the light varies from meter to meter, in some cases very
apparently. This phenomenon is referred to as selective spectral absorption.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of glass fiber optics?
Answer–
Advantages
Glass fiber optics are very resilient and ideally suited for working in places where the actual
conductor will be subject to extreme temperatures or/and radiation, ... Show more content on
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Cost is another factor; polymer fibers have a lower cost per optical area unit than glass, in part due
to the easier manufacturing process. High quality PMMA systems rely on a fusion process to
construct the common end, hence dispensing with the use of epoxy potting compounds. In all
instances where the use of many fibers or light points is prescribed polymer systems are a much
better option. Another point to bear in mind is the weight factor: glass fibers are heavier than
polymer, a fact that may be critical in some applications, such as automotive and aircraft

Essay Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics
What are Fiber Optics?
Fiber optics are thin transparent fibers of glass or plastic enclosed by a material of a lower index of
refraction and that transmit light throughout their length by internal reflections. Real fiber optic
cables are made out of very pure glass, glass so pure that if it were miles thick, light would still be
able to pass through. The fiber optic strand, although thin in diameter, is stretched to miles in length.
Therefore only the purest of glass would be efficient and useful for sending light signals. The glass
of these fiber optic cables is drawn into a very thin strand (as thin as human hair), then it is coated in
two layers of plastic. By coating the glass in plastic (this is called the ... Show more content on
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Single Mode cable is a single strand of glass fiber, while multimode cable is made of multiple
strands of glass fibers. Each fiber in multimode cable is capable of carrying a different signal
independent from those on the other fibers in the cable bundle.
Light pulses beam into the fiber's core with an LED (light–emitting diode), or laser and these signals
are sent over miles and miles. However, the signal over time will begin to weaken. In order o
maintain the signal over great distances, there are repeater stations at about every 40 to 60 miles that
retransmit these light signalsto ensure the signal reaches its destination.
Because light is being used, large amounts of data can be sent at an extremely rapid speed(at the
speed of light). Modern day fiber systems can transmit billions of bits per second with a single laser.
This can be achieved by the the laser can turn on and off billions of times per second, which would
allow for such a high transmission rate. In addition to high rate of transmission, the newest systems
increase the number of signals that can be transmitted into each fiber by utiliizing multiple lasers
with different colors. The increased data–carrying ability and cost–savings potential that fiber optics
possesses over copper wire cable has already changed the communications and holds many
promises for the future of information technology.
Milestones in Fiber

The Future Of Fiber Optics

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