At this stage no one knows very clearly which path the Automobile will take in its attempt to protect the environment - all options are explained in this presentation.

1. Honda FCX Clarity BMW 7
GREEN
Chevrolet Volt
Honda Insight
&
FRUGAL
Tesla Roadster Feedback – spkingsley@live.in Toyota Prius

2. WHY ?
Energy Security
Global Warming

3. Energy Security
gy y
• Reliance on Fossil fuels
• Not expected to last for ever
•–
• Import from Politically unstable areas
•– OPEC, Middle East, Russia, Venezuela
• Increased future demand from developing countries
•– Brazil, Russia, India, China

4. Oil Supply Scenario
“Not expected to last forever”
1 Trillion barrels of oil consumed till now
• World has consumed 1 trillion barrels of oil - i.e 50% of known, conventional reserves
• 25 % of this is consumed in last 10 years
• Might last up to 2050 - 2100

5. Conflict…
“Politically unstable countries”
“Developing economies”
World Oil Reserves World Oil Consumption
Saudi Arabia 19.9% USA 25.1%
Canada 13.6%* Europe 18.9%
Iran
I 10.3%
10 3% China#
Chi # 8.6%
8 6%
Iraq 8.7% Japan 6.5%
Kuwait 7.7% Russia # 3.7%
UAE 7.4% India # 3.0%
Venezuela 6.5% Canada 2.6%
Russia 4.6% Brazil # 2.5%
Libya 3.2% Saudi Arabia 2.4%
Nigeria 2.7%
2 7% Mexico 2.4%
USA 1.7% Iran 1.9%
China 1.2% Kuwait 0.4%
Europe 1.1% Nigeria 0.4%
Mexico 0.9%
0 9% Libya 0.3%
Source – Energy information administration, International energy outlook 2007

6. Unconventional Reserves
Source – International Energy Agency, Resource to Reserves, Paris, France OECD/IEA, 2005

7. Unconventional Energy
CARBON NON CARBON
NON-CARBON
Methanol Hydrogen
Ethanol C l
•Coal
•Water
•Cane ethanol – Brazil • Natural Gas
•Corn ethanol - US
Electricity
Natural Gas
•Hydrogen
Bio – Fuel •Coal
•Petroleum
•Wind
•Cellulosic
•Solar
•Bio-diesel
•Gravity
y
•Nuclear
Challenges –
Threats –
•Cost of oil
•Distribution
•Competition with food
•Storage (electricity)
• Storage (Carbon)

8. Global Warming
Rise in the average temperature of the earth
Effects
• Melting of ice
• Rise in sea levels
• Climate changes (Dry & wet)
Reasons
• Greenhouse effect
• Increase in concentration of green-house gases –
Carbon dioxide (presently 380 ppm)
Methane
Water
W t vapour
Nitrous oxide

9. How to BE GREEN & FRUGAL
Reduce Carbon Fuel consumption
Use of alternative energy (non-carbon)

10. CARBON CYCLE
Reduce/Stop
Carbon
Emission
Carbon Credits
Fuel Economy norms
Alternate Fuel
Alternate Fuel
Remove
Carbon from
Atmosphere
p

11. How to stop/reduce carbon emission
How to stop/reduce carbon emission
Reduce Fuel consumption
Reduce /stop emission of CO2
Use non‐carbon energy
GREEN & FRUGAL CARS

12. ENERGY DISTRIBUTION – TYPICAL IC ENGINE AUTOMOBILE
TANK to WHEEL EFFICIENCY
WELL to WHEEL EFFICIENCY

13. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS
CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS
(IC ENGINES)
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
FUSION OF
MILD HYBRID CARS Atkinson cycle IC ENGINE &
Atki l IC ENGINE &
ELECTRIC MOTOR
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS ELECTRIC MOTOR
PLUG-IN HYBRID FUSION OF
y
Hybrid & ELECTRIC

14. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
MILD HYBRID CARS
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
PLUG-IN HYBRID

15. ALTERNATE FUELS On IC ENGINES
Ethanol is produced from corn/Sugarcane and other crops.
Produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
g g
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually
produces less air pollutants than petroleum‐based diesel – B100,
B5, B10..
B5 B10
Natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants
and greenhouse gases.
Propane (LPG), also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a
abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and
g ee ouse
greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels (such as coal, Natural
gas), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower.
Electricity can be produced from fossil fuels (such as coal, Natural
gas), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower.

16. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
MILD HYBRID CARS
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
PLUG-IN HYBRID

17. “micro” Hybrid
Stage 1 – Stop engine at idle (0 … 5 Sec)
Restart when pressing clutch or accelerator
Stage 2 – Integrated Starter-Generator (ISG)
Regenerative braking
Stop engine at idle (0 … 5 Sec)
Restart when pressing clutch or accelerator

18. “micro” Hybrid
Stage 2
IC Engine
(Gas/Diesel)
E FUEL TANK
ISG
Battery
B
Integrated Starter-Generator

19. “micro” Hybrid
Operating phases
Stage 2
•Normal IC Engine
•Integrated starter‐Generator
•Engine drives wheel /Charges battery
•Stops in idle/Restarts
•Stops in idle/Restarts
Stage 3
• Stage 2 +
•Regenerative braking

20. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
MILD HYBRID CARS
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
PLUG-IN HYBRID

21. “mild” hybrid
IC Engine
(Gas/Diesel) Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
E FUEL TANK
ISG B
Integrated Starter-Generator
Honda Insight
g

22. “mild” hybrid
Operating phases
Starting/Moving from rest
IC engine supplies power to wheels
as well as charges battery
Cruising
IC engine supplies power to wheels
as well as charges battery

23. “mild” hybrid
Operating phases
Overtaking/Accelerating
IC engine as well as Battery/Motor
supplies power to wheels.
“MOTOR ASSIST”
Braking
Braking energy is recovered,
converted to current and charges
the battery.
“REGENERATIVE BRAKING”

24. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
MILD HYBRID CARS
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
PLUG-IN HYBRID

25. “full” hybrid
IC Engine
(Gas/Diesel) Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
Generator
E FUEL TANK
G B
M
Power
Splitter
DC Motor
Toyota Prius

26. “full” hybrid
Operating phases
Starting/Moving from rest
Electric Motor supplies power to
wheels.
Low speed/City
Electric Motor supplies power to
wheels.

27. “full” hybrid
Operating phases
Cruising/Highway
IC Engine supplies power to wheels
as well as charges the battery.
Overtaking/Accelerating
In addition to engine power, power
is drawn from battery through the
motor.

28. “full” hybrid
Operating phases
Braking
Kinetic energy of braking is
recovered and di t d t charge
d d directed to h
the battery.

29. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
MILD HYBRID CARS
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
•Plug‐in Electric
•Fuel cell Electric
•Extended Range Electric
PLUG-IN HYBRID

30. Electric CAR
“Plug-in electric”
MOTOR
Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
M B
EXTERNAL
CHARGING

31. Some well known Plug-in Electric cars…..
Tesla Roadster
Reva
Mitsubishi
Mi bi hi iMiEV
Nissan Leaf
Fisker Karma

32. Electric CAR
FC – EV - Fuel cell electric Vehicle
HYDROGEN
MOTOR Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
H2 TANK
M H2 FUEL CELL B
Honda FCX Clarity

33. Electric CAR
FC – EV - Fuel cell electric Vehicle
METHANOL
MOTOR Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
METHANOL TANK
M REFORMER H2 FUEL CELL B

35. ANODE
FUEL CELL PRINCIPLE H2 H2+ + e-
PEM
CATHODE
H2+ + e- + O2 H2O
ON-BOARD REFORMER

36. Some well known Fuel cell Electric cars…..
Chevrolet Equinox – 43/48 mpkg
Honda FCX Clarity – 77/67 mpkg
Toyota FCHV

37. Electric CAR
ER- EV– Extended range electric vehicle
MOTOR IC ENGINE
Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
FUEL TANK
G
E
M B
Chevrolet Volt
EXTERNAL
CHARGING

38. PATH to GREEN & FRUGAL
FLEX-FUEL CARS
ALTERNATE FUEL CARS
MICRO-HYBRID CARS
MILD HYBRID CARS
FULL HYBRID CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
PLUG-IN HYBRID

39. Plug-in hybrid
IC Engine
(Gas/Diesel) Battery
(NiMH/Li-ion)
Generator
E FUEL TANK
G B
M
Power
Splitter
DC Motor
External
Charging

40. Plug-in hybrid
Operating phases
Starting/Moving from rest
Electric Motor supplies power to
wheels.
Low speed/City
Electric Motor supplies power to
wheels.

41. Plug-in hybrid
Operating phases
Cruising/Highway
IC Engine supplies power to wheels
as well as charges the battery.
Overtaking/Accelerating
In addition to engine power, power
is drawn from battery through the
motor.

42. Plug-in hybrid
Operating phases
Braking
Kinetic energy of braking is
recovered and di t d t charge
d d directed to h
the battery.
External Charging
The battery can b
Th b tt be externally
t ll
charged, overnight.

43. Honda FCX Clarity BMW 7
ELECTRIC – FUEL CELL
THE HYDROGEN – IC ENGINE
GREEN & FRUGAL Chevrolet Volt
Honda Insight
ELECTRIC – ER-EV
HYBRID - MILD
ELECTRIC
CAR HYBRID - FULL
Tesla Roadster Toyota Prius

44. the Past that was …….
Ferdinand Porsche (1875 – 1951)
Earliest Hybrid …
li b id
1901 – Mixtie
Lohner-Porsche Electromobile
1912 – Detroit Electric 1913 – Thomas Edison
Earliest Electrics …

45. Thank You
….meet you in the future

46. B
….mini power plants feeding in to a SMART GRID