The evolution of english
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The document summarizes changes that occurred to the English language between the 11th and 15th centuries, known as Middle English. During this period, Old English words were replaced by many French words. The language became grammatically simpler by losing some verb and noun endings. New tenses like future and perfect were introduced using words like "shall", "will", and "have". Between 1100-1500, around 1000 French words entered English across domains like home, science, arts, and law. Latin influence also introduced thousands of words from areas like law, medicine, science, and Christianity. Important works from this era include Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and William Langland's Piers Plowman.
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Latin has had a significant influence on the English language, providing many loan words. English began borrowing Latin words during Britain's contact with the Roman civilization, incorporating terms related to agriculture and war. When Christianity came to Britain in 597 AD, more Latin words were borrowed to describe new religious concepts. The translation of the Vulgate Bible in the Middle Ages introduced words like "generation" and "persecution". During the Renaissance, Latin words flooded English texts. Today, Latin continues to be a source of technical and scientific terms in fields like medicine. While Latin loan words expanded the English vocabulary by filling gaps, some argue that excessive use of Latin stunted the growth of native English words.
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The document summarizes changes that occurred to the English language between the 11th and 15th centuries, known as Middle English. During this period, Old English words were replaced by many French words. The language became grammatically simpler by losing some verb and noun endings. New tenses like future and perfect were introduced using words like "shall", "will", and "have". Between 1100-1500, around 1000 French words entered English across domains like home, science, arts, and law. Latin influence also introduced thousands of words from areas like law, medicine, science, and Christianity. Important works from this era include Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and William Langland's Piers Plowman.
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The document traces the evolution of the English language from Old English to Middle English to modern English. It discusses how Old English was influenced by Latin, Greek, Old Norse, and Anglo-Saxon languages. The Norman invasion in 1066 introduced French influences and simplified grammar rules. Middle English saw increased French influences and inconsistent spelling. Chaucer helped establish English literature in the late Middle Ages.
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This detailed presentation gives a clear overview of the evolution of the English language throughout the ages.
Including the Old English, Middle English, Early Modern, Modern and Late Modern periods, the slideshow covers contextual elements, key features of language, key dates and examples of text for each.
Bullet points and images and a nice layout make the presentation concise and simple, while still containing a lot of information.
This presentation is suitable for English language A-level at A2 level (made for the WJEC A2 exam)
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The evolution of english
- 1. The “Angla” Franca Source: http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/language.gif
- 2. Old English • Ænglisc • 400-1000 C.E. – Prehistoric Old English: 450-650 – Early Old English: 650-900 – Late Old English: 900-1066 • The Church and Latin • Vikings in 9/10th Cent’s and blood • Celts and the splittable infinitive Source: Wikimedia Commons
- 3. Old English • /ɣ/, /X/, and /ø/ existed • Declined for the five case system • V2 • “Do” • Three Germanic genders • Nine conjugations and few irregulars • Macrons, æ, ð, ę, þ, ƿ, diagraphs Hwæt! Wē Gār-Dena in geārdagum, þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaþena þrēatum, monegum mǣgþum, meodosetla oftēah, egsode eorlas. Syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden, hē þæs frōfre gebād, wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh, oðþæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra ofer hronrāde hȳran scolde, gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gōd cyning! Source: Wikimedia Commons
- 4. Middle English • Late 1100s-late 1400s (Middle Ages/Medieval Times) – William the Conqueror: 1066 • Political overthrow • Langue d’oïl • Took until 12th Cent – Early Middle English: 1100-1300 • Simplified • Germanic vocab • French=Royalty, English=The rest – Late Middle English: 1300-1540s • Printing • Power switch (War of the Roses) – Chancery Standard • Normans • Spelling Source: cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at
- 5. Middle English • Conjugational change – Singular: -e, -est, eþ – Plural varied by region • Kept only oblique and nominative in pronouns • æ, ð, Ȝ, þ, ƿ Source: http://www.essentialnormanconquest.co m/images/home/time_box.jpg
- 6. Early Modern English • Renaissance/Enlightenment (1600s-1700s) – Republication of Le Morte d’Arthur – Henry VII (Coincides with Late Mid) • Protestant Reformation – Elizabeth (1558-1603) • Shakespeare – Jacob/Caroline (17th Cent) • Americanisms • King James Bible – Interregnum/Rebuilding • Philosophical Lit Source: www.audioeditions.com
- 7. Early Modern English • Formal 2nd person • Vestigial declension • Conjugation – -eth – Plural=no conjugation – Germanic perfect – Progressive standardized • Great vowel shift • v=u, ſ, i=j, þ=y, e’s everywhere!, /ʊ/=o Source: www.historyextra.com
- 8. Where we stand • Auxiliaries • PRESCRIPTIVISM • i≠j • v ≠u • You=thou • Dialects – AAVE – BRP – SA Source: www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk
- 9. Bibliography • McWhorter, John H.. What language is: and what it isn't and what it could be. New York: Gotham Books, 2011. Print. • "Language Timeline." THE BRITISH LIBRARY. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2013. <http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/changlang/across/languagetimeline.html> • Crystal, David. The stories of English. Woodstock: Overlook Press, 2004. Print. • Minkova, Donka, and Robert P. Stockwell. "How much shifting actually occurred in the historical English vowel shift?." Studies in the history of the English language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002. Unknown. Print. • Baker, Peter S.. Introduction to Old English. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003. Print. • "Shakespeare & Old English: Did Shakespeare Write in Old English?." Shakespeare Resources: Modern English Shakespeare Translations. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2013. <http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/resources/shakespeare-old-english/>. • McGillivray, Murray. "Engl 401 | Grammar | Index." Home | University of Calgary. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/engl401/grammar/index.htm>