In this study, the effect of dosage and modulus of activator on the strength of alkali activated slag and fly ash based geopolymer mortar is studied. Fly ash from Tingyi is used. Blast furnace slag from No 1 Iron and Steel Industry, Pyin Oo Lwin is used. NaOH and Na2SiO3 are used as alkaline activator. Firstly, the physical properties of slag, fly ash and sand are tested. Alkali activated slag mortar is mixed with various proportion of activator. And the tests are made eight times with different activator dosage for slag mortar. Then the test is made once again without activator. Water slag cement ratio of 0.35 is used for this test. Fly ash based geopolymer mortar is mixed various proportion of activator. And the tests are made eight times with different activator dosage for fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Then the test is made once again without activator. Water fly ash ratio of 0.33 is used for this test. For both testing, samples are cured at 85°C for 24 hours and left at room temperature until the day of testing. The samples are tested for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days compressive strength. Then the compressive strength test results obtained from various dosages of activator and without activator are compared. Nyein Nyein Thant | Zin Mar Soe "The Effect of Dosage and Modulus of Activator on the Strength of Alkali Activated Slag and Fly Ash Based on Geopolymer Mortar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27997.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/27997/the-effect-of-dosage-and-modulus-of-activator-on-the-strength-of-alkali-activated-slag-and-fly-ash-based-on-geopolymer-mortar/nyein-nyein-thant
Effect Of Curing Temperature And Curing Hours On The Properties Of Geo-Polyme...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production produces
substantial CO2 emission. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
will be of considerable cure to Global Warming related
with construction industry since GPC replaces OPC
completely or about 80% with industrial waste products. In
this study GPC was made up of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) and Red Mud (RM) incorporating
hybrid fibres in various ratios. Results show that, among
all the mixes, one mix showed the best mechanical
properties owing to the incorporation of hybrid fibres
and reduction of Red Mud.
Effect of activator solution on compressive strength of flyash geopolymer ble...IJERA Editor
The influence of the composition of activator solution on the strength of fly ash geopolymer blended with slag was investigated. The research variable include % Na2O and sodium silicate under typical controlled parameters like curing profile, water content, base material and supplementary material. In this study, the monitoring response variable was compressive strength. Finding suggests that activator solution combination has a significant effect on the properties of the GP (non-blended geopolymer) and GB (geopolymer blended with 15% slag). The experiment concludes that higher percentage of Na2O gives lower strength for GB specimens but corresponding higher strength for GP specimens. Silicate modulus has similar impact on GP and GB. Both for GP and GB specimens compressive strength is increase with higher silicate modulus.
Effect Of Curing Temperature And Curing Hours On The Properties Of Geo-Polyme...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production produces
substantial CO2 emission. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
will be of considerable cure to Global Warming related
with construction industry since GPC replaces OPC
completely or about 80% with industrial waste products. In
this study GPC was made up of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) and Red Mud (RM) incorporating
hybrid fibres in various ratios. Results show that, among
all the mixes, one mix showed the best mechanical
properties owing to the incorporation of hybrid fibres
and reduction of Red Mud.
Effect of activator solution on compressive strength of flyash geopolymer ble...IJERA Editor
The influence of the composition of activator solution on the strength of fly ash geopolymer blended with slag was investigated. The research variable include % Na2O and sodium silicate under typical controlled parameters like curing profile, water content, base material and supplementary material. In this study, the monitoring response variable was compressive strength. Finding suggests that activator solution combination has a significant effect on the properties of the GP (non-blended geopolymer) and GB (geopolymer blended with 15% slag). The experiment concludes that higher percentage of Na2O gives lower strength for GB specimens but corresponding higher strength for GP specimens. Silicate modulus has similar impact on GP and GB. Both for GP and GB specimens compressive strength is increase with higher silicate modulus.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
Oil spillage occurs as a result of wars, accidents, drilling, storage, transportation of product, and natural disasters. Singh et al (2008) stated that when oil is released, it resides in the soil system, in the pore space of the soil, modifying the behavior of the soil.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the geotechnical properties of oil-contaminated soil (Sand). The particular objectives were to investigate the effect of oil contamination on density, shear stress, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of sand.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
As cement is been involved in various contrived effects to the environment, an alternative is necessary for its impacts reduction.Such alternative is done by completely replacing the cement with silicafume and flyash which are the by-products.
A Study on Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)–Concrete under Acid AttackIJMER
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)-Concrete and its resistance to acid attack. The GHA used was obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk to a temperature of 600 oC and sieved through 75 µm sieve
after allowing cooingl. The compressive strength of GHA-Concrete was investigated at replacement
levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A total of ninety 150 mm cubes of
GHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing and
the microstructure of GHA-Concrete samples at 0 and 10 % replacements were examined at 28 and 90
days of curing. Also, thirty six 100 mm cubes were subjected to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively. The result of the
investigations showed that the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in GHA
content. However 10 % replacement with GHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete.
GHA provided a less compact microstructure of concrete at 28 and 90 days curing compared to OPC
concrete as a result of low pozzolanic activity. The use of GHA in concrete improved its resistance
against sulphuric acid, but not against nitric acid attack. The average weight loss of GHA concrete
after 28 days of subjection in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were 16.3 % and 17.3 %, respectively as
opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Study on Alkali-Activated Concrete Containing High Volume GGBS with 30% Cemen...IJERA Editor
The current research aims to investigate alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag was partially replaced with OPC by 30% by weight. The workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete were studied. All results of alkali activated slag concrete were compared to control concrete on plain GGBS. The ground granulated blast furnace slag is activated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activating solutions. The activated slag pastes are cured at 23 2°C for 28 days in sealed plastic containers, the resulting hardened alkali activated pastes are impregnated with epoxy and then polished. The results indicated that the workability decreased as the slag content increased.
Comparative study on compressive strength of normal mix andpradip patel
Fly ash which is also known as flue-ash, that the residues generated by burning waste materials, and containing the fine particles that produce with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during burning of coal. Fly ash is a waste product which is produced from thermal or coal based power plants. Use of fly ash in the concrete greatly improves many of its properties. Its use reduces hydration of heat, permeability and alkali aggregate reaction, improves workability, increased resistance to sulphate attack and corrosion thus making concrete mass more strong and durable. Besides these advantages, its use also reduces cost of concrete by using required quantity of cement. World over, in many of the developed countries, use of fly ash is one of the essential ingredient of durable concrete. Fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants and together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as coal ash. Present study aim is to carryout work on lignite coal fly ash as partial replacement with cement. Prepare normal mix concrete and lignite coal fly ash concrete mix and compare compressive strength of cube and cylindrical mould after 3 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
Oil spillage occurs as a result of wars, accidents, drilling, storage, transportation of product, and natural disasters. Singh et al (2008) stated that when oil is released, it resides in the soil system, in the pore space of the soil, modifying the behavior of the soil.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the geotechnical properties of oil-contaminated soil (Sand). The particular objectives were to investigate the effect of oil contamination on density, shear stress, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of sand.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
As cement is been involved in various contrived effects to the environment, an alternative is necessary for its impacts reduction.Such alternative is done by completely replacing the cement with silicafume and flyash which are the by-products.
A Study on Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)–Concrete under Acid AttackIJMER
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)-Concrete and its resistance to acid attack. The GHA used was obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk to a temperature of 600 oC and sieved through 75 µm sieve
after allowing cooingl. The compressive strength of GHA-Concrete was investigated at replacement
levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A total of ninety 150 mm cubes of
GHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing and
the microstructure of GHA-Concrete samples at 0 and 10 % replacements were examined at 28 and 90
days of curing. Also, thirty six 100 mm cubes were subjected to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively. The result of the
investigations showed that the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in GHA
content. However 10 % replacement with GHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete.
GHA provided a less compact microstructure of concrete at 28 and 90 days curing compared to OPC
concrete as a result of low pozzolanic activity. The use of GHA in concrete improved its resistance
against sulphuric acid, but not against nitric acid attack. The average weight loss of GHA concrete
after 28 days of subjection in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were 16.3 % and 17.3 %, respectively as
opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Study on Alkali-Activated Concrete Containing High Volume GGBS with 30% Cemen...IJERA Editor
The current research aims to investigate alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag was partially replaced with OPC by 30% by weight. The workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete were studied. All results of alkali activated slag concrete were compared to control concrete on plain GGBS. The ground granulated blast furnace slag is activated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activating solutions. The activated slag pastes are cured at 23 2°C for 28 days in sealed plastic containers, the resulting hardened alkali activated pastes are impregnated with epoxy and then polished. The results indicated that the workability decreased as the slag content increased.
Comparative study on compressive strength of normal mix andpradip patel
Fly ash which is also known as flue-ash, that the residues generated by burning waste materials, and containing the fine particles that produce with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during burning of coal. Fly ash is a waste product which is produced from thermal or coal based power plants. Use of fly ash in the concrete greatly improves many of its properties. Its use reduces hydration of heat, permeability and alkali aggregate reaction, improves workability, increased resistance to sulphate attack and corrosion thus making concrete mass more strong and durable. Besides these advantages, its use also reduces cost of concrete by using required quantity of cement. World over, in many of the developed countries, use of fly ash is one of the essential ingredient of durable concrete. Fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants and together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as coal ash. Present study aim is to carryout work on lignite coal fly ash as partial replacement with cement. Prepare normal mix concrete and lignite coal fly ash concrete mix and compare compressive strength of cube and cylindrical mould after 3 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
CHARACTERIZATION & DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYME...Journal For Research
Huge scale generation of cement is creating environmental issue on one hand and depletion of natural resources on the other hand. This danger to nature has prompted research being made of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementetious materials in making concrete for more green and durable. Fly ash and silica fume both are pozzolanic materials which have been broadly utilized for improving the properties like strength and durability in concrete. Silica fume demonstrates the greater pozzolanic activity then fly ash because of its finer particle size distribution, the pozzolanic activity of fly ash also can be enhanced by decreasing the particle size distribution. Geopolymer is a class of aluminosilicate binding materials integrated by thermal action of solid aluminosilicate based materials such as metakoaline, GGBFS, fly ash. Geopolymer get activated with the alkaline solution and heat. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were utilized as an alkaline solution with a steady ratio of 2.5 and the mix is designed for molarity 10 for the work carried out. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the geopolymer concrete by utilizing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) produced by air classification and processed GGBFS with varied proportions. Discusses on the properties of geopolymer concrete has also been mentioned. Compressive strength and durability tests like Permeability, Abrasion, Sorptivity, Acid and sulphate attack, Drying shrinkage were conducted. In this work geopolymer concrete was prepared with varying proportions of GGBS and UFFA in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 and 88:12 and 80:20. The maximum strength was achieved for the ratio 92.5:7.5. The obtained compressive strength is in the range of 36.5MPa to 91.6MPa from 1st day to 28th day of hot curing.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD27997 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 2221
Table 2 Normal Range of Chemical Composition for Fly
Ash
Chemical Component Contained (%)
Silica (SiO2) 45.62
Alumina (AL2O3) 10.84
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 4.42
CalciumOxide (CaO) 30.25
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 1.43
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.47
Loss on Ignition (LOI) 4.35
The summary of test results of fly ash is shown in Table 3.
This table includes many tests. These tests are fineness test,
consistency test, specific gravity test, setting time test.
Table 3 Summary of Test Results of Fly Ash
Sample Name
Fineness (cm
2
/g)
Consistency (%)
Specific Gravity
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:10
Without activator Final Set 2:00
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:15
With NaOH Final Set 2:10
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:15
With NaOH+Na2SiO3 Final Set 2:00
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:20
With Na2SiO3 Final Set 2:30
Fly Ash
2488
29%
2.32
B. Testing of Slag
In this research, blast furnace slag from No(1) IronandSteel
Industry, Pyin Oo Lwin is used. Chemical compositions of
blast furnace slag are used in this study as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Normal Range of Chemical Composition for Slag
Chemical Constituent
Composition in
percent (%)
Silica (SiO2) 23.42
Alumina (Al2O3) 5.74
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 7.65
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 25.76
Manganese Oxide (MnO) 19.2
Sulphur (S) 0.28
Carbon (C) 1.06
Mangnese (Mn) 0.928
The summary of test results of slag is shown in Table 5. This
table includes many tests. These tests are fineness test,
consistency test, specific gravity test, setting time test.
Table 5 Summary of Test Results of Slag
Sample Name
Fineness (cm
2
/g)
Consistency (%)
Specific Gravity
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:15
Without activator Final Set 0:50
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:25
With NaOH Final Set 0:45
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:15
With NaOH+Na2SiO3 Final Set 0:25
Setting Time(hr:min) Initial Set 0:05
With Na2SiO3 Final Set 0:20
Slag
1285
17.50%
3.87
C. Chemical Compositions of Cement
Cement is a binding material and forms a paste when
contacts with water, which holds the fine aggregatetogether
to form solid mass. In this study, slag mortar combined with
AAA cement. Slag cannot be used only because it does not
fuse and bind with sand. The chemical compositions of AAA
cement are shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Chemical Compositions of AAA Cement
Chemical Constituent
Composition in percent
(%)
Silica (SiO2) 19.42
Alumina (Al2O3) 4.4
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.47
CalciumOxide (CaO) 62.34
Manganese Oxide (MgO) 3.17
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.12
Loss 2.92
Total 97.84
D. Testing of Fine Aggregates (Sand)
The fine aggregate proposed to be used for making mortar
cubes and concrete cubes is river sand. River sand is used in
this study. The test results of fine aggregates are shown in
the following Tables.
Table 7 Test Results of Fineness Modulus of Sand
Test name
Description
of sample
Sieve Size
Average
Percent
Retained
Cumulativ
e Percent
Specified
Limits %
Retained
4 – – 0~5
8 2 2 5~15
16 5.4 7.4 10~25
30 27.68 25.08 10~30
50 57.18 92.26 15~35
100 6.42 98.68 12~20
200 0.4 – 2~4
Pan 0.92 – 1~3
F.M – 2.35 2.2~2.8
Sieve analysis for fine aggregate
Ayeyarwaddy River Sand
Percentage Retained
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Table 8 Test Results of Specific Gravity of Sand
Bottle no. 1 2
Wt. of bottle (W1) (g) 149.6 153.7
Wt. of bottle + soil(W2) (g) 696.8 660.5
Wt. of bottle + soil+ water (W3) (g) 1011.8 997.6
Wt. of bottle of water only (W4) (g) 673.3 684.3
Wt. of soilused (W2 W1) (g) 547.2 506.8
Wt. of water used (W3 W2) 315 337.1
Wt. of soil (W4 W1) (W3 W2) (ml) 208.7 193.5
Specific gravity of soil, Gs = 2.62 2.62
)W(W)W(W
WW
2314
12
Table 9 Test Results of Absorption of Sand
Container no. 1 2
Wt. of container + wet sand (g) 137 143.2
Wt. of container + dry sand (g) 136 142.3
Wt. of container (g) 33.2 31.3
Wt. of water (Ww) (g) 1 0.9
Wt. of dry sand (Wd) (g) 102.8 111
Average (%)
Absorption = 0.97 0.81
0.89
100
W
W
d
w
E. Alkaline-Activator
The most used alkaline activators are a mixtureofsodiumor
potassium hydroxide (NaOH, KOH) and sodium silicate or
potassium silicate. Mostly sodium hydroxide and sodium
silicates (Na2O=12% and SiO2 =30 are used in mortar. Since
potassium is more expensive than sodium, only sodium is
used in this study.
III. Testing of Alkali Activated Slag Mortar
In this study, mixture is prepared to study the effect of
activator on the compressive strength ofalkaliactivatedslag
mortar. The mixture consists of slag, sand, alkali activator
and water. The slag is used 250g, cement is used 50g and
sand is used 600g for one sample. The variable dosages of
alkali activator are used such as 2g (0.67%), 4g (1.3%), 8g
(2.67%) and 15g (5%) of slag weight. The weight of water
for one sample is 105 ml.
In this test, sand/(slag+cement) of 2 and
water/(slag+cement) of 0.35 are used. All the samples are
put in the oven without delay time for curing at elevated
temperature of 85°C for 24 hours. After curing at elevated
temperature, the samples are cured at room temperature
until the day of testing. The variable dosages of activator
used in alkali activated slag mortar are:
1. NaOH content of 0.67% by weight of slag
2. NaOH content of 1.3% by weight of slag
3. NaOH content of 5% by weight of slag
4. Water glass content of 0.67% by weight of slag
5. Water glass content of 1.3% by weight of slag
6. Water glass content of 5% by weight of slag
7. Water glass and NaOH content of 2.67% by weight of
slag
8. Water glass and NaOH content of 5% by weight of slag
9. Without activator in mortar
The summary of compressive strength test results of slag
mixed with various alkali activator contents are shown in
Table 10 the value of compressive strengths is illustrated in
Figure 1.
Table10. Compressive Strength Test Results of Alkali
Activated Slag Mortar Mixed with Various Alkali Activator
Contents
3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days
NaOH 0.67% of slag weight 603.07 683.48 816.46 927.79
NaOH 1.3% of slag weight 402.04 556.68 649.46 819.55
NaOH 5% of slag weight 321.64 389.67 463.89 525.75
Na2SiO3 0.67% of slag weight 340.19 422.15 519.56 633.99
Na2SiO3 1.3% of slag weight 371.12 510.29 556.68 711.31
Na2SiO3 5% of slag weight 535.03 572.14 717.49 835.01
(NaOH +Na2SiO3) 2.67% of slag
weight
479.36 525.75 587.6 612.34
(NaOH +Na2SiO3) 5% of slag
weight
386.58 460.8 494.82 556.68
Without activator 296.89 309.26 448.43 504.08
Activator
Compressive strength (psi)
6
Figure 1 Effect of Dosage of Activator on the Compressive
Strength of Alkali Activated Slag Mortar
The compressive strength of alkali activated slag mortar
without activator is the lowest and compressive strength of
alkali activated slag mortar with NaOH dosage of 0.67% is
the highest. In comparison of 3 days strength for NaOH, the
strength of NaOH 0.67% of slag weight is the highest anditis
also found that the strength of NaOH 0.67% is also the
highest in 7 days, 14 days and 28 days strength. When the
dosage of NaOH is increased 0.67%, 1.3% and 5%, the
strength is decreased in all specifieddays.Incomparison of3
days strength for Na2SiO3, the strength of Na2SiO3 5% of slag
weight is the highest and it is also found that the strength of
Na2SiO3 5% of slag weight is also the highest in 7 days, 14
days and 28 days strength. When the dosage of Na2SiO3 is
increased 0.67%, 1.3% and 5%, the strength is increased in
all specified days. In comparison of 3 days strength for
(NaOH+Na2SiO3), the strength of (NaOH+Na2SiO3) 2.67% of
slag weight is the highest and it is also found that the
strength of (NaOH+Na2SiO3) 2.67% is also the highest in 7
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days, 14 days and 28 days strength. The strength of alkali
activated slag mortar with (NaOH+Na2SiO3) 2.67% of slag
weight is more than that of (NaOH+Na2SiO3) 5%. The
strength of alkali activated slag mortar with activator is
more than that without activator. So, the strength of slag
mortar with NaOH is increased more than that of water
glass.
IV. Testing of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar
In this study, mixture is prepared to study the effect of
activator on the compressive strengthofgeopolymer mortar.
The mixture consists of fly ash, sand, alkali activator and
water. The fly ash is used 300g and sand is used 600g forone
sample. The variable dosages of alkali activator are used
such as 2g (0.67%), 4g (1.3%), 8g (2.67%) and 15g (5%) of
fly ash weight. The weight of water for one sample is 100 ml.
In this test, sand/fly ash of 2 and water/fly ash of 0.33 are
used. All the samples are put in the oven without delay time
for curing at elevated temperature of 85°C for 24 hours.
After curing at elevated temperature, the samples are cured
at room temperature until the day of testing.
The variable dosages of alkali activator used in fly ash based
geopolymer mortars are:
1. NaOH content of 0.67% by weight of fly ash
2. NaOH content of 1.3% by weight of fly ash
3. NaOH content of 5% by weight of fly ash
4. Water glass content of 0.67% by weight of fly ash
5. Water glass content of 1.3% by weight of fly ash
6. Water glass content of 5% by weight of fly ash
7. Water glass and NaOH content of 2.67% by weight of fly
ash
8. Water glass and NaOH content of5% by weightoffly ash
9. Without activator in mortar
The summary of compressive strength test results of fly ash
mixed with various alkali activator contents are shown in
Table 11. The values of compressive strength are illustrated
in Figure 1.
Table11. Compressive Test Results of Fly Ash Based
Geopolymer Mixed with Various Alkali Activator Contents
3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days
NaOH 0.67% of fly
weight
556.67 649.46 865.94 1066.96
NaOH 1.3% of fly
weight
432.97 572.14 711.31 927.79
NaOH 5% of fly ash
weight
293.8 556.68 649.96 717.49
Na2SiO3 0.67% of fly
ash weight
989.65 1020.6 1051.45 1113.35
Na2SiO3 1.3% of fly ash
weight
742.23 865.94 927.79 1005.11
Na2SiO3 5 % of fly ash
weight
550.49 695.85 927.79 989.64
(NaOH+Na2SiO3) 2.67%
of fly ash weight
1175.21 1237.1 1267.98 1298.91
(NaOH+Na2SiO3) 5% of
fly ash weight
402.04 508.82 732.97 989.65
Without activator 896.86 927.79 1020.57 1113.35
Activator
Compressive strength (psi)
Figure2. Effect of Dosage of Activator on the Compressive
Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar
From this test result, the compressive strength of fly ash
based geopolymer mortar with (NaOH+Na2SiO3) dosage of
2.67% is the highest and with NaOH dosage of 5% is the
lowest from those test result. In comparison of 3 days
strength for NaOH, the strength of NaOH 0.67% of fly ash
weight is the highest and it is also found that the strength of
NaOH 0.67% of fly ash weight is also the highestin7days,14
days and 28 days strength. When the dosage of NaOH is
increased 0.67%, 1.3% and 5%, the strength is decreased in
all specified days. In comparison of 3 days strength for
Na2SiO3, the strength of Na2SiO3 0.67% of fly ash weight is
the highest and it is also found that the strength of Na2SiO3
0.67% of fly ash weight is also the highest in 7 days, 14 days
and 28 days strength. When the dosage of Na2SiO3 is
increased 0.67%, 1.3% and 5%, the strength is decreased in
all specified days.
In comparison of 3 days strength for (NaOH+Na2SiO3), the
strength of (NaOH+Na2SiO3) 2.67% of fly ash weight is the
highest and it is also found that the strength of
(NaOH+Na2SiO3) 2.67% is also the highest in 7 days, 14 days
and 28 days strength. When the dosage of Na2SiO3 is
increased 2.67% and 5%, the strength is decreased in all
specified days. The fly ash based geopolymer mortar with
activator 2.67% of (NaOH+Na2SiO3) is more than that
without activator. But the compressive strengths of that
mortar with 5% of NaOH, NaOH+Na2SiO3, Na2SiO3, 0.67% of
NaOH and 1.3% of NaOH, Na2SiO3 are less than that of
without activator. The fly ash based Geopolymer mortar,
Na2SiO3 5% of fly ash weight is equalto(NaOH+Na2SiO3)5%
of fly ash weight and Na2SiO3 0.67% of flyashweightisequal
to without activator in 28 days. So, there is no effect of
activator on the strength of fly ash based geopolymer
mortar.
V. Conclusion
In this study, materials used for mortar are fly ash, slag,
alkali activator and sand.Firstly,physicalproperty tests such
as fineness test, setting time test, specific gravity test and
consistency test are performed for constituents’ materials.
Alkali activator of sodium hydroxide and water glass are
used. In this study, the proportion of mortar is 1:2.Water-fly
ash ratio is 0.33; water-(slag cement) ratio is 0.35 and
various activator dosages are used to test the compressive
strength after 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.
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In slag mortar, slag cannot be used only because it does not
fuse and bind. So, slag has to be mixed with small amount of
cement in this study. In slag mortar, the higher dosage of
NaOH is used, the lower the compressive strength is
obtained and the higher dosage of water glass is used, the
more increase the compressive strength of mortar is
obtained. In fly ash mortar, the higher dosage of activator is
used, the lower the compressive strength of mortar is
obtained.
The 28 days compressive strength of slag mortar is the
highest when the mortar is mixed with NaOH 0.67% of slag
weight in all proportions. It is found that the strength of
alkali-activated slag mortar is influencedbyNaOH.Activator
dosage is effectively influenced on the strength of alkali
activated slag mortar. The28 daycompressivestrength offly
ash based geopolymer mortar is the highest when the
mortar is mixed with 2.67% of (water glass+ NaOH) of fly
ash weight in all proportions. It is found that the
compressive strength of the fly ash based mortar with and
without activator is not much different. So, there is no effect
of activator on the strength of fly ash based geopolymer
mortar.
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