State of the Web in 2016 - Mary MeekerOliver Grave
Mary Meeker of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers puts together a fascinating and influential presentation each year on the state of the web.
The report, chock-full of insights and stats, delves into the biggest trends in digital.
She just released 2016's presentation at Vox Media's Code Conference.
Big themes this year include how search is changing, the impact of messaging apps, and the future of transportation.
7th IDIA (International Development Informatics Association) Conference, on Public and private access to ICTs in developing regions.
Bangkok, Thailand.
1-3 November 2013
Mapping the digital Douala: lights and shadows of an African city.
Marta Pucciarelli, Sara Vannini & Lorenzo Cantoni.
Paper presented at the Community Informatics Conference: Challenges and Solution, 13-15 October 2014, Prato, Italy.
State of the Web in 2016 - Mary MeekerOliver Grave
Mary Meeker of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers puts together a fascinating and influential presentation each year on the state of the web.
The report, chock-full of insights and stats, delves into the biggest trends in digital.
She just released 2016's presentation at Vox Media's Code Conference.
Big themes this year include how search is changing, the impact of messaging apps, and the future of transportation.
7th IDIA (International Development Informatics Association) Conference, on Public and private access to ICTs in developing regions.
Bangkok, Thailand.
1-3 November 2013
Mapping the digital Douala: lights and shadows of an African city.
Marta Pucciarelli, Sara Vannini & Lorenzo Cantoni.
Paper presented at the Community Informatics Conference: Challenges and Solution, 13-15 October 2014, Prato, Italy.
CROSS-BORDER BUSINESS HANDBOOK : Going global with Facebook 2016Peerasak C.
Going global with Facebook
People around the world are more connected than ever. In 2012,
there were only 2.7 billion people on the Internet. By 2018, that
number is expected to be 3.82 billion—a growth of 30%.
1
And
last year, more than 900 million people around the world had at
least one international connection on social media.
2
These globally connected people are becoming global consumers.
361 million people worldwide have participated in cross-border
e-commerce, and 429 million are international travelers.
3
With 1.7 billion monthly active users
4
—one-fifth of the world’s
population— Facebook is uniquely positioned to help you
reach your customers, wherever they are. People on Facebook
and Instagram are at the center of personal connection and
discovery. They are open to learning about new products.
According to our research, about 50 million businesses use
Facebook to find customers, and 30 percent of their fans are
from other countries.
5
This cross-border business handbook was created to help you
discover how Facebook can help your business grow. You’ll find
a wide range of information to help you communicate effectively
with potential customers around the world. Each country section
begins with basic demographic information, followed by notable
industry information that includes various business sizes, the scale
of online shoppers, the number of smartphone users and more.
Then, consumer behaviors on Facebook are covered. For example,
you’ll learn that the top categories discovered by Facebook users
in France are entertainment, cosmetics, tech and luxury fashion.
6
And that 70% of Malaysians surveyed have seen or searched for
information on Facebook before purchasing.
7
It’s never been a better time to reach new customers and new
markets. We hope you use this handbook to take advantage of
the opportunities your business has around the globe with the
power of Facebook.
A very good presentation on the digital landscape of Vietnam. It is helpful for those who work in public relations and marketing communications industry.
Vietnam Digital Landscape 2015 nhằm cung cấp cho độc giả bức tranh toàn cảnh về Digital Marketing 2015 tại Việt Nam.
Vietnam Digital Landscape 2015 được thực hiện dựa trên tổng hợp những nguồn thông tin tin cậy đã được công bố, cũng như những ước tính của Moore Corp, nhằm cung cấp cho độc giả bức tranh toàn cảnh về Digital Marketing tại Việt Nam.
Bức tranh tổng thể của Digital Marketing sẽ được phác thảo với 7 nội dung chính về thị trường, người dùng, hành vi, xu hướng về mobile, social, e-commerce,.. và phụ lục về Vietnam Advertising Landscape 2015.
Nhóm thực hiện rất hoan nghênh mọi sự góp ý của bạn để báo cáo Vietnam Digital Landscape được hoàn thiện hơn ở những lần sau.
Xin cảm ơn.
CROSS-BORDER BUSINESS HANDBOOK : Going global with Facebook 2016Peerasak C.
Going global with Facebook
People around the world are more connected than ever. In 2012,
there were only 2.7 billion people on the Internet. By 2018, that
number is expected to be 3.82 billion—a growth of 30%.
1
And
last year, more than 900 million people around the world had at
least one international connection on social media.
2
These globally connected people are becoming global consumers.
361 million people worldwide have participated in cross-border
e-commerce, and 429 million are international travelers.
3
With 1.7 billion monthly active users
4
—one-fifth of the world’s
population— Facebook is uniquely positioned to help you
reach your customers, wherever they are. People on Facebook
and Instagram are at the center of personal connection and
discovery. They are open to learning about new products.
According to our research, about 50 million businesses use
Facebook to find customers, and 30 percent of their fans are
from other countries.
5
This cross-border business handbook was created to help you
discover how Facebook can help your business grow. You’ll find
a wide range of information to help you communicate effectively
with potential customers around the world. Each country section
begins with basic demographic information, followed by notable
industry information that includes various business sizes, the scale
of online shoppers, the number of smartphone users and more.
Then, consumer behaviors on Facebook are covered. For example,
you’ll learn that the top categories discovered by Facebook users
in France are entertainment, cosmetics, tech and luxury fashion.
6
And that 70% of Malaysians surveyed have seen or searched for
information on Facebook before purchasing.
7
It’s never been a better time to reach new customers and new
markets. We hope you use this handbook to take advantage of
the opportunities your business has around the globe with the
power of Facebook.
A very good presentation on the digital landscape of Vietnam. It is helpful for those who work in public relations and marketing communications industry.
Vietnam Digital Landscape 2015 nhằm cung cấp cho độc giả bức tranh toàn cảnh về Digital Marketing 2015 tại Việt Nam.
Vietnam Digital Landscape 2015 được thực hiện dựa trên tổng hợp những nguồn thông tin tin cậy đã được công bố, cũng như những ước tính của Moore Corp, nhằm cung cấp cho độc giả bức tranh toàn cảnh về Digital Marketing tại Việt Nam.
Bức tranh tổng thể của Digital Marketing sẽ được phác thảo với 7 nội dung chính về thị trường, người dùng, hành vi, xu hướng về mobile, social, e-commerce,.. và phụ lục về Vietnam Advertising Landscape 2015.
Nhóm thực hiện rất hoan nghênh mọi sự góp ý của bạn để báo cáo Vietnam Digital Landscape được hoàn thiện hơn ở những lần sau.
Xin cảm ơn.
The role of public art in making visible the invisible in DoualaMarta Pucciarelli
The role of public art in making visible the invisible in Douala.
Marta Pucciarelli, researcher
Laboratory of visual culture, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, SUPSI University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
La Nouvelle Liberté by Joseph-Francis Sumégné is the first public artwork produced in Douala: a majestic sculpture of twelve-meter tall made from scrap metal representing a man standing on holding a globe on his head. It was installed in 2007 in the neighborhood of Deïdo, in the middle of one of the most traffic roundabout of the city, a reference entry and exit point to/from the Douala. Since its installation, the work by Sumégné has been extensively documented online with articles, multimedia images and videos on Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, and Wikidata and it is one of the most visited and commented “things to do” suggested on TripAdvisor in Douala (Pucciarelli and Vannini 2017).
Based on a research that explored the (mis)alignment of the digital city of Douala with the physical one, this article argues that the presence of public art and its online documentation allows to give a voice to neighbourhoods that would otherwise be invisible with the digital landscape. Data has been collected during an ethnographic study in Douala 2013 and an online analysis of 130 User Generated Content on TripAdvisor in 2016 and a comparative analysis of online and offline social representation (Moscovici 1988) of the city by citizens and foreigners has been conducted.
The geographic comparison between local and foreigners’ representations of Douala sheds light that out of 20 touristic neighbourhoods suggested by locals, foreigners visit just four of them (out of a total of 118 of the city), three of which clearly mirror the urban polarization between the richest and poorest areas of the city. However, the neighbourhood of Deïdo, is an interesting exception: it is mutually considered by locals and foreigners as a dangerous place, a crowded area, characterized by bad circulation and urban degradation (Pucciarelli and Vannini 2017). The presence of the La Nouvelle Liberté and its relative description on TripAdvisor, makes foreigners move out of their safe areas to enter into a neighbourhood that otherwise would not attract visits.
Public art and its online presence has an important role in shaping the image of the city of Douala, both from locals and foreigners’ perspective: it allows people to linger in a place, to observe it, to discuss it, and not pass beyond it. Furthermore, the presence of public art stimulates the exchange of knowledge between locals and foreigners, the latter interested in exploring, visiting and online reviewing places where they would otherwise hardly enter. This article suggests that public art in Douala creates new space of interactions between online and offline representations of the city, showing overlapping of social narratives and practices around cultural places.
Esperienze di progettazione sonora museografia e inclusivaMarta Pucciarelli
Paesaggi sonori. Mezza giornata di presentazioni sul tema del sound design e paesaggi sonori al Museo Cantonale di Storia Naturale
Data: 22 marzo 2022, dalle 10.00 alle 12.00
Luogo: Museo Cantonale Storia Naturale
“Toccare le leggende” è un progetto promosso dal Museo di Val Verzasca in collaborazione con l’istituto design della SUPSI e la Federazione Svizzera dei Sordi.
Toccare le leggende è un progetto partecipativo che intende valorizzare il patrimonio immateriale delle leggende della Verzasca con esperienze inclusive e nuovi contenuti accessibili a persone con disabilità e abitanti del luogo.
Patrimonio Accessibile Territorio Inclusivo. Un progetto pilota di ricerca, sperimentazione, sensibilizzazione e promozione della pari opportunità lungo gli itinerari culturali e naturalistici della Svizzera italiana.
Kick-off meeting, 22 settembre 2021, SUPSI Mendrisio
Marta Pucciarelli
Ricercatrice
Istituto design, DACD, SUPSI
Digital public art:: assessing the impact of documenting public art in Douala...Marta Pucciarelli
In the last 15 years, the creative scene in Douala (Cameroon) has been documented on Wikipedia – the widest online collaborative encyclopaedia – which has largely contributed to give access to the cultural richness of the city through articles, images and multimedia files and data.
This article focuses specifically on Wikipedia content about contemporary public art in Douala produced in the frame of the project “Culture and Safety in Africa”[1] (2015-2018). The project aimed at improving and correcting the limited and biased information about African countries, with a specific emphasis on their local artistic and cultural practices.
At the end of January 2018, the project produced and improved a total of 95 articles on Wikipedia in English (n. 46) and French (n. 49), 118 images uploaded on Wikimedia Commons, 24 entries on Wikidata and 3 new categories. Content was specifically related to:
· Public artworks in Douala;
· African and international contemporary artists working on urban practices in African cities;
· Meaningful terminology needed to comprehend the African contemporary art scene;
· Bibliographic references related to African cities;
· Portraits of artists, and pictures related to their artworks and cultural events in Douala.
This analysis focuses on the articles created and improved by the research and it quantitatively assesses their impact after three years from their first publication or update. Outcomes of the evaluation allows to observe:
· a significant growth in the visualization of the articles by the community of readers demonstrating an increased interest in relation to topics covered by the project;
· an increase in the number of changes to each article and the number of editors involved, showing the collaborative nature of Wikipedia;
· an increased number of articles whose quality has been assessed independently by the Wikipedia community - according to Wikipedia article quality grading scheme - showing a higher engagement by the Wikipedia Community on the content produced.
This article argues that Wikipedia can be a powerful tool to increase knowledge and visibility of African cultural heritage. The assessment of the documentation of public art produced on Wikipedia shed light on its potentialities in decolonizing cultural heritage, widening the accessibility of local production, and fostering international collaboration.
Pensa, Iolanda and Pucciarelli, Marta and Douala Bell, Marilyn and Nibbeling, Xandra and Siegenthaler, Fiona and Adukaite, Asta and de la Chapelle, Maud and Verschuren, Kamiel and Grandin, Lucas (2017) Public Art in Africa. Art et transformations urbaines à Douala /// Art and Urban Transformations in Douala. In: Pensa, Iolanda, (ed.) vuesDensemble . MetisPresses, Genève.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
Unlocking the full potential of Google Analytics is crucial for understanding and optimizing your website’s performance. This guide dives deep into the essential aspects of Google Analytics, from analyzing traffic sources to understanding user demographics and tracking user engagement.
Traffic Sources Analysis:
Discover where your website traffic originates. By examining the Acquisition section, you can identify whether visitors come from organic search, paid campaigns, direct visits, social media, or referral links. This knowledge helps in refining marketing strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
User Demographics Insights:
Gain a comprehensive view of your audience by exploring demographic data in the Audience section. Understand age, gender, and interests to tailor your marketing strategies effectively. Leverage this information to create personalized content and improve user engagement and conversion rates.
Tracking User Engagement:
Learn how to measure user interaction with your site through key metrics like bounce rate, average session duration, and pages per session. Enhance user experience by analyzing engagement metrics and implementing strategies to keep visitors engaged.
Conversion Rate Optimization:
Understand the importance of conversion rates and how to track them using Google Analytics. Set up Goals, analyze conversion funnels, segment your audience, and employ A/B testing to optimize your website for higher conversions. Utilize ecommerce tracking and multi-channel funnels for a detailed view of your sales performance and marketing channel contributions.
Custom Reports and Dashboards:
Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize and interpret data relevant to your business goals. Use advanced filters, segments, and visualization options to gain deeper insights. Incorporate custom dimensions and metrics for tailored data analysis. Integrate external data sources to enrich your analytics and make well-informed decisions.
This guide is designed to help you harness the power of Google Analytics for making data-driven decisions that enhance website performance and achieve your digital marketing objectives. Whether you are looking to improve SEO, refine your social media strategy, or boost conversion rates, understanding and utilizing Google Analytics is essential for your success.
The Digital Birth of an African City @ICEGOV2016, Montevideo
1. THE DIGITAL BIRTH OF
AN AFRICAN CITY
- Douala (Cameroon)
Marta Pucciarelli, Lorenzo Cantoni,
Nadzeya Kalbaska
SUPSI – University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
USI -Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano - Switzerland
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay
3. Increased individual use of
the Internet
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 3
According ITU, individuals using the Internet in developing
countries grown from 7.3% to 35.3% during the last fifteen
years, while just in Africa they rose more then ten times,
growing from 2.4% to 20.7%
In Cameroon Individual use of the Internet has increased
more than twenty times, passing from 0.2% in 2000 to
11.0% in 2014
4. PURPOSES OF THE
RESEARCH
• to go in depth to the online presence of developing
countries
• to focus on the online visibility of an African city (Douala,
Cameroun)
• to explore the temporal (from 1989 to 2013) and spatial
evolution of online stakeholders
• to evaluate whose voices are contributing to shape the
digital city
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 4
5. CONTEXT OF THE RESEARCH
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 5
7. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. how the digital Douala has evolved during the time?
2. whose voices are contributing to shape the digital
Douala?
3. where do they come from?
4. what part of the city is represented/hidden online?
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 7
12. METHODOLOGY:
Data Cleaning
1. Data provided by the database were initially reported in more
than one category (A) or their presence was not limited to a
single area of the city (B).
A) Only the most fitting category was taken into consideration.
B) All instances were kept only in the case where it was necessary to geo-localize
their online presence on the map.
1. The database was also filtered from local and global
platforms for website building (e.g weebly.com,
overblog.com, popolus.org, webs.com, e-monsite.com)
2. Activities not considered:
A) Those registered in 2014
b) When the registration year was unavailable.
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 12
13. METHODOLOGY:
Data Analysis
Activity
category
Name
activity
Neighbou
rhood
mail Online
presence
Origin Website Social
media
Year
Art
galleries/muse
ums
Espace
doual’art
Bonanjo yes yes local
www.doualart.
org
www.facebook
.com/pages/Do
ualart/3523733
88233581?ref
=ts&fref=ts
2007
RQ2
Whose voices are
contributing to
shape the digital
Douala?
20 macro-
categories
Which areas of the city
they are representing
Visible and invisible
neighbourhoods
RQ4
Where do they
come from?
local, national or
international origin
RQ3
How the digital
Douala has evolved
during the time?
1989-2013; still
pictures (2007-2010-
2013)
RQ1
14. RESULTS: the digital Douala
4529 socio economic activities
20 macro-categories
513 online presence = 11,37%
467 websites
46 Facebook accounts
2590 email account = 57,19%
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 14
97 Having both
34. RESULTS: online saturation
of visible space
34
2
neighbourhood
s (Akwa and
Bonanjo)
reaches 12.3%
and 19.2% of
online
saturation
35. CONCLUSIONS
• Holistic approach (including time and space) on representing the picture of a
digital city
• How it’s online representations is produced and what are the relationships with
the physical city
• The least represented online neighborhoods are indeed the most marginal
zones of the city
• The online visibility of the most popular categories (Retailers, Bank and
insurance, Import-export) within the economic capital, along with the most
popular parts of the city does not result in higher online saturation.
• Where there is little activity formally registered (education, art and
entertainment), the greater is the effort and motivation to communicate their
online presence.
ICEGOV 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay 35
Within developing context, information are usually poor and biased generating an (in)visible, geographical space - in terms of connectivity and information production and distribution - compared to a globalized, connected and advanced world.
According to Unwin and Warf the diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Internet has increased, rather than reduced the gap between those who have and those who do not have access to the information. The so-called “geography of information” highlights the striking contrast between those areas of the world characterized by networked fluxes of information (as well as by globalization, democracy, economic and political power) from the invisible ones, which remain in shadow, despite their large geographical surface
.
this paper wants to explore how the information that already exists in the digital realm is contributing to shape the “visible city”.
It focuses on the digital production processes by highlighting how the online representation of Douala has evolved in time despite physical, language, human and social barriers, influencing access to information, and consequently the knowledge and perception of the city.
Douala is the biggest city of Cameroon, an African metropolis that, since the 1960es, has seen the population and the urban environment spread like wildfire to accommodate the 3 million people who now live and work in the city, and occupy it. Thanks to its strategic harbor on the Atlantic Ocean and to its essential role in trading, both within Cameroon and within Central Africa, Douala is the economic and commercial heart of the country.
The data collection process considers all Douala’s socio-economic activities which are officially listed in the municipality register. The only formal, printed and publicly available register that classifies socio-economical activities into categories is Douala Zoom. Douala Zoom (2010-2011) is a sort of yellow pages directory, which provides details of every socio-economic activity, including its name, telephone number, address, email,, and position on the neighbourhoods’ map. Douala Zoom is redacted in the two official languages of Cameroon, French and English, even if most of the analysed website used French as primary language.
The online presence of Douala’s activities was checked from May 2014 to July 2014 by typing keywords such as the name of the activity, the neighbourhood and the city (e.g.: Sodepa, Bonendale, Douala) in the Google search engine on three different national localizations of it in order to very potential difference in Google rank results: Cameroon (google.cm), France (google.fr), and Italy (google.it). It has been assumed that, if available, the website of an activity would appear on the first page of Google results. Also Facebook pages and groups have been registered as relevant online presences.
Douala’s activities online presence was registered in a database, including data about:
Category of the activity
Name of the activity
Neighbourhood
Address
Mail
Online presence
Link to the website
Link to the social media
then each activity was classified, according to its origin/headquarter found in the official website, as local, national or international. This classification allowed to clarify if the online presence of the activity was a result of a voluntary choice made by a local company or if it was simply due to the standards of an international company, managed from another city or country.
For each existing website, a research on Domain tools (www.domaintools.com) has been executed in order to find data concerning the year of the website registration, the country in which has been registered, and its IP address.
Data provided by the database were initially reported in more than one category or their presence was not limited to a single area of the city. Whether the same activity was repeated in two different categories, only the most fitting category was taken into consideration. For instance, if the same activity belonged to more than two categories, the most general one was chosen: for example, if a medical clinic referred to the “clinic”, “surgery” and “gynaecology” categories, only the category “clinic” was considered.
When the same activity was repeated in the same category but in more neighbourhoods of the city, all instances were kept only in the case where it was necessary to geo-localize their online presence on the map.
The database was also filtered from the activities whose online presence was linked to local and global platforms for website building (e.g weebly.com, overblog.com, popolus.org, webs.com, e-monsite.com), assuming that owned domains would provide evidence of an higher commitment to online communication.
Moreover, all the activities registered in 2014 were not considered, because the analysis was performed mid of that year, so it was not possible to account for the full year. The same can be said for online presences whose registration year was unavailable.
This digital history can be represented by the following graphic (Fig. 1), which shows and merges two set of data related to the digitalization of the socio-economic activities within Douala: (i) the ascending curve shows the digital growth of Douala, which is given by the sum of the online activities (website and Facebook accounts) from 1989 to 2013; (ii) histograms show the amount of websites and Facebook accounts which emerge every year in the digital overview. The ascending curve shows how digitalization started slowly until 2004 and then increased sharply in the following years, until reaching a peak of constant growth from 2009 to 2013. 2009 is an important year to the spread of Facebook accounts, too.
How to read and explain the graph!
On the left side (let’s call it first column), 20 macro-categories are listed and ordered based on their numerical presence in Douala. FOR EXAMPLE: Retailers are the most diffused activities, followed by professionals, health, etc.. The last category (international organization) means that this sector is numerically less present in Douala.
Each macro-category is divided in two fluxes reaching the central column “Online presence (Website/Facebook). The first flux is linked to the “no” part of the central column, which means that the related quantity of the activities are offline. The second, smaller flux is linked to the “yes” part of the column and its related to the activities who are online.
FOR EXAMPLE: the total number of activities related to the category retailers is 657 of which:
599 are offline (represented on the flux going to the “no” section)
58 are online (represented on the flux going the the section “yes” of the second column)
3. The % of the central colums indicate that:
the 88.63% of ALL activities in Douala is OFFLINE.
Just the 11.37% of ALL activities is ONLINE. SO, the digital Douala corresponds to the 11.37% of socio-economic activities formally registered in Douala (and this is our universe of data)
4. The right side of the graph indicates if Douala’s activities has an email account.
The fact that the majority of the socio-economic activities are not online does not mean that they do not have any access to ICTs. In 2010-2011, 2590 activities had an email account (57.19%) reported on douala zoom.
Not all the activities that have a website communicate their email address in the Douala Zoom register. Among 513 online activities, only 350 share their email address (68.2%). Concerning the other 163 activities, which do not communicate their email address, 20.9% have branches in the city, while 41.1% are international activities based in Douala. Moreover, it is surprising that 14.1% of them depends on activities linked to communication and technology, while about a third of these activities (28.8%) is connected to banks and industries, where a direct communication by email is clearly more difficult and sporadic.
This graph represents the 20 macro-categories of activities listed (from the top to the bottom) according to their online frequency in the digital city in 2007, 2010 and 2013. FOR EXAMPLE: the first category “Industrial production and distribution” is the most represented online category in the digital douala along the three years. It includes a total 150 online activities (28 in 2007, 50 in 2010 and 72 in 2013). Entertainment and art and culture (at the bottom of the rank) are the least frequent categories in the digital douala.
It is important to notice that the used database – Douala Zoom – is based on socioeconomic activities registered in 2010. We chose to observe the evolution of the online presence in the years 2007, 2010 and 2013. The picture of the year 2010 is the more realistic one, because it shows the actual number of socioeconomic activities set in Douala, together with their digital equivalent. Data concerning 2007 and 2013 are assumed – due to a lack of further data – to be identical to the 2010 situation. Regarding the year 2013, it is not possible to know how many activities had been registered or closed from 2011 to 2013; the same can be said about 2010: several activities could have been created and closed without leaving any digital trace (for example, it is not possible to measure the online presence of an activity created in 2002 and closed in 2009, even if it had a website).
At the same time I would like to focus your attention on less represented categories like international organization and career.
Their position immediately shifts at the top of the rank on the graph which consider their online saturation within their own category (or relative presence within the category)
This graph shows data related to the online activities’ saturation level within each specific category. The term “saturation” assumes here a similar connotation of the more commonly used term “market saturation”, indicating the maximisation of product provided in the current state of the market place. In particular, here the saturation level is the percentage of activities that are online within a given category.
These categories in Douala count the lower number of activities (respectively 42 and 40), however they are the categories which are doing the biggest investment to be online. In 2013 the 27.5% of the activities related cateogry career is online
Watching at the origin of each activity, a very interesting datum emerges: if the online presence of International Organization and Transport depends mainly on socioeconomic activities managed from abroad (100% in the case of International Organization), the category of Career has a 67.0% local presence.
The escalation of Career to the first position in 2013, together with its local origin, underlines the positive evolution in the use of technology among the dwellers throughout the years: Douala’s inhabitants use it to find a job and, therefore, to build their own future.
At the same time, the categories Retailers and Professionals are worthy of attention: in 2007, Retailers is on the 12th position, it shifts to the 13th in 2010 and, finally, to the 14th in 2013; on the other hand, Professionals is on the bottom of the chart, on the 18th position.
their actual territorial presence is clearly larger than all the other categories (657 and 606 activities respectively). Their online presence as well. CHANGE quickly the SLIDE TO THE FOLLOWING GRAPH to show their ONLINE PRESENCE (NOT THE SATURATION)
On the graph related to the category online presence, IN 2013, RETAILERS WERE AT THE 3RD POSITION IN THE RANK OF DOUALA ONLINE ACTIVITES, WHILE PROFESSIONALS WAS AT THE 6TH POSITION.
While at the bottom of the rank we can see the categories art and culture and entertainment
In spite of their presence in the digital douala, their online saturation is quite low and very similar to the the leasted represented categories of art and culture and entertainment.
Art and Culture, and Entertainment, have move up four levels in the online saturation rank from 2007 to 2013.
The categories which also show an important growth throughout the years are education and urban environment
Again, the origin of these activities is local: 100.0% for Art and Culture, Entertainment and urban environment, and 82% for education.
This data demonstrates a tendency to go online of the categories linked to educational, social, cultural and urban activities.
Import-export, Retailers, Public administration, and Health despite their steadily online growth, seem to have reached the saturation of their online presence in the first years. 70.0% of them have local origin, and apparently do not consider online presence as an advantage just in the years when the majority of the categories emerges (from 2010 to 2013) and, probably, they chose other communication channels
Their growth drops significantly in the online saturation chart.
Import-export, Retailers, Public administration, and Health seem to have reached the saturation of their online presence in the first years. 70.0% of them have local origin, and apparently do not consider online presence as an advantage just in the years when the majority of the categories emerges (from 2010 to 2013) and, probably, they chose other communication channels
Finally, Bank and Insurance, Technology, Industrial Production and distribution categories show a constant growth throughout the years, which allows them to maintain their position: more than a half (58.0%) of this huge number of activities.
is the number of online activities divided by the total number of activities formally registered within every given area.
Among the 118 neighbourhoods of Douala’s urban territory, 53 of them present socioeconomic activities which are formally registered
This map shows in a scale from “very dark grey” to “yellow” the most represented neighbourhoods according to the number of formal activities they host.
Very dark grey: more that 2000 activates
Dark grey: 201-2000 activities
Bright grey: 51-200 activities
Light grey: 11-50 activities
Yellow: 1-10 activities
This map shows the online presence of formal activities. only 36 out 53 neighbourhoods – 30.5% of the total number of neighbourhoods (118)– show an online presence.
From this map emerges clearly a digital divide between costal and richer areas of the city and inner poor neighbourhoods. The darker areas correspond to the most prestigious neighbourhoods of Douala, where most of the socio-economic activities are concentrated.
The two neighbourhoods represented in very dark green and dark green (Akwa and Bonanjo) are the commercial and administrative centers of the city neighbourhoods. they register the highest online presence, which corresponds to 50.3% of the whole online presence of the city of Douala .
In bright green we find 6 neighbourhoods characterized by less than 100 to 30 online activities: 3 of them are very prestigious are all residential areas, two of them (the peripherical Bonaberi after the river, and Bassa on the east side of the city) are industrial hubs, while the last one is the less prestigious residencial area, but considered the hearth of douala social life.
The neighbourhoods in light green are characterized by a range of 4 to 20 online activities. They are very popular settlements, characterized by simple architecture and a lack of basic public services such as water, electricity and sewers, except for Maképé (at the north of the map) and the areas of the airport (Aereoport) and of the harbor (Zone Portuaire). However, the most important arterial roads of the city pass across these neighbourhoods.
Finally in yellow, 18 neighbourhoods feature from one to three online activities, which just include the categories Banks and insurances, Industrial production and distribution, and Education. They are informal settlement,
The invisible neighbourhoods of the city are shown in pure white (Fig. 2), with no business having an online presence. These neighbourhoods can be considered as no-zones, characterized by a lack of public services and infrastructures.
The online saturation map change a lot the digital landscape of Douala. (the data represent percentages that indicate the relative presence of online activities within the neighbourhood = the number of online activities divided by the total number of activities formally registered within every given area.
Explain the legend:
Very dark green: 41-50% activity online saturation
Dark green: 31-40%
Bright green :21-30%
Light green:11-20%
Yellow: 1-10%
As we can see the darker areas are not representing the most prestigious costal areas, but includes mainly small inner neighbourhoods and the area of the airport and the harbour.
It is worth noting indeed that the saturation level of online activities related to the two neighbourhoods that register the highest online presence (Akwa and Bonanjo) just reaches 12.3% for akwa and 19.2% of bonanjo, which is similar to many other peripherical areas of the city. Prestigious residential areas, as well, communicate less then the 15% of their activities.
if an high saturation level is not surprising for the areas of Areoport (45%) and the Zone Portuaire (35,29%) due to their function as commercial and international gates, it is absolutely relevant for the inner popular neighborhoods of Ndokoti (40,48%) and Nylon (45,55%), which are both spontaneously growth settlements during the Eighties’, overcrowded and popular with locals for their role of informal and commercial centers. These areas are online represented mainly by banks and industrial production and distribution categories showing a shift toward the formal economic society and an improvement of the population income class which needs to have a diversified offers of banks in order to choose in which one to deposit their earning.
The rising areas – in terms of urbanization and industrialization- show a larger saturation of online activities: Bonamoussadi (25,85%) Bassa (23,42%) e Bonaberi (23%).