The current article is discussing about the role of SOX4 geneprotei.pdf
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The current article is discussing about the role of SOX4 gene/protein in the metastasis, and tumourogenesis. Introduction:- SOX 4 is the transcription factor produces Sox4 protein in humans,which regulates the embryonic development and it directly invovles in the apoptosis regulation leading to the tumourogenesis. The malfunction of the gene results in the decreement of parathyroid hormone production so that bone desoption occurs. In the current study explain importance of the SOX 4 gene, the interdigital tissue is lysed by the apoptosis by the expression of SOX4 protein, so in the carcinoma cells, if we knock down of this gene causes the decreeased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 7. It causes various carcinoma like example : Intra hepatitic metastatisis tissue, prostate cancer,lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, myeloma,pineoblastoma, bladder cancer , gastric cancer. these all types are due high expression of SOX 4 gene(upregulation or over production). Solution The current article is discussing about the role of SOX4 gene/protein in the metastasis, and tumourogenesis. Introduction:- SOX 4 is the transcription factor produces Sox4 protein in humans,which regulates the embryonic development and it directly invovles in the apoptosis regulation leading to the tumourogenesis. The malfunction of the gene results in the decreement of parathyroid hormone production so that bone desoption occurs. In the current study explain importance of the SOX 4 gene, the interdigital tissue is lysed by the apoptosis by the expression of SOX4 protein, so in the carcinoma cells, if we knock down of this gene causes the decreeased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 7. It causes various carcinoma like example : Intra hepatitic metastatisis tissue, prostate cancer,lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, myeloma,pineoblastoma, bladder cancer , gastric cancer. these all types are due high expression of SOX 4 gene(upregulation or over production)..
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E-Mail [email protected]Clinical Genetic Aspects of Consangu.docx![E-Mail [email protected]Clinical Genetic Aspects of Consangu.docx](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
E-Mail [email protected]
Clinical Genetic Aspects of Consanguinity
Hum Hered 2014;77:108–117
DOI: 10.1159/000360763
Consanguinity and Disorders of
Sex Development
Anu Bashamboo Ken McElreavey
Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris , France
Introduction
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as
‘congenital conditions in which the development of chro-
mosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical’ [1] . DSD
has recently been coined to encompass terms such as in-
tersex, pseudohermaphroditism, hermaphroditism and
sex-reversal, which can be confusing to clinicians, pa-
tients and parents. The definition provides a rational ba-
sis for designating each phenotype. 46,XY DSD includes
errors of testis determination or undermasculinization of
an XY male due to errors in either androgen synthesis or
androgen action. 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis is an error of
testis determination that is either complete (complete go-
nadal dysgenesis; CGD) or partial (partial gonadal dys-
genesis; PGD). 46,XY CGD is characterized by complete-
ly female external genitalia, well-developed Müllerian
structures and a gonad composed of a streak of fibrous
tissue. On the other hand, 46,XY PGD is characterized by
partial testis formation, usually a mixture of Wolffian and
Müllerian ducts and varying degrees of masculinization
of the external genitalia. 46,XX DSD includes overviril-
ization or masculinization of an XX individual due to an-
drogen excess, and the vast majority of cases of 46,XX
DSD are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(CAH) [2] . The much rarer 46,XX testicular DSD refers
to a male with testes and a normal male habitus, whereas
46,XX ovotesticular DSD refers to individuals that have
Key Words
Consanguinity · Disorders of sex development
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as ‘congen-
ital conditions in which the development of chromosomal,
gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical’ [Lee et al., Pediatrics
2006; 118:e488–e500]. Studies conducted in Western coun-
tries, with low rates of consanguinity, show that truly am-
biguous genitalia have an estimated incidence of 1: 5,000
births. There are indications that the prevalence of DSD is
higher in endogamous communities. The incidence of am-
biguous genitalia in Saudi Arabia has been estimated at
1: 2,500 live births; whilst in Egypt, it has been estimated at
1: 3,000 live births. This may be due in part to an increase in
disorders of androgen synthesis associated with 46,XX DSD.
There is clearly a need for further studies to address the fre-
quency of DSD in communities with high levels of consan-
guinity. This will be challenging, as an accurate diagnosis is
difficult and expensive even in specialized centres. In devel-
oping countries with high levels of consanguinity, these lim-
itations can be compounded by cultural, social and religious
factors. Overall there is an indication that consan ...
Plos one: pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational in...
Plos one: pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational in...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
There is every indication that much of that is described in this publication also applies to the epigenetic transgenerational effects of pre conceptual consumption of alcohol by the father.
What is required is the same detailed research for the role of alcohol.
Barry StanleyWNT 4 gene
Role of WNT4 gene in human sex determination. Created by Tousif Khan. Presented by Pranab Karmakar, Subham Karmakar, Rahul Naskar, Suravi Saha Roy.
Foxp2 role in cancer
FOX protein role in cancer, different types with their roles in specific cancer's.
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E-Mail [email protected]Clinical Genetic Aspects of Consangu.docx
E-Mail [email protected]
Clinical Genetic Aspects of Consanguinity
Hum Hered 2014;77:108–117
DOI: 10.1159/000360763
Consanguinity and Disorders of
Sex Development
Anu Bashamboo Ken McElreavey
Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris , France
Introduction
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as
‘congenital conditions in which the development of chro-
mosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical’ [1] . DSD
has recently been coined to encompass terms such as in-
tersex, pseudohermaphroditism, hermaphroditism and
sex-reversal, which can be confusing to clinicians, pa-
tients and parents. The definition provides a rational ba-
sis for designating each phenotype. 46,XY DSD includes
errors of testis determination or undermasculinization of
an XY male due to errors in either androgen synthesis or
androgen action. 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis is an error of
testis determination that is either complete (complete go-
nadal dysgenesis; CGD) or partial (partial gonadal dys-
genesis; PGD). 46,XY CGD is characterized by complete-
ly female external genitalia, well-developed Müllerian
structures and a gonad composed of a streak of fibrous
tissue. On the other hand, 46,XY PGD is characterized by
partial testis formation, usually a mixture of Wolffian and
Müllerian ducts and varying degrees of masculinization
of the external genitalia. 46,XX DSD includes overviril-
ization or masculinization of an XX individual due to an-
drogen excess, and the vast majority of cases of 46,XX
DSD are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(CAH) [2] . The much rarer 46,XX testicular DSD refers
to a male with testes and a normal male habitus, whereas
46,XX ovotesticular DSD refers to individuals that have
Key Words
Consanguinity · Disorders of sex development
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as ‘congen-
ital conditions in which the development of chromosomal,
gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical’ [Lee et al., Pediatrics
2006; 118:e488–e500]. Studies conducted in Western coun-
tries, with low rates of consanguinity, show that truly am-
biguous genitalia have an estimated incidence of 1: 5,000
births. There are indications that the prevalence of DSD is
higher in endogamous communities. The incidence of am-
biguous genitalia in Saudi Arabia has been estimated at
1: 2,500 live births; whilst in Egypt, it has been estimated at
1: 3,000 live births. This may be due in part to an increase in
disorders of androgen synthesis associated with 46,XX DSD.
There is clearly a need for further studies to address the fre-
quency of DSD in communities with high levels of consan-
guinity. This will be challenging, as an accurate diagnosis is
difficult and expensive even in specialized centres. In devel-
oping countries with high levels of consanguinity, these lim-
itations can be compounded by cultural, social and religious
factors. Overall there is an indication that consan ...
Plos one: pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational in...
Plos one: pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational in...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
There is every indication that much of that is described in this publication also applies to the epigenetic transgenerational effects of pre conceptual consumption of alcohol by the father.
What is required is the same detailed research for the role of alcohol.
Barry StanleyWNT 4 gene
Role of WNT4 gene in human sex determination. Created by Tousif Khan. Presented by Pranab Karmakar, Subham Karmakar, Rahul Naskar, Suravi Saha Roy.
Foxp2 role in cancer
FOX protein role in cancer, different types with their roles in specific cancer's.
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HOX genes act as transcription factors which regulate embryonic development. They are a subgroup of the homeobox. In the human genome there are 39 HOX genes in four chromosomal clusters. Spatial collinearity, posterior prevalence, and temporal collinearity are the three principals that HOX genes express and control the development process. In cells, HOX proteins play a major role in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and receptor signaling. In cancers, HOX genes act as transcriptional repressors and also transcriptional activators. Three principals of HOX genes deregulation in cancers are classified as temporospatial deregulation, epigenetic deregulation, and gene dominance. HOX genes are altered by overexpression, methylation of the promoter and downregulation and change their expression patterns in cancers. Altered expression of HOX genes are a cause for lung carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and breast carcinoma etc. miRNAs and ncRNAs are also important in the regulation of the gene expression of the HOX genes and altered amounts of miRNAs and ncRNAs can lead to cancers. Some HOX genes have been investigated as biomarkers in cancer conditions.
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#include SDLSDL.hSDL_Surface Background = NULL; SDL_Surface.pdf
#include
SDL_Surface* Background = NULL;
SDL_Surface* SpriteImage = NULL;
SDL_Surface* Backbuffer = NULL;
SDL_Rect SpritePos;
int xPos;
int yPos;
int width=100;
int height=90;
int xDir;
int yDir;
SDL_Surface* LoadImage(char* fileName);
bool LoadFiles();
void moveBitMap(int& xPosition, int& yPosition, int width, int height, int& xDirection, int&
yDirection);
void FreeFiles();
bool ProgramIsRunning();
int main(int argc, char* args[])
{
if(SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING) < 0)
{
printf(\"Failed to initialize SDL!\ \");
return 0;
}
Backbuffer = SDL_SetVideoMode(800, 600, 32, SDL_SWSURFACE);
SDL_WM_SetCaption(\"Color Keying\", NULL);
if(!LoadFiles())
{
printf(\"Failed to load files!\ \");
FreeFiles();
SDL_Quit();
return 0;
}
SpritePos.x = 0;
SpritePos.y = 0;
while(ProgramIsRunning())
{
xPos = SpritePos.x; //get the current x position
yPos = SpritePos.y; //get the current y position
moveBitMap( xPos, yPos, width, height, xDir, yDir); //move the bitmap
SpritePos.x=xPos; //update x with new posivoid moveBitMap(int& xPosition, int& yPosition, int
width, int height, int& xDirection, int& yDirection)tion
SpritePos.y=yPos; //update y with new position
SDL_BlitSurface(Background, NULL, Backbuffer, NULL);
SDL_BlitSurface(SpriteImage, NULL, Backbuffer, &SpritePos);
SDL_Delay(20);
SDL_Flip(Backbuffer);
}
FreeFiles();
SDL_Quit();
return 0;
}
SDL_Surface* LoadImage(char* fileName)
{
SDL_Surface* imageLoaded = NULL;
SDL_Surface* processedImage = NULL;
imageLoaded = SDL_LoadBMP(fileName);
if(imageLoaded != NULL)
{
processedImage = SDL_DisplayFormat(imageLoaded);
SDL_FreeSurface(imageLoaded);
if(processedImage != NULL)
{
Uint32 colorKey = SDL_MapRGB(processedImage->format, 0, 0, 0);
SDL_SetColorKey(processedImage, SDL_SRCCOLORKEY, colorKey);
}
}
return processedImage;
}
bool LoadFiles()
{
Background = LoadImage(\"graphics/background.bmp\");
if(Background == NULL)
return false;
SpriteImage = LoadImage(\"graphics/aieplane.bmp\");
if(SpriteImage == NULL)
return false;
return true;
}
void FreeFiles()
{
SDL_FreeSurface(Background);
SDL_FreeSurface(SpriteImage);
}
void moveBitMap(int& xPosition, int& yPosition, int width, int height, int& xDirection, int&
yDirection)
{
int x = xPosition;
int y = yPosition;
int dirX = xDirection;
int dirY = yDirection;
x = x + dirX;
//if the bitmap has reached the right side
if(x > 800-width)
{
x = width - 100;
dirX = (-1);
}
if(x= 0)
{
x = 5;
dirX = 1;
}
y = y + dirY;
if(y > 600-height)
{
y = height - 90;//void moveBitMap(int& xPosition, int& yPosition, int width, int height, int&
xDirection, int& yDirection)
dirY = (-1);
}
if(y = 0)
y = 5;
dirY = 1;
xPosition = x;
yPosition = y;
xDirection = dirX;
yDirection = dirY;
}
bool ProgramIsRunning()
{
SDL_Event event;
bool running = true;
while(SDL_PollEvent(&event))
{
if(event.type == SDL_QUIT)
running = false;
}
return running;
}
Solution
#include
SDL_Surface* Background = NULL;
SDL_Surface* SpriteImage = NULL;
SDL_Surface* Backbuffer = NULL;
SDL_Rect SpritePos;
int xPos;
int yPos;
int width=1.
C, D, and E are wrong and involve random constants. Thisnarrows it d.pdf
C, D, and E are wrong and involve random constants. Thisnarrows it down to A and B; it is A
because the negative sign meansthat energy is being given off when it (SO2) forms.
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :)
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :)
Solution
C, D, and E are wrong and involve random constants. Thisnarrows it down to A and B; it is A
because the negative sign meansthat energy is being given off when it (SO2) forms.
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :)
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :).
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I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :)
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :)
Solution
C, D, and E are wrong and involve random constants. Thisnarrows it down to A and B; it is A
because the negative sign meansthat energy is being given off when it (SO2) forms.
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :)
I hope you found this helpful, please rate! :).
AnswerOogenesis is the process by which ovum mother cells or oogo.pdf
Answer:
Oogenesis is the process by which ovum mother cells or oogonia gives rise to mature ovum- the
female gametes. The process takes place in the outermost layer- the germinal epithelium of the
ovary.
Meiotic Events in oogenesis:
Initially before birth, the oogonium undergoes mitotic divisions so as to increase its number. This
process takes place during the embryonic growth phase. No further addition to this number takes
place after birth. In the human embryo, the thousand or so oogonia divide rapidly from the
second to the seventh month of gestation to form roughly 7 million germ cells. After the seventh
month though, there is a sharp decline in the number of these newly formed cells. These
remaining cells are the ones entering the reductional division of meiosis (meiosis-1). These cells
enters into meiosis-1 but they are unable to advance through Prophase-1 of meiosis. These cells
are arrested in the diplotene sub-stage of Prophase-1 and they are maintained at this stage until
puberty. These cells are now known as primary oocytes. Even the primary oocytes continue to
die during this phase. Roughly only about 400 oocytes mature during the reproductive life of a
female periodically. At the onset of puberty, specific hormonal cues re-initiate the process of
meiosis.
During adolescence, the GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormones released from the
hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release hormones like LH & FSH which lifts the
cell cycle arrest in these cells and assists them in resuming meiosis. The primary oocytes
completes meiosis-1 and gives rise to a tiny polar body and another larger secondary oocyte with
greater content of cytoplasm ( unequal cell division). In some organisms , the polar bodies may
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secondary oocyte is released from the follicle and it travels towards the fallopian tube. The
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meiosis-2 only if union with a sperm takes place. The secondary oocyte progresses through
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development.
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AnswerB) S. typhimuium gains access to the host by crossing the.pdf
Answer:
B) S. typhimuium gains access to the host by crossing the intestinal epithelium inside M cells
The M cells are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer\'s patches and
in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
These cells are known to initiate mucosal immunityresponses on the apical membrane of the M
cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles across the epithelial cell layer from the gut
lumen to the lamina propria where interactions with immune cells can take place. M cells have
the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis,
phagocytosis, or transcytosis.
Solution
Answer:
B) S. typhimuium gains access to the host by crossing the intestinal epithelium inside M cells
The M cells are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer\'s patches and
in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
These cells are known to initiate mucosal immunityresponses on the apical membrane of the M
cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles across the epithelial cell layer from the gut
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A Letter to myself!Hi to myself!Now that I am an Engineer with a.pdf
A Letter to myself!
Hi to myself!
Now that I am an Engineer with a certified degree, as an Engineer I aspire to do some wonderful
things for myself and society. As I studied the Civil Engineering and about the wonders that it
has created for the well being of the society and the world, it amused me and inpired me to
become an Engineer. I want to design the bridges, tunnels, skyscrappers and dams which
wouldn\'t fail and please to the eyes. In history we have seen the engineering disasters such as
the Tacoma Washington bridge disaster, in which the wind loads were ignored while designing.
We learned from such disasters and improved our bridge by incorporating the wind and other
loads such as earthquake loads. There has been a revolution in the Civil Engineering field since
the advent of the cement and reinforced concrete. Initially we could only design low strength
concrete but now with the help of the admixtures and air-entraining agents we can design a mix
of strength greater than 70 MPa.
Empire State Building was constructed in 1932 and remained the tallest skyscraper till 1967,
until we learn to create the taller structures. Now we know that Burj Khalifa is the tallest
standing structure in the world with a height almost double of that of Empire state building.
Empire state building is now at 9th in the ranking of the tallest structure. Similarl trends can be
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What we learn from all this history is that, there is never a full stop to the impovement of the
design of the structures. In present world, we still have many problems, such as the
environmental issues related with the use and production of the cement, which is responsible for
the production of a large proportion of the green house gases. There is a need to find the better
alternative of the cement. We still can\'t construct the earthquake proof buildings, and there
always will be a need for improvement in this field. More than one million people die each year
in the road crashes, many of which occur due to the poor design and construction, there is a need
of the better Intelligent Traffic Systems(ITS.)
I see that there is a lot to be improved in the current engineering field, so I will find the best
opportunity to serve my techniques and skills to work in any of the abovementioned fields.
Thank You!
Solution
A Letter to myself!
Hi to myself!
Now that I am an Engineer with a certified degree, as an Engineer I aspire to do some wonderful
things for myself and society. As I studied the Civil Engineering and about the wonders that it
has created for the well being of the society and the world, it amused me and inpired me to
become an Engineer. I want to design the bridges, tunnels, skyscrappers and dams which
wouldn\'t fail and please to the eyes. In history we have seen the engineering disasters such as
the Tacoma Washington bridge disaster, in which the wind loads were ignored while designing.
We learned from such disasters and .
Particulars Amount ($) Millons a) Purchase consideratio.pdf
Particulars Amount ($) Millons a) Purchase consideration paid 6.3 b) Net Assets
Aquired: Land 1.2 Buildings 2.9 Inventory 1.7 Liabilities -1 4.8 (a) - (b)
Good Will 1.5
Solution
Particulars Amount ($) Millons a) Purchase consideration paid 6.3 b) Net Assets
Aquired: Land 1.2 Buildings 2.9 Inventory 1.7 Liabilities -1 4.8 (a) - (b)
Good Will 1.5.
2 = 14.191, df = 9,2df = 1.58 , P(2 14.191) = .pdf
?2 = 14.191, df = 9,?2/df = 1.58 , P(?2 > 14.191) = 0.1157
P C B M F30
23.64
( 1.71)25
24.09
( 0.03)15
21.82
( 2.13)30
30.45
( 0.01) 100 S30
28.36
( 0.09)36
28.91
( 1.74)27
26.18
( 0.03)27
36.55
( 2.49) 120 J24
30.73
( 1.47)25
31.32
( 1.27)32
28.36
( 0.47)49
39.59
( 2.24) 130 S20
21.27
( 0.08)20
21.68
( 0.13)22
19.64
( 0.28)28
27.41
( 0.01) 90 104 106 96 134 440
Solution
?2 = 14.191, df = 9,?2/df = 1.58 , P(?2 > 14.191) = 0.1157
P C B M F30
23.64
( 1.71)25
24.09
( 0.03)15
21.82
( 2.13)30
30.45
( 0.01) 100 S30
28.36
( 0.09)36
28.91
( 1.74)27
26.18
( 0.03)27
36.55
( 2.49) 120 J24
30.73
( 1.47)25
31.32
( 1.27)32
28.36
( 0.47)49
39.59
( 2.24) 130 S20
21.27
( 0.08)20
21.68
( 0.13)22
19.64
( 0.28)28
27.41
( 0.01) 90 104 106 96 134 440.
while determining the pH the pH of the water is n.pdf
while determining the pH the pH of the water is not considered actually when salts
are added to water it dissciated to form H+ ions leading to increase in H+ ion concentration and
decrease in pH
Solution
while determining the pH the pH of the water is not considered actually when salts
are added to water it dissciated to form H+ ions leading to increase in H+ ion concentration and
decrease in pH.
Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals By solving t.pdf
Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals By solving the Schrödinger equation (Hy
= Ey), we obtain a set of mathematical equations, called wave functions (y), which describe the
probability of finding electrons at certain energy levels within an atom. A wave function for an
electron in an atom is called an atomic orbital; this atomic orbital describes a region of space in
which there is a high probability of finding the electron. Energy changes within an atom are the
result of an electron changing from a wave pattern with one energy to a wave pattern with a
different energy (usually accompanied by the absorption or emission of a photon of light). Each
electron in an atom is described by four different quantum numbers. The first three (n, l, ml)
specify the particular orbital of interest, and the fourth (ms) specifies how many electrons can
occupy that orbital. Principal Quantum Number (n): n = 1, 2, 3, …, 8 Specifies the energy of
an electron and the size of the orbital (the distance from the nucleus of the peak in a radial
probability distribution plot). All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same
shell (level). For a hydrogen atom with n=1, the electron is in its ground state; if the electron is in
the n=2 orbital, it is in an excited state. The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2.
Angular Momentum (Secondary, Azimunthal) Quantum Number (l): l = 0, ..., n-1. Specifies the
shape of an orbital with a particular principal quantum number. The secondary quantum number
divides the shells into smaller groups of orbitals called subshells (sublevels). Usually, a letter
code is used to identify l to avoid confusion with n: l 0 1 2 3 4 5 ... Letter s p d f g h ... The
subshell with n=2 and l=1 is the 2p subshell; if n=3 and l=0, it is the 3s subshell, and so on. The
value of l also has a slight effect on the energy of the subshell; the energy of the subshell
increases with l (s < p < d < f). Magnetic Quantum Number (ml): ml = -l, ..., 0, ..., +l. Specifies
the orientation in space of an orbital of a given energy (n) and shape (l). This number divides the
subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons; there are 2l+1 orbitals in each subshell.
Thus the s subshell has only one orbital, the p subshell has three orbitals, and so on. Spin
Quantum Number (ms): ms = +½ or -½. Specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron.
An electron can spin in only one of two directions (sometimes called up and down). The Pauli
exclusion principle (Wolfgang Pauli, Nobel Prize 1945) states that no two electrons in the same
atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. What this means is that no
more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital, and that two electrons in the same orbital
must have opposite spins. Because an electron spins, it creates a magnetic field, which can be
oriented in one of two directions. For two electrons in the same orbital, the spins must be
opposite to each oth.
They are molecules that are mirror images of each.pdf
They are molecules that are mirror images of each other. They have the same basic
structure, but are rearranged in such a way that it is impossible to turn one into the other by
simple rotation.
Solution
They are molecules that are mirror images of each other. They have the same basic
structure, but are rearranged in such a way that it is impossible to turn one into the other by
simple rotation..
Well u put so many type of compounds here.Generally speakingi) t.pdf
Well u put so many type of compounds here.
Generally speaking
i) the materials or compounds or biological compounds which contains acidic protons [ the
protons which can be replaceable by the addition of base]
ii) compounds containing double bonds i.e. unsaturation
iii) compounds containing polar functional groups like aldehyde , ketones , esters etc
do react dramatically with the addition of acids or bases.
eg. materials :- inorganic acid / bases
biological system :- porphyrene system [contains replaceable hydrogen atoms]
Solution
Well u put so many type of compounds here.
Generally speaking
i) the materials or compounds or biological compounds which contains acidic protons [ the
protons which can be replaceable by the addition of base]
ii) compounds containing double bonds i.e. unsaturation
iii) compounds containing polar functional groups like aldehyde , ketones , esters etc
do react dramatically with the addition of acids or bases.
eg. materials :- inorganic acid / bases
biological system :- porphyrene system [contains replaceable hydrogen atoms].
Ventilation is the process of air going in and out of lungs. Increas.pdf
Ventilation is the process of air going in and out of lungs. Increased ventilation elevates the
oxygen level in arterial blood. It also alters the pH of blood, calcium level affecting the nerves,
muscles etc.
Solution
Ventilation is the process of air going in and out of lungs. Increased ventilation elevates the
oxygen level in arterial blood. It also alters the pH of blood, calcium level affecting the nerves,
muscles etc..
A1) A living being or an individual is known as an organism and it i.pdf
A1) A living being or an individual is known as an organism and it is a member of a species. A
species is a group of organisms that contains a set of specialized characteristics which distinguish
them from other organisms. The number of variety of species occurring in a community is
known as the species diversity. Species diversity has two important components-species richness
and species evenness. The species richness is the number of different species present in a
community. For example, a biological community like a coral reef contains large number of
species existing within the community and exhibits the high species richness. In contrast a forest
community containing limited number of specific plants exhibits low species richness. More
number of species present in an ecosystem represent its health because of the absence of factors
like nutrient depletion, competition, predation and extinction of species.
A2) New species arrive in habitat by geographical isolation and by immigration. The island
closer to the main land becomes a big source of immigration and have higher immigration rate
and contains higher species richness. The island distant from the main land has low immigration
rates because the species have to travel a lot to reach the island. Thus, these two factors influence
the species richness on the islands.
A3) A species chooses a specific habitat depending on availability of resources like nutrients and
other biotic factors. A diverse ecosystem with great variety of producer species producing more
plant biomass supports a great variety of a consumer species. The greater species richness in an
ecosystem makes it more productive, stable and sustainable. The greater species richness
promotes the food web and biotic interactions within the ecosystems resulting in greater
sustainability and enables to withstand the environmental disturbances like drought.
A4)
Native species are those that live in a specific ecosystem. Other species that migrate or
accidentally introduced in to another ecosystem are called as non native species or invasive or
exotic species.
The species that indicate or intimate the early warning of the damage to a community or an
ecosystem are known as indicator species. Birds are very good biological indicators as they can
predict the environmental changes rapidly.
The habitat loss by species is due to human activitites which introduce a species into a new
geographic location. For example, wild African honey bees known as killer bees were imported
to Brazil and caused damaged to native honey bees. Human activities like heavy utilization of
chemical pesticides is declining the populations of bird species. Butter flies are also good
indicator species as they are associated with several plant species making them vulnerable to
habitat loss and fragmentation due to heavy chemical fertilizers and pesticide usage. These
activities make the species to find new habitat to colonize and survive.
Solution
A1) A living being or .
there are laws and regulations that would pertain to an online breac.pdf
there are laws and regulations that would pertain to an online breach of 10,000 patient records
with identifiable data such as ssn and payment history ie HIPAA (health insurance portability
and accountability act ) is a fedral law that provides baseline privacy and security standards for
medical information and the us department health and human services is the fedral agency
incharge of creating rules that implement HIPAA and also enforcing HIPAA and this security
rule ie it protects only electronic medical records and it also applies to covered entities and there
are three types of covered entities ie health care providers get paid to provide health care doctors
, dentists , nursing homes ,hospitals, urgent medical care etc and the health care in order to
provide health care in exchange for payment . health plans play the cost of medical care like
health insurance companies .health care clearing houses process information so that it can be
transmitted in standard format between covered entities for eg they take the important
information from doctor and put it in standard code format that can be used for insurance
purposes . a bussiness associate acts as subcontractors as they creates , receives , maintains or
transmits the protected health information on behalf of covered entity and the responsibility of
bussiness associates that they make sure that they should protect patient health records according
to HIPAA standards.HIPAA privacy rules applies to protect health information which includes
all individual identifiable health information which includes patient health records about past
present and future and there mental health records and treatment provided to persons and their
payments and they also includes names , date of birth and addresses and phone no and social
securit numbers and they also protect the conversations between patient and doctors have the
same privacy . there are some violation rules if any wrong happens then individual can file case
against them according to HIPAA rules .
therefore the security of the data will continue to grow importance as health care industries move
towards greater implementation of electronic health records . personal electronic health records
devices , independent consent management tools and privacy preserving datamining and
statistical disclosure limitations and pesudonymization in this phase they replace the patient
names by providing with patient ids that can be linked to their original identities and it protects
individual identities .whereas in independent consent management tools relies on health trust as
they store health related data if researchers want to search health data they should first contact
health trusts where as personl electronic devices requires personal computer to manage their
health information . these are the rules and laws to protect patients records and data and their
payments .
Solution
there are laws and regulations that would pertain to an online breach of 10,000 pat.
The false statement among the given list is “Territoriality means ho.pdf
The false statement among the given list is “Territoriality means holding space, while
preemption means defending space.”
The actual meaning of territoriality means, defending space in which exclusion of aggressive
behaviour occurs, and preemption means holding space.
Solution
The false statement among the given list is “Territoriality means holding space, while
preemption means defending space.”
The actual meaning of territoriality means, defending space in which exclusion of aggressive
behaviour occurs, and preemption means holding space..
The major similarities between rocks and minerals are as follows1.pdf
The major similarities between rocks and minerals are as follows:
1. Both of them are geological substances which exists on earth.
2. Both are solid, inorganic and naturally-occuring substances.
However, these are different in following ways:
1. Rocks are classified by geological processes whereas minerals are classified by chemical
processes.
2. Rocks do not play any role in biological processes whereas minerals play definitive role.
3. Sometivmes, fosil remains are found embeded inside rocks while minerals don\'t have fossils.
Solution
The major similarities between rocks and minerals are as follows:
1. Both of them are geological substances which exists on earth.
2. Both are solid, inorganic and naturally-occuring substances.
However, these are different in following ways:
1. Rocks are classified by geological processes whereas minerals are classified by chemical
processes.
2. Rocks do not play any role in biological processes whereas minerals play definitive role.
3. Sometivmes, fosil remains are found embeded inside rocks while minerals don\'t have fossils..
Pipelining understandingPipelining is running multiple stages of .pdf
Pipelining understanding:
Pipelining is running multiple stages of the same process in parallel in a way that efficiently uses
all the available hardware while respecting the dependencies of each stage upon the previous
stages. In the laundry example, the stages are washing, drying, and folding. By starting a wash
stage as soon as the previous wash stage is moved to the dryer, the idle time of the washer is
minimized. Notice that the wash stage takes less time than the dry stage, so the wash stage must
remain idle until the dry stage finishes: the steady state throughput of the pipeline is limited by
the slowest stage in the pipeline. This can be mitigated by breaking up the bottleneck stage into
smaller sub-stages. For those less concerned with laundry-based examples, consider a video
game. The CPU computes the keyboard/mouse input each frame and moves the camera
accordingly, then the GPU takes that information and actually renders the scene; meanwhile, the
CPU has already begun calculating what\'s going to happen in the next frame.
How Pipelining will done:
In class, we mentioned that interpreting each computer instruction is a four step process: fetching
the instruction, decoding it and reading the register, executing it, and recording the results. Each
instruction may take 4 cycles to complete, but if our throughput is one instruction each cycle,
then we would like to perform, on average, $n$ instructions every $n$ cycles. To accomplish
this, we can split up an instruction\'s work into the 4 different steps so that other pieces of
hardware work to decode, execute, and record results while the CPU performs the fetch. The
latency to process each instruction is fixed at 4 cycles, so by processing a new instruction every
cycle, after four cycles, one instruction has been completed and three are \"in progress\" (they\'re
in the pipeline). After many cycles the steady state throughput approaches one completed
instruction every cycle.
An assembly line in a auto manufacturing plant is another good example of a pipelined process.
There are many steps in the assembly of the car, each of which is assigned a stage in the pipeline.
Typically the depth of these pipelines is very large: cars are pretty complex, so there need to be a
lot of stages in the assembly line. The more stages, the longer it takes to crank the system up to a
steady state. The larger the depth, the more costly it is to turn the system around: A branch
misprediction in an instruction pipeline would be like getting one of the steps wrong in the
assembly line: all the cars affected would have to go back to the beginning of the assembly line
and be processed again.
OnLive Example[Realtime]:
OnLive is a company that allows gamers to play video games in the cloud. The games are run on
one of the company\'s server farms, and video of the game is sent back to your computer. The
idea is that even the lamest of computers can run the most highly intensive games because all the
computer does .
main.cpp #include iostream #include iomanip #include S.pdf
main.cpp
#include
#include
#include \"SwimmingPool.h\"
using namespace std;
void printMainMenu();
void printPoolVolume();
void printGetPoolDimensions(bool);
void printHasDimensions();
void checkDimensions();
void printError();
void printPoolDimensions();
double editValue(double);
void printGetFillRate();
void printGetDrainRate();
void printAddWater();
void printDrainRate();
void printFillRate();
char printWantwer();
SwimmingPool pool;
int _response;
int _numResponses;
double _length;
double _width;
double _depth;
//double _currentwerVolume;
double _drainRate;
double _fillRate;
bool _end;
char _newValue[5];
int main()
{
int fillTime;
int drainTime;
double drained;
// Set output style and precision
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
// Main program loop
// ends when _end==true
while (!_end)
{
// Prints main option list
printMainMenu();
// Switch based on response
switch (_response)
{
// Sets pool dimensions
case 1:
if (pool.hasDimensions())
printHasDimensions();
else
{
printPoolDimensions();
printPoolVolume();
}
break;
// Prints pool dimensions
case 2:
printGetPoolDimensions(false);
system(\"pause\");
break;
// Prints fill rate
case 3:
printGetFillRate();
break;
// Prints drain rate
case 4:
printGetDrainRate();
break;
// Determine water need to fill pool to capacity
case 5:
checkDimensions();
if (!pool.hasWater())
cout << \"\ The pool is currently empty\";
else
{
cout << \" The pool currently has \"
<< pool.getwerVolume()
<< \" units\"
<< endl;
}
cout << \"\ \ Water needed: \"
<< pool.getFillAmount(pool.getwerVolume())
<< \" units of water\ \ \";
system(\"pause\");
break;
// Determine time required to fill pool at rate
case 6:
if (!pool.hasDimensions())
{
cout << \" Pool dimensions not yet entered.\ \";
printGetPoolDimensions(false);
}
if (pool.getFillRate() <= 0)
printGetFillRate();
cout << \"\ Time to fill pool: \"
<< pool.getFillTime()
<< endl
<< endl;
system(\"pause\");
break;
// Determine time required to drain pool at rate
case 7:
checkDimensions();
if (_drainRate <= 0)
printGetDrainRate();
if (!pool.hasWater())
{
char response = printWantwer();
while (response != \'y\' && response != \'n\')
{
printError();
response = printWantwer();
}
if (response == \'y\')
printAddWater();
else
break;;
}
cout << \"\ Time to drain pool: \"
<< pool.getDrainTime()
<< endl
<< endl;
system(\"pause\");
break;
case 8:
checkDimensions();
if (pool.getFillRate() <= 0)
printGetFillRate();
else
printFillRate();
cout << \"\ Enter fill time: \";
cin >> fillTime;
pool.setFillTime(fillTime);
pool.setwerVolume(pool.getwerVolume() + pool.fill());
cout << endl
<< pool.fill()
<< \" units of water were added to the pool\ \ \"
<< \" The pool now contains \"
<< pool.getwerVolume()
<< \" units of water\ \ \";
system(\"pause\");
break;
case 9:
checkDimensions();
if (pool.getDrainRate() <= 0)
printGetDrainRate();
else
printDrainRate();
cout << \"\ Enter drain time: \";
cin >> drainTime;
pool.setDrainTime(drainTime);
if (!pool.hasWater())
{
char response = printWantwe.
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessi.pdf
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessive genotypte?
c. ee
As there are always two letters in the genotype because one code for the trait come from materal
and other code for the trait comes from paternal oraganism, so every organism has two codes (
letters ). The two lowercase letters in the genotype referred as homozygous recessive genotype(
ee). The term pure may also used in place of homozygous.
13). Daughter nuclei form from each parent cell during
a. Telophase I and telophase II
In both at each pole, a daughter nucleus with nuclear membrane( from ER) and nucleolus( from
SAT chromosome) is formedand also there is disappearance of astral rays and spindle fibres.
14). The diploid human cell has _ chromosomes.
- 46
The diploid number is abbreviated as 2n because of the presence of twice the amount of
chromosomes as a haploid cell. The haploid cell has a total of 23 chromosomes while the diploid
cell has 46 chromosomes.
15). Choose all that are true about genes
- genes are located on chromosomes
- genes are units of inheritence about heritable trait
- genes are arranged in a linear sequence on a chromosome
- each gene has its own location,in one type of chromosome
16).Mendal theory of independent assortment states that
a. genes for different traits are randomly distributed to gametes during meiosis.
17). Pairs of homologus chromosomes exist
a. during meiosis I
It is a special type of division in which chromosomes duplicate only once, but cell divides twice.
So one parental cell produces 4 daughter cells.
18). Alternate forms of genes are called_
- alleles
19). The physical appearance of an individual is referrred to as its
b. Phenotype
20). The genetic make- up of an individual is referred to as its
a.Genotype
21). Why the sexual reproduction benefit for the organism?
all of these are true.
22). The various forms of particular gene are called
b. alleles
Solution
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessive genotypte?
c. ee
As there are always two letters in the genotype because one code for the trait come from materal
and other code for the trait comes from paternal oraganism, so every organism has two codes (
letters ). The two lowercase letters in the genotype referred as homozygous recessive genotype(
ee). The term pure may also used in place of homozygous.
13). Daughter nuclei form from each parent cell during
a. Telophase I and telophase II
In both at each pole, a daughter nucleus with nuclear membrane( from ER) and nucleolus( from
SAT chromosome) is formedand also there is disappearance of astral rays and spindle fibres.
14). The diploid human cell has _ chromosomes.
- 46
The diploid number is abbreviated as 2n because of the presence of twice the amount of
chromosomes as a haploid cell. The haploid cell has a total of 23 chromosomes while the diploid
cell has 46 chromosomes.
15). Choose all that are true about genes
- genes are located on chromosomes
- genes are units of inheriten.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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- 1. The current article is discussing about the role of SOX4 gene/protein in the metastasis, and tumourogenesis. Introduction:- SOX 4 is the transcription factor produces Sox4 protein in humans,which regulates the embryonic development and it directly invovles in the apoptosis regulation leading to the tumourogenesis. The malfunction of the gene results in the decreement of parathyroid hormone production so that bone desoption occurs. In the current study explain importance of the SOX 4 gene, the interdigital tissue is lysed by the apoptosis by the expression of SOX4 protein, so in the carcinoma cells, if we knock down of this gene causes the decreeased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 7. It causes various carcinoma like example : Intra hepatitic metastatisis tissue, prostate cancer,lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, myeloma,pineoblastoma, bladder cancer , gastric cancer. these all types are due high expression of SOX 4 gene(upregulation or over production). Solution The current article is discussing about the role of SOX4 gene/protein in the metastasis, and tumourogenesis. Introduction:- SOX 4 is the transcription factor produces Sox4 protein in humans,which regulates the embryonic development and it directly invovles in the apoptosis regulation leading to the tumourogenesis. The malfunction of the gene results in the decreement of parathyroid hormone production so that bone desoption occurs. In the current study explain importance of the SOX 4 gene, the interdigital tissue is lysed by the apoptosis by the expression of SOX4 protein, so in the carcinoma cells, if we knock down of this gene causes the decreeased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 7. It causes various carcinoma like example : Intra hepatitic metastatisis tissue, prostate cancer,lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, myeloma,pineoblastoma, bladder cancer , gastric cancer. these all types are due high expression of SOX 4 gene(upregulation or over production).