The Core Leadership TheoriesKehinde Adebowale.docx

The Core Leadership Theories
Kehinde Adebowale
University of Phoenix
The Core Leadership Theories
One section of your dissertation will be a literature review,
which will be the foundation for your research. What is a
literature review? A literature review summarizes and
synthesizes arguments and ideas of others without adding new
contributions. The assignments in this class will provide you the
opportunity to learn how to write a literature review as you
analyze, evaluate, and synthesize existing literature on
leadership constructs.
This example paper/template has sections for each of the
assignments in Weeks 1 through 7, and collectively will be the

final paper due in Week 8. Each week after you receive
instructor feedback you are expected to make all needed
revisions in preparation for submitting the final paper in Week
8. The matrices you will be building for Weeks 1 & 3 will be
placed as appendices at the end of the paper (please see
placeholders at the end of this paper).
Historical Leadership
This section is the Week 2 assignment. Provide a short
introduction to historical leadership.
Great Man Theory
Provide a discussion on the Great Man Theory. Compare
and contrast with other historical leadership theories. Please
refer to the MEAL Plan document for writing a well-structured
paragraph.
Trait Theory
Provide a discussion on Trait Theory. Compare and
contrast with other historical leadership theories. Please refer to
the MEAL Plan document for writing a well-structured
paragraph.
Behavioral Theory
Provide a discussion on Behavioral Theory. Compare and
paragraph.
Skills Approach
Provide a discussion on Skills Approach. Compare and
paragraph.
Contemporary Leadership
introduction to Contemporary Leadership.
Situational Leadership
Provide a discussion on Situational Leadership. Compare
and contrast with other contemporary leadership theories.
Please refer to the MEAL Plan document for writing a well-

structured paragraph.
Transactional Leadership
Provide a discussion on Transactional Leadership.
Compare and contrast with other contemporary leadership
theories. Please refer to the MEAL Plan document for writing a
well-structured paragraph.
Transformational Leadership
Provide a discussion on Transformational Leadership.
Compare and contrast with other contemporary leadership
theories. Please refer to the MEAL Plan document for writing a
well-structured paragraph.
Servant Leadership
Provide a discussion on Servant Leadership. Compare and
contrast with other contemporary leadership theories. Please
refer to the MEAL Plan document for writing a well-structured
paragraph.
Conclusion
Provide a discussion on the similarities and differences
between/among historical leadership and contemporary
leadership. What characteristics from historical leadership
approaches transferred to contemporary leadership approaches?
Leadership and Followership
introduction and a substantiated discussion on Followership.
Leadership Ethics
introduction and a substantiated discussion on Leadership
Ethics.
Team Leadership and Decision-Making
introduction and a substantiated discussion on Leadership
Ethics.
Leadership in (state your discipline)
This section is added during Week 8. Provide a short
introduction and a substantiated discussion on a leadership topic
of your choice, relative to your professional field. Is there a

leadership theory/model best suited to your professional field?
Why or why not? How do you see the effectiveness of your
leadership style in your professional field? Would your
leadership style be more effective in a different professional
field? Why or why not?
Conclusion
The final paragraph needs to include a summary and conclusion.
References
Note: the journal, book, and dissertation sections are examples
of how each type of publication is formatted, and the reference
section should not be divided as this seems to indicate. All
references are placed in alphabetical order by authors’ last
names.

Formatting of Journal Articles:
Author, A. (2013). Title of article is written in sentence form
with proper nouns being capitalized. Title of Journal in Italics
as is the Volume Number, 31(22), 345-354.
Author, B. (2000). Title of article is written in sentence form
with proper nouns being capitalized. Title of Journal in Italics
as is the Volume Number, 31(22), 345-354.
Note how the issue number and page numbers are not in italics.
Refer to the APA Manual, pp 198-202 for journal article
formatting.
Formatting of Books:
Author, C. (1998). Titles of books are written in sentence form
and placed in italics. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Refer to APA Manual, pp 202-205 for book formatting.
Formatting of Dissertations:
Author, A.A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest (or the name of the
database). (Order number or AN number)
Refer to APA Manual, p 207 for dissertation/theses formatting.
DOI Numbers
Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) is a fairly new system and
journal articles have been, or are in the process, of being
identified with a doi number. As an author, one of your
responsibilities is to see if an article has been assigned a doi
number, and if not, then you need to provide a direct link to the
article, instead of providing a URL to a secured database. APA
stated to avoid providing a URL to a secured database, such as
ProQuest, EbscoHost, contentproxy.phoenix.edu, etc. If your
reader is interested in researching one of your references and
doesn't have access to a secured database, then that individual
will not be able to 'easily' locate the article.
Sometimes we must hunt a little to find a doi number or a direct
link. When you see 'search-proquest' in a link, then you know
the link is to a secured database, and a database the 'average'

person will not have access too. The APA Manual provides
more information on how to locate doi numbers for articles on
pages 189-192, but the basics are:
Crossref
Use Crossref Metadata: https://search.crossref.org (you will
want to create a bookmark for easy access in the future, as you
will be using this frequently)
When you click on the link, you will see a search bar.
Copy/paste, or type in, the title of the article and hit 'enter'. If
the article you are using has been assigned a doi number, the
article will usually be the first one listed in the results. If your
article doesn't show up in the search, then
that article has not been assigned a doi number yet.
PDF Copy
If an article hasn't been assigned a doi number, then Google and
search the title of the article to see if a PDF copy is available
online or if a direct link to the article is available.
Journal Website
If the above two don't produce a doi number or a direct link,
APA provided 2 examples in section 7.01, subsection 3: Journal
article without DOI (when DOI is not available). Please refer to
the examples in the manual on page 199.
More information on the use of doi numbers is in the APA
Manual on pages 188-192.

Running head: THE CORE LEADERSHIP THEORIES 8
THE CORE LEADERSHIP THEORIES 13
Appendix A
Historical Leadership Matrix (this is the Week 1 assignment)
Description/Approach
Primary
Characteristics
Strengths
Criticisms
Discipline Specific Applications

Great Man Theory
This theory assumes that the ability for one to lead is inherent.
Thus, there is the assumption that leaders are born and not made
(Uzohue, Yaya, & Akintayo, 2016).
The primary characteristics of this theory include identifying a
leader through certain characteristics that they portray since
they were born (Badshah, 2012). Features such as integrity,
competence, and the desire to excel present in an individual
since childhood can help identify a great leader.
This theory has produced effective leaders such as Martin
Luther King, and John F. Kennedy (Landis, Hill, & Harvey,
2014). They have helped the society in massive ways thanks to
the fact that they were identified using the great man theory.
Theorists often criticize this theory because they feel that
women who were great leaders such as Catherine the Great were
virtually ignored since men such as Jon F. Kennedy were hailed
as the great men worthy to lead (Landis, Hill, & Harvey, 2014).
The great man theory can be applied in the group home
heathcare by the leaders/directors to motivate the staff. Since
the employees already idolize the leaders who are born with the
leadership skills, this will make them to be motivated in the
hope of acquiring traits like theirs. This is turn helps in
boosting the productivity of the organization.
HISTORICAL APPROACHES
Trait Theory
This theory discovers leaders following the approach that
leaders are born with special traits or qualities that make them
better suited to lead (Uzohue, Yaya, & Akintayo, 2016). It
illustrates the fact that ideal leaders are born with outstanding
qualities in them.
According to Uzohue, Yaya, & Akintayo (2016), this theory
identifies a leader based on certain traits. These characteristics
include honesty, integrity, ambition, the desire to succeed,

persistence, ambition, self-confidence, and determination.
The trait theory provides a criteria or benchmark of which to
use when looking for a leader. This helps in eliminating the
chances of enacting an incompetent leader (Badshah, 2012).
Some of the traits include integrity and the ambition (Uzohue,
Yaya, & Akintayo, 2016).
This theory is often criticized due to the fact that there is no
definite criterion to determine the leadership traits that a leader
should have. More so, this theory does not take into account the
various situational effects that could impact the traits (Landis,
Hill, & Harvey, 2014).
This theory can also be applied in the group home healthcare to
discover the most effective team leaders especially during
effective care implementation. This is because their traits will
help in motivating the staffs (both new and old) to actively
participate in the giving the clients daily care needed.
Behavioral Theory
The behavioral theory is an approach that states that great
leaders are made. It believes that the actions of an individual
can be trimmed in order to make them effective leaders
This theory believes that leaders are made and not born through;
· Training to become effective leaders
· Observation of the actions of great leaders in the society
The strength of the behavioral approach is the fact that it is
heuristic. An individual can assess their actions and determine
the various values and traits they acquire during such situations.
This can help them in molding their actions to ensure they are
competent leaders (Uzohue, Yaya, & Akintayo, 2016).
The criticism of this theory is the idea that there is no research
to prove that certain behaviors and traits can be used to change
the actions of an individual and make them worthy of being a

leader (Landis, Hill, & Harvey, 2014).
This theory can be applied in a group homes looking to hire
managers or staff (ones with compassion and heart for taking
care of people) at a certain hierarchical level. By training them,
the organization can acquire effective leaders and staff.
Skills Approach
The skills approach argues that an effective leader has
significant leading qualities that are acquired from learning
acquiring knowledge on how to lead, and developing a good
leadership style (Uzohue, Yaya, & Akintayo, 2016).
Uzohue, Yaya, & Akintayo, (2016)state that the basic features
of the skills theory is that for an individual to be an effective
leader using this theory, the individual must have;
· Learnt leadership skills
· Have essential leadership knowledge
· Have a great
leadership style
The strength of this theory is that it does not single out a
specific individual but however describes a leadership theory
applicable to everyone. More so, it helps in developing a strong
approach of how individuals can understand the concept of
leadership (Landis, Hill, & Harvey, 2014).
Theorists consider this a weak theory since it does not provide a
strong predictive value of how training and observation will
impact the performance of an individual to make them an
effective leader (Landis, Hill, & Harvey, 2014).
The skills approach is applied when determining which leader is
best suited for a certain position in group home healthcare. This
is by evaluating their leadership style, and the knowledge they
have on how to effectively train and lead the staff, who in
return apply the skill to promote the clients’ wellbeing.

References
Badshah, S. (2012). Historical study of leadership theories.
Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 1(1), 49.
Landis, E. A., Hill, D., & Harvey, M. R. (2014). A synthesis of
leadership theories and styles. Journal of Management Policy
and Practice, 15(2), 97.
Uzohue, C., Yaya, J., & Akintayo, O. A. (2016). A review of
leadership theories, principles, styles and their relevance to
management of health science libraries in Nigeria. Journal of
Educational Leadership and Policy, 1(1), 17-26.
Appendix B
Contemporary Leadership Matrix (this is the Week 3
assignment)
Description/Approach
Primary
Characteristics
Strengths
Criticisms
Discipline Specific Applications
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Situational Leadership

Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Servant
Leadership
References
Mean36.63158Mean3.157895Mean3.736842Mean3.526316Mean
2.526316Mean2.947368
Standard Error2.608141Standard Error0.308393Standard
Error0.304375Standard Error0.268942Standard

Error0.268942Standard Error0.337463
Median34Median3Median4Median3Median2Median3
Mode34Mode4Mode5Mode3Mode2Mode5
Standard Deviation11.36862Standard
Deviation1.344254Standard Deviation1.326738Standard
Deviation1.172292Standard Deviation1.172292Standard
Deviation1.470967
Sample Variance129.2456Sample Variance1.807018Sample
Variance1.760234Sample Variance1.374269Sample
Variance1.374269Sample Variance2.163743
Kurtosis-0.76395Kurtosis-1.00629Kurtosis-0.80181Kurtosis-
0.45399Kurtosis-0.53186Kurtosis-1.32826
Skewness0.698662Skewness-0.31906Skewness-
0.73487Skewness-0.30171Skewness0.392031Skewness0.100515
Range36Range4Range4Range4Range4Range4
Minimum23Minimum1Minimum1Minimum1Minimum1Minimu
m1
Maximum59Maximum5Maximum5Maximum5Maximum5Maxim
um5
Sum696Sum60Sum71Sum67Sum48Sum56
Count19Count19Count19Count19Count19Count19
Largest(1)59Largest(1)5Largest(1)5Largest(1)5Largest(1)5Larg
est(1)5
Smallest(1)23Smallest(1)1Smallest(1)1Smallest(1)1Smallest(1)
1Smallest(1)1
Confidence Level(95%)5.479501Confidence
Level(95%)0.647909Confidence
Level(95%)0.565027Confidence Level(95%)0.708983
Week 9 Discussion NSG6101 Ram Pandey
Age
Cringe
Uneasy
Afraid

Worried
Understand
28
5
3
4
4
3
34
2
5
3
2
1
25
4
4
4
2
5
56
3
4
3
1
2
23
5
4
3
3
4
29
1
5
3

2
3
30
3
3
5
2
5
59
2
5
5
1
2
45
4
2
4
3
3
38
1
5
3
2
3
33
3
2
4
3
2
47
4
2
3

4
5
24
1
5
3
4
4
29
5
4
2
1
3
53
3
1
5
2
1
48
4
4
1
5
3
27
2
5
4
3
4
34
4
4
3

2
5
26
4
5
2
3
2
36
5
5
5
4
3
Descriptive statistics for Age, Cringe, Uneasy, Afraid, Worried,
& Understand.
Age
Cringe
Uneasy
Mean
36.2
Mean
3.25
Mean
3.85
Standard Error

2.511657
Standard Error
0.306723
Standard Error
0.28354
Median
33.5
Median
3.5
Median
4
Mode
34
Mode
4
Mode
5
Standard Deviation
11.23247
Standard Deviation
1.371707
Standard Deviation
1.268028
Sample Variance
126.1684
Sample Variance
1.881579
Sample Variance
1.607895
Kurtosis
-0.63325
Kurtosis
-1.01637
Kurtosis
-0.29361
Skewness

0.783843
Skewness
-0.36536
Skewness
-0.89446
Range
36
Range
4
Range
4
Minimum
23
Minimum
1
Minimum
1
Maximum
59
Maximum
5
Maximum
5
Sum
724
Sum
65
Sum
77
Count
20
Count
20
Count
20

Afraid
Worried
Understand
Mean
3.45
Mean
2.65
Mean
3.15
Standard Error
0.245753
Standard Error
0.254176
Standard Error
0.28354
Median
3
Median
2.5
Median
3
Mode
3
Mode
2
Mode
3

Standard Deviation
1.099043
Standard Deviation
1.136708
Standard Deviation
1.268028
Sample Variance
1.207895
Sample Variance
1.292105
Sample Variance
1.607895
Kurtosis
-0.13549
Kurtosis
-0.62527
Kurtosis
-0.79657
Skewness
-0.25572
Skewness
0.303995
Skewness
0.033989
Range
4
Range
4
Range
4
Minimum
1
Minimum
1
Minimum
1

Maximum
5
Maximum
5
Maximum
5
Sum
69
Sum
53
Sum
63
Count
20
Count
20
Count
20
Histogram
The excel exercise was an exemplary learning experience.
Despite having some challenges, I managed to gather enough
details to enhance my discussion of information entry to a
considerable extent. I employed a second alternative to
complete this section which turn out to flow smoothly despite
the technical difficulties that I experienced. Descriptive
statistics provide simple summaries about the sample and the
measures. From the summaries, you can plot different types of
graphs. Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to organize

the data in ways that facilitate meaning and insight (Gray,
Grove, & Sutherland, 2017). I would definitely use Excel in the
future for descriptive analysis, this function is very useful. It
provides you with the mean, median, and mode. It also provides
you with a standard deviation for each column. The average age
of participants was 36 years old. The median for most of the
columns was 3-4, except for those that were worried. The
median was 2. It took a while for me to figure out how to get
the graph. With more practice, I’m confident I could do it again
without the tutorials. I am a visual learner, so I prefer graphs
instead of tables. It helps me to put things into perspective. I
plan to use Excel in future research, especially to make charts.
Reference
Grove, S., Burns, N., & Gray, J. (2013). In E. Saunders (Ed.),
The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and
generation of evidence, 7th edition (7th edition ed., pp. 408-
408). [Retrieved from bookshelf.edu]. Retrieved from:
http://www.bookshelf.com/.
AGE 28 34 25 56 23 29 30 59 45 38 33 47
24 29 53 48 27 34 26 36 Cringe 5 2
4 3 5 1 3 2 4 1 3 4 1 5
3 4 2 4 4 5 Uneasy 3 5 4 4
4 5 3 5 2 2 2 2 5 4 1 4
5 4 5 5 Afraid 4 3 4 3 3 3
5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 5 1 4 3
2 5 Worried 4 2 2 1 3 2 2 1
3 1 3 4 4 1 2 5 3 2 3 4
Understand 3 1 5 2 4 3 5 2 3
1 2 5 4 3 1 3 4 5 2 3

Sheet1
Sheet2AgeCringeUneasyAfraidWorriedUnderstand2853443Age
CringeUneasyAfraidWorriedUnderstand34253212544425Mean3
6.2Mean3.25Mean3.7Mean3.55Mean2.6Mean3.055634312Stand
ard Error2.5116570332Standard Error0.3067229163Standard
Error0.2910959328Standard Error0.2562379651Standard
Error0.2655679118Standard
Error0.30327163442354334Median33.5Median3.5Median4Medi
an3.5Median2.5Median32915323Mode34Mode4Mode5Mode3M
ode2Mode33033525Standard Deviation11.232471725Standard
Deviation1.3717065821Standard
Deviation1.35627198025925512Sample
Variance1.4105263158Sample
Variance1.83947368424542533Kurtosis-0.6332499279Kurtosis-
1.0163707128Kurtosis-0.8461078193Kurtosis-
0.3229044438Kurtosis-0.7919467631Kurtosis-
1.01731751053812411Skewness0.783842982Skewness-
0.3653591138Skewness-0.6488762776Skewness-
0.3689975097Skewness0.2597197855Skewness0.041137760133
32432Range36Range4Range4Range4Range4Range44742345Min
imum23Minimum1Minimum1Minimum1Minimum1Minimum124
15344Maximum59Maximum5Maximum5Maximum5Maximum5
Maximum52954213Sum724Sum65Sum74Sum71Sum52Sum6153
31521Count20Count20Count20Count20Count20Count20484415
3Confidence Level(95.0%)5.256958587Confidence
Level(95.0%)0.6419784418Confidence

Level(95.0%)0.63475482572725434344432526452323655543
Worried Bar Graph
Worried Mean Standard Error Median Mode
Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis
Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count
Confidence Level(95.0%) 2.6 0.26556791182195505
2.5 2 1.1876558069531231 1.4105263157894743
-0.79194676311157108 0.2597197855110227 4 1
5 52 20 0.55584002752233663
Afraid Pie Chart
Afraid Mean Standard Error Median Mode
3.5 3 1.1459310165698637 1.3131578947368414
-0.32290444380450367 -0.36899750968297917 4 1
5 71 20 0.53631222451811988
Worried Bar Graph
Worried Mean Standard Error Median Mode
2.5 2 1.1876558069531231 1.4105263157894743
-0.79194676311157108 0.2597197855110227 4 1
5 52 20 0.55584002752233663

Afraid Pie Chart
Afraid Mean Standard Error Median Mode
3.5 3 1.1459310165698637 1.3131578947368414
-0.32290444380450367 -0.36899750968297917 4 1
5 71 20 0.53631222451811988

The Core Leadership TheoriesKehinde Adebowale.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The Core Leadership TheoriesKehinde Adebowale.docx

Similar to The Core Leadership TheoriesKehinde Adebowale.docx (9)

More from rtodd643

More from rtodd643 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Core Leadership TheoriesKehinde Adebowale.docx