the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DN.pdf
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the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DNAS is called DNA replication base doubling complementary base pairing base transcription The nucleotide sequence AUGGUC could be part of a single strand of DNA could be part of an mRNA contains three codons contains one anticodon Which process requires the participating of all three types of RNA? translation transcription RNA processing replication. The A site on a ribosome function is rtecei8ving a new RNA with the correct amino acid. Holding a polypeptide as amino acids are added. Attacking the small subunits to the large subunits. releasing the compound polypeptide. DNA is a polymer of Deoxyribnucleotides Amino acid None of the above. Solution 7. Ans: C In the DNA, joining of two bases by hydrogen bonds is known as complementary base pairing. In DNA, complementary base of guanine is cytosine and complementary base of adenine is thymine. 8. Ans: B Given nucleotide sequence AUGGUC could be a part of mRNA because sequence contain U (Uracil) base which is found only in RNA not in DNA. In the DNA in place of Uracil thymine is found. Codon is a sequence of three bases. 9. Ans:B In translation is a process of protein synthesis, in which all three types of RNA participate to complete the task of protein synthesis. mRNA encodes amino acid sequence of polypeptide. tRNA brings amoino acids to ribosomes during translation. rRNA with ribosomal proteins makes up the ribosome, organelles that translate the mRNA. 10. Ans: A A site of ribosome occupied by amino acyl- tRNA which act as a acceptor for the growing protein chain during peptide bond formation. P site of ribosome occupied by peptidyl- tRNA which carry the growing peptide chain.P site is also known as puromycin (antibiotic) sensitive site. E site, ribosomal site harboring decylated tRNA on transit out from the ribosome. 11. Ans: B DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, carries genetic information for the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all living cells..
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The genetic material
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template by copying one of the DNA strands. Translation then uses the mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code, where three-nucleotide codons correspond to specific amino acids.
Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsPlasm
This document summarizes key concepts in microbial genetics including:
1) Plasmids exist separately from bacterial chromosomes and can transfer genes horizontally.
2) The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.
3) Bacterial gene expression is regulated through operons such as the lac and tryptophan operons which are induced or repressed in response to environmental conditions.
4) Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by mutagens and can alter bacterial genes and phenotypes.
DNA strucutre and Replication
- DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the form of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other.
- DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand, exactly copying the DNA.
- Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces mRNA complementary to the DNA. Translation then uses the mRNA to specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Dna synthesis and protein synthesis
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and provide instructions for building proteins. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic blueprint in the form of a double-stranded structure located in the cell's nucleus. RNA is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into proteins. DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division which involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, addition of nucleotides to form new strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules.
Transcription and Translation PowerPoint
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA complementary copy of the DNA strand. Translation is the process of using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. During transcription, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined to form mature mRNA. If the parent DNA strand is A A T G C A G T, the complementary mRNA strand will be U U A C G U C A.
2.7 replication, transcription, translation
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase links nucleotides to form new strands using the existing strands as templates.
2. Transcription creates mRNA from DNA templates using RNA polymerase.
3. Translation uses the genetic code to synthesize polypeptides from mRNA. tRNAs with anticodons complementary to mRNA codons carry amino acids which are linked by the ribosome.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Transcription,translation and genetic code(cell biology)by welfredo yu
PREPARED BY
Welfredo Lubrico Yu,Jr.
BSEd-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION(C.T.E.)
SDSSU-MAIN CAMPUS,TANDAG CITY
Recommended
The genetic material
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template by copying one of the DNA strands. Translation then uses the mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code, where three-nucleotide codons correspond to specific amino acids.
Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsPlasm
This document summarizes key concepts in microbial genetics including:
1) Plasmids exist separately from bacterial chromosomes and can transfer genes horizontally.
2) The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.
3) Bacterial gene expression is regulated through operons such as the lac and tryptophan operons which are induced or repressed in response to environmental conditions.
4) Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by mutagens and can alter bacterial genes and phenotypes.
DNA strucutre and Replication
- DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the form of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other.
- DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand, exactly copying the DNA.
- Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces mRNA complementary to the DNA. Translation then uses the mRNA to specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Dna synthesis and protein synthesis
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and provide instructions for building proteins. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic blueprint in the form of a double-stranded structure located in the cell's nucleus. RNA is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into proteins. DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division which involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, addition of nucleotides to form new strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules.
Transcription and Translation PowerPoint
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA complementary copy of the DNA strand. Translation is the process of using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. During transcription, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined to form mature mRNA. If the parent DNA strand is A A T G C A G T, the complementary mRNA strand will be U U A C G U C A.
2.7 replication, transcription, translation
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase links nucleotides to form new strands using the existing strands as templates.
2. Transcription creates mRNA from DNA templates using RNA polymerase.
3. Translation uses the genetic code to synthesize polypeptides from mRNA. tRNAs with anticodons complementary to mRNA codons carry amino acids which are linked by the ribosome.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Transcription,translation and genetic code(cell biology)by welfredo yu
PREPARED BY
Welfredo Lubrico Yu,Jr.
BSEd-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION(C.T.E.)
SDSSU-MAIN CAMPUS,TANDAG CITY
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would not take long.
3.Function of Protein synthesis:
Protein synthesis is important because proteins control the activities of cells.Without these many
of the processes in the body would fail or not work properly.
4.Comparison of Transcription and Translation:
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code is converted into a
complementry RNA code whereas Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA
template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an aminoacid sequence in a protein.
5.List and functions of three types of RNA:
a)mRNA or Messanger RNA --Its function is that it transcribes the genetic code from DNA into
a form that can be read and used to make proteins.mRNA carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
b)rRNA or Ribosomal RNA --Its function is that it directs the translation of mRNA into Proteins.
c)tRNA or Transfer RNA--It brings or transfers aminoacids to the ribosomethat corrosponds to
each three nucleotidecondon of rRNA.The aminoacids then can be joined together and processed
to make polypeptides and proteins.
6)Compare and contrast DNA and RNA:
DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone,having four different
nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and thymine.Whereas RNA is a polymer with a
ribose and phosphate backbone,having foue nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and
uracil.
7)Semiconservative nature of DNA:In this replication would produce two copies that contained
one of the original strands and one new strand.
Solution
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would no.
Central dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA complement of a DNA sequence, replacing thymine with uracil. Translation involves tRNAs bringing amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked together into polypeptides based on the mRNA code. The ribosome facilitates decoding the mRNA into a protein product.
Chapter7
Gene expression and control involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase uses a gene's DNA as a template to make mRNA. Translation occurs when ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Eukaryotic cells have additional controls over gene expression that allow differentiation of cell types and control which genes are expressed. Mutations can occur that change gene products and cause disorders. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation also regulate gene expression.
Structure of rna and its activation
it is really a good informative presentation on structure and post transcriptional modification or processing or activation of RNA
Dna
DNA contains genetic codes that determine an organism's traits. It is transcribed into mRNA which carries codes to the ribosomes for translation into proteins. During replication, DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a complementary strand, duplicating the genetic material in daughter cells. RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying codes from DNA and attaching to the ribosome along with tRNA which binds amino acids to form polypeptide chains according to the mRNA codes.
Rna protein-synthesis
This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleotides are the subunits that make up nucleic acids, containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form long chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries information from DNA for protein production, transfer RNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with protein to form ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of DNA, and translation decodes messenger RNA to produce a specific polypeptide chain that will later fold into an active protein.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of nucleotides, which contain phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acid chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries protein instructions to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein production, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a catalytic component of ribosomes. Transcription is the process where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a DNA sequence. Translation is where ribosomes use mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA.
Chapter 13 packet
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNA and rRNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons and transcription factors control gene expression to allow cell specialization.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology-for LIVE Teaching.pptx
This document provides information about protein synthesis and the central dogma of molecular biology. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. The three main stages of transcription and translation are described. The roles of RNA polymerase, ribosomes, and transfer RNA are outlined. A genetic code table shows how mRNA codons correspond to different amino acids. The document seeks to help students understand how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: THE RNA DOCUMENT
This is the whole document of the slide presentation NUCLEIC ACID: THE RNA. This full document contains all the information and explanation of the slide presentation.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Presentation1.pptx
This document defines nucleic acids and their types. It discusses that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is a double-stranded helix. RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine. The document also describes the three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis. It provides details on the structure and role of these biomolecules.
Macromolecular synthesis
This document provides a summary of macromolecular synthesis including replication, transcription, and translation. It describes the basic processes and key components involved in each. Replication involves unwinding DNA, synthesizing primers, DNA chain elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase to produce RNA from a DNA template. Translation occurs on ribosomes and includes amino acid activation, initiation, elongation, and termination to synthesize proteins.
Rna
RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs deoxyribose), bases (uracil replaces thymine), and structure (usually single-stranded instead of double helix). There are several types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes using anticodons that match mRNA codons, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up ribosomal structure and acts as an enzyme during protein synthesis.
chapter 7
The document discusses key processes involved in gene expression and protein synthesis, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. It provides details on:
1) DNA replication through semiconservative replication where each new DNA double helix contains one original and one new strand synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.
2) Transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and the ribosome.
3) Translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains using the genetic code where codons in mRNA are recognized by anticodons in tRNA to add amino acids in the correct sequence. Translation terminates when a stop codon is reached.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Why soot formation is only observed in diffusion flames I need deta.pdf
why invert an op-amp?
why invert an op-amp?
why invert an op-amp?
Solution
In real life (practical) many systems existed with negative feedback . And negative feedback
improves the dc stability and also decrease gain margin . To achieve negative feedback from op
amp we invert it . So generally invert op amp used..
Which one is the correct answer Which is not a KEY characteristic o.pdf
Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is false?a) Prokaryotes are incredibly
abundant and basically everywhere
Solution
c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
Many species of bacteria like Clostridium, Bacillus,tetanus etc are known to produce spores.
There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.Spores help bacteria to survive by being resistant to extreme changes in the bacteria\'s
habitat including extreme temperatures, lack of moisture/drought, or being exposed to chemicals
and radiation. Bacterial spores can also survive at low nutrient levels and antibiotics and
disinfectants are usually ineffective against spores.
c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
Many species of bacteria like Clostridium, Bacillus,tetanus etc are known to produce spores.
There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like
structures calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as
protection for the cell.Spores help bacteria to survive by being resistant to extreme changes in
the bacteria\'s habitat including extreme temperatures, lack of moisture/drought, or being
exposed to chemicals and radiation. Bacterial spores can also survive at low nutrient levels and
antibiotics and disinfectants are usually ineffective against spores..
More Related Content
Similar to the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DN.pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would not take long.
3.Function of Protein synthesis:
Protein synthesis is important because proteins control the activities of cells.Without these many
of the processes in the body would fail or not work properly.
4.Comparison of Transcription and Translation:
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code is converted into a
complementry RNA code whereas Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA
template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an aminoacid sequence in a protein.
5.List and functions of three types of RNA:
a)mRNA or Messanger RNA --Its function is that it transcribes the genetic code from DNA into
a form that can be read and used to make proteins.mRNA carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
b)rRNA or Ribosomal RNA --Its function is that it directs the translation of mRNA into Proteins.
c)tRNA or Transfer RNA--It brings or transfers aminoacids to the ribosomethat corrosponds to
each three nucleotidecondon of rRNA.The aminoacids then can be joined together and processed
to make polypeptides and proteins.
6)Compare and contrast DNA and RNA:
DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone,having four different
nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and thymine.Whereas RNA is a polymer with a
ribose and phosphate backbone,having foue nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and
uracil.
7)Semiconservative nature of DNA:In this replication would produce two copies that contained
one of the original strands and one new strand.
Solution
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would no.
Central dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA complement of a DNA sequence, replacing thymine with uracil. Translation involves tRNAs bringing amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked together into polypeptides based on the mRNA code. The ribosome facilitates decoding the mRNA into a protein product.
Chapter7
Gene expression and control involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase uses a gene's DNA as a template to make mRNA. Translation occurs when ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Eukaryotic cells have additional controls over gene expression that allow differentiation of cell types and control which genes are expressed. Mutations can occur that change gene products and cause disorders. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation also regulate gene expression.
Structure of rna and its activation
it is really a good informative presentation on structure and post transcriptional modification or processing or activation of RNA
Dna
DNA contains genetic codes that determine an organism's traits. It is transcribed into mRNA which carries codes to the ribosomes for translation into proteins. During replication, DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a complementary strand, duplicating the genetic material in daughter cells. RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying codes from DNA and attaching to the ribosome along with tRNA which binds amino acids to form polypeptide chains according to the mRNA codes.
Rna protein-synthesis
This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleotides are the subunits that make up nucleic acids, containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form long chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries information from DNA for protein production, transfer RNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with protein to form ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of DNA, and translation decodes messenger RNA to produce a specific polypeptide chain that will later fold into an active protein.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of nucleotides, which contain phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acid chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries protein instructions to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein production, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a catalytic component of ribosomes. Transcription is the process where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a DNA sequence. Translation is where ribosomes use mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA.
Chapter 13 packet
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNA and rRNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons and transcription factors control gene expression to allow cell specialization.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology-for LIVE Teaching.pptx
This document provides information about protein synthesis and the central dogma of molecular biology. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. The three main stages of transcription and translation are described. The roles of RNA polymerase, ribosomes, and transfer RNA are outlined. A genetic code table shows how mRNA codons correspond to different amino acids. The document seeks to help students understand how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: THE RNA DOCUMENT
This is the whole document of the slide presentation NUCLEIC ACID: THE RNA. This full document contains all the information and explanation of the slide presentation.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Presentation1.pptx
This document defines nucleic acids and their types. It discusses that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is a double-stranded helix. RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine. The document also describes the three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis. It provides details on the structure and role of these biomolecules.
Macromolecular synthesis
This document provides a summary of macromolecular synthesis including replication, transcription, and translation. It describes the basic processes and key components involved in each. Replication involves unwinding DNA, synthesizing primers, DNA chain elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase to produce RNA from a DNA template. Translation occurs on ribosomes and includes amino acid activation, initiation, elongation, and termination to synthesize proteins.
Rna
RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs deoxyribose), bases (uracil replaces thymine), and structure (usually single-stranded instead of double helix). There are several types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes using anticodons that match mRNA codons, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up ribosomal structure and acts as an enzyme during protein synthesis.
chapter 7
The document discusses key processes involved in gene expression and protein synthesis, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. It provides details on:
1) DNA replication through semiconservative replication where each new DNA double helix contains one original and one new strand synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.
2) Transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and the ribosome.
3) Translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains using the genetic code where codons in mRNA are recognized by anticodons in tRNA to add amino acids in the correct sequence. Translation terminates when a stop codon is reached.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Similar to the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DN.pdf (20)
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology-for LIVE Teaching.pptx
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology-for LIVE Teaching.pptx
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
More from Rahul04August
Why soot formation is only observed in diffusion flames I need deta.pdf
why invert an op-amp?
why invert an op-amp?
why invert an op-amp?
Solution
In real life (practical) many systems existed with negative feedback . And negative feedback
improves the dc stability and also decrease gain margin . To achieve negative feedback from op
amp we invert it . So generally invert op amp used..
Which one is the correct answer Which is not a KEY characteristic o.pdf
Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is false?a) Prokaryotes are incredibly
abundant and basically everywhere
Solution
c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
Many species of bacteria like Clostridium, Bacillus,tetanus etc are known to produce spores.
There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.Spores help bacteria to survive by being resistant to extreme changes in the bacteria\'s
habitat including extreme temperatures, lack of moisture/drought, or being exposed to chemicals
and radiation. Bacterial spores can also survive at low nutrient levels and antibiotics and
disinfectants are usually ineffective against spores.
c) Bacteria do not produce resting spores. Only fungi and slime molds make use of spores
Many species of bacteria like Clostridium, Bacillus,tetanus etc are known to produce spores.
There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like structures
calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as protection for the
cell.There are different types of spores includingendospores,exospores, and spore-like
structures calledmicrobial cysts. Each of these aid the bacteria in survival and serve as
protection for the cell.Spores help bacteria to survive by being resistant to extreme changes in
the bacteria\'s habitat including extreme temperatures, lack of moisture/drought, or being
exposed to chemicals and radiation. Bacterial spores can also survive at low nutrient levels and
antibiotics and disinfectants are usually ineffective against spores..
Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is falsea) Prok.pdf
Which of the following statements about amino acids is true? Most of the amino acids used in
protein biosynthesis have charged side chains. All amino acids contain an NH_2 and a COOH
group Twenty-two amino acids are commonly found in proteins. Amino acids are often linked
together to form branched polymers.
Solution
Correct answer is :B.All aminoacids contains an NH2 group and a COOH group.
Reason:NH2 group, COOH group and R group are always included in the structure of
aminoacids..
What type of computer would integrate the system unit (chassis and co.pdf
what parts of the external environment ( general, industry, and competitive) do you believe BP
considered or didn\'t consider prior to drilling off the gulf coast? what should the wedding
business owners now consider in their external envieonment?
Solution
Parts which BP considereed prior to deilling off the gulf coast are economic,
legal/political,global segment,and technology segments in the general environment and it also
considers all the facets of industry and competitive environment that may have been their
primary motivator in drilling off the gulf coast.
BP dont considers General: demographic, sociocultural, and physical environment fully.
Wedding business owners need to considersdemographic changes for geographic migration,
economic segments particularly for rebuilding, the political/legal segment regarding the impact
on their business of additional oil company regulation of oil drilling and operations, sociocultural
preferences, technology requirements to avoid future business loss, the global segment regarding
international company infiltration, and the physical environment to react and overcome disasters
in the future.
What is the physical meaning of each term in the below equation DM_.pdf
The equation describes the conservation of mass and momentum over time within a system. The first term represents the total rate of change of mass or momentum over time. The second term gives the local rate of change within the system. The third term accounts for the flux of mass or momentum across the boundaries of the system due to convection.
What is the difference between a nucleotide sequence and a protein s.pdf
What is NOT the characteristics of vertically integrated manufacturing? a. flexibility b. quality
c. sustainability d. non-consistency With respect to the guest lecturer from Crown. Lean means
to create more value for with fewer resources. In the house of lean diagram - What is the lean
terminology described here? \"Continuous improvement, cross-functional training of
employees\" a. Leadership b. Operational Stability C. Kanban d. Kaizen What is the
definition of following description? \"All of the steps (both VA and NVA) required to bring a
product or service from conception through to the customer, and from design concept through
product launch\" Stream What is NOT included in one of 8 types of waste acronym? a. Defects
b. Overproduction c. Non utilized resource d. Lead time
Solution
8 types are....
Defects
Overproduction
Waiting
Not utilizing talent
Transportation
Inventory excess
Motion waste
Excess processing
hence in question no 5 ......leading time is not included hence option d is correct..
types of becterias and diseases that come from of wrong storing food.pdf
types of becterias and diseases that come from of wrong storing food?
Solution
Salmonella: There are found mainly the intestines,bowels and faeces of humans and other
animals. It is the salmonella bacteria themselves which can cause salmonella food poising.
2. Staphylococcus:
These bacteria are foun on the skin,in sore,infected eyes and in the nose,throat,saliva and bowel
of humans. There may be many of these bacteria in the yellow mucus which comes from the
nose or is coughed up when a person has a cold or a lung infection.
3.Clostridium:
Soil and intestine of animals,including cattle,poultry,fish and humans .These are very common
bacterias in the environment.
4.Campylobacter:
Found in many animals includung dogs,cats,cattle and poultry. The sources of infection from
these bacteria are usually contaminated food and water..
Two white mice mate. The male has both a white and black fur-colo.pdf
Two white mice mate. The male has both a white and black fur-color-gene. The females has
only white fur-color genes. The fur color of the offspring depends on the pairs of fur-color genes
that they recieve. Assume that neither the white nor black gene dominates. List the possible
Solution
Now all possible outcomes are:
(white , white) (black, white)
Prob = 0.75 for (white, white) and 0.25 for (black, white).
Two chains are available to hold up an object. A student arranges t.pdf
Two chains are available to hold up an object. A student arranges the object and either one or
two chains according to the diagrams shown here. Which arrangement generates the most tension
in one chain? B D C A
Solution
Answer is 2nd option : D
Remaining B and C objects arrange two chainsand
object A arrange single chain but this not the answer.
This is a modeling problem in Interger programming.We have a probl.pdf
This is a modeling problem in Interger programming.
We have a problem that dealt with different cities—some city that have factories that made an
item and others that didn’t have factories. There are specific capacities on each of the routes
between cities (“number of trains”). Each city had a demand of the items that had to be fulfilled.
Items could be shipped to cities that are not adjacent as well (with a connection through another
city/cities). We had to find a way fulfill these constraints that minimized the cost of
transportation.
Solution
In order to approach these problems with no data, there will be demand of different items
Let us suppose there are 3 items I1,I2,I3 and demands of which are D1,D2 and D3
Then the demands of all the three items must be fulfilled, items can be shipped from other cities
i.e. D1 can send an item through D3, if there exists a path from D1 to D3 by connecting over
other cities
Please provide the constraints.
There is a surge of mergers and acquisitions among television networ.pdf
There is a surge of mergers and acquisitions among television networks, entertainment, and
internet-related companies since 2010. Some have been completed, some have been stopped by
regulators, and others are still in progress. How are these different from the AOL-Time Warner
merger of the year 2000? Are the recent mergers and acquisitions likely to be successful? Why or
why not?
Solution
A decade ago, America Online merged with Time Warner in a deal valued at a stunning $350
billion. It was then, and is now, the largest merger in American business history.
After gaining Federal Trade Commission approval, the deal had its skeptics. AOL was the
majority shareholder, and for the financials to add up, AOL would have to continue making
bundles of money in advertising revenue. Before the ink was even dry on the deal, the dot-com
bubble had burst, Internet stocks plummeted, and the bottom fell out of the online advertising
market. To make matters worse, increased availability of high-speed Internet access cut deeply
into AOL\'s dial-up revenue
The merger proved poisonous for both companies and downright deadly for investors. About
$100 billion in stock value was wiped out . In 2009, Time Warner spun AOL off as its own
company. Today, the AOL-Time Warner marriage is the standard business school case study for
the worst merger ever.
It was an odd merger, where both companies retained their independence. In fact, Time Warner
appears to have retained more power than AOL, even though technically, AOL bought Time
Warner.
There was a great potential to a merger - just imagine having the largest ISP (dial-up) with
millions of internet accounts merging with one of the largest cable network providers with
millions of homes connected to coaxial and then fiber networks. Yet, they could not make it
work.
The rumor has it that the executives of both companies after the merger (yet, again - they were
never one company) went to negotiate their consumer offering, specifically, AOL over Time
Warner boradband network. Nobody wanted to give up any revenue. The outcome? If you want
AOL over broadband, you can pay the current price for Time Warner internet (around $45/mo
back then) plus the standard AOL fee (around $20/mo). Needless to say, it was not a popular
offer. AOL slowly died. Time Warner spun it off.
NOW A days mergers and acquistions are going smoothly
Here’s a list of examples of good mergers and acquisitions transactions:
Human factors almost always have a significant impact on both a deal’s success and the amount
of additional cost and effort required to recover when they were not sufficiently considered. The
five human factors below differentiate successful deals:
Managing human factors increases the likelihood of value being realized: people are
complicated, and building a team that has the capacity and inclination to attend to them is a
differentiator in an industry where many still focus on the technical elements of the deal..
The purpose of this C++ programming project is to allow the student .pdf
The purpose of this C++ programming project is to allow the student to perform parallel array
and multidimensional array processing. The logic for string and Cstring has already been
completed, so the assignment can be started before we actually cover string and Cstring in detail.
This program has the following three menu options:
Solution
/*
This program uses simple arrays, multidimensional arrays, cstrings, strings, and files.
It allows a payroll clerk to choose an option from a menu. The choices are:
A: List the Payroll Information by Employee Name
B: Search Payroll Information by Employee Name
X: Exit the Payroll Information Module
The following items for each employee are saved in the file p10.txt:
Employee ID (1000 - 9999)
Last Name (15 characters)
First Name (15 characters)
Rate (5.00 - 10.00)
Hours W1,W2,W3,W4 (0-60)
*/
#include // file processing
#include // cin and cout
#include // toupper
#include // setw
#include // cstring functions strlen, strcmp, strcpy stored in string.h
#include // string class
#define stricmp strcasecmp
#define strnicmp strncasecmp
using namespace std;
//Disable warning messages C4267 C4996.
//To see the warnings, comment out the following line.
//#pragma warning( disable : 4267 4996)
//Warning C4267: coversion from size_t to int, possible lost of data
//size_t is a data type defined in and is an unsigned integer.
//The function strlen returns a value of the type size_t, but in
//searchByName we assign the returned value to an int.
//We could also declare the variable as size_t instead of int.
// size_t stringLength;
//Warning C4996: strnicmp strcpy, stricmp was declared deprecated, means
//the compiler encountered a function that was marked with deprecated.
//The deprecated function may no longer be supported in a future release.
//Global Constants
//When using to declare arrays, must be defined with const modifier
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 20, HOURS_SIZE = 4, NAME_SIZE = 16;
//Declare arrays as global so we don\'t have to pass the arrays to each function.
//Normally we wouldn\'t declare variables that change values a global.
int employeeId[ARRAY_SIZE];
string firstName[ARRAY_SIZE];
char lastName[ARRAY_SIZE][NAME_SIZE];
double rate[ARRAY_SIZE];
int hours[ARRAY_SIZE][HOURS_SIZE];
int numberOfEmps; //count of how many employees were loaded into arrays
int sumHours[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0}; //initialize arrays to zero by providing a
double avgHours[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0}; //value for the first element in the array
//Function Prototypes
void loadArray( );
void sumAndComputeAvgHours( );
void listByName( );
void searchByName( );
void sortByName( );
void swapValues(int i, int minIndex);
void listEmployees( );
void listEmployeesHeadings( );
void listEmployeesDetails(int i);
void listEmployeesTotals( );
void displayContinuePrompt( );
//Program starts here
int main()
{
//Declare and initialize local main variables
char choice; //menu option
//Load the arrays with data
loadArray();
//Sum and compute the average hours
sumAndComputeAv.
the input to a frequency translation system has a bandwidth of 19 to.pdf
the input to a frequency translation system has a bandwidth of 19 to 20 Mhz and it is desired to
shift the spectrum to the range of 50 to 51 Mhz while reversing the spectral sense. determine the
required frequency in Mhz of the LO frequency.
please show with steps.
Solution
The mixer frequency(Fm) have two frequency componenets that iare Fi+FL and Fi-FL, where Fi
is in put frequency and FlL is local oscilator frquency
Fm=51 Mhz
Fi=20Mhz
FL=Fm-Fi=51-20 Mhz
so required local osc frequency is 31 mhz.
The First genetic maps used genes as markers becauseplease answer.pdf
The First genetic maps used genes as markers because:
please answer both questions with correct answer! thank you! The First genetic maps used genes
as markers because: Select one: a. The locations of genes on chromosomes could be observed by
stining the DNA with dyes. X b. Phenotypes specified by genes could be visually identified and
their inheritance patterns studied. c. Individual genes specifying easily identifiable phenotypic
traits were easily cloned. d. Singel nucleotide polymorphisms were used to identify point
mutations that resulted in clearly observable phenotypic differences. Eukaryotic Genomes are
mapped using DNA markers in addition to genes because: Select one: a. DNA markers do not
require the presence of two or more alleles for mapping b. Gene maps may not cover large
regions of the genome c. Most genes contain multiple alleles that can be easily mapped X d.
DNA markers are less variable than genetic markers
Solution
1. Option D is correct. The First genetic maps used genes as markers because single nucleodite
plymorphism were used to identify any changes in gene.
2. Opttion A is correct.
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more method.pdf
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more methods of interaction than
ever before: phone, text, instant messenger, GPS, Skype, etc. Businesses today must be
connected at multiple levels via multiple media in order to be competitive. Ponder and develop a
strategy for future forensic applications in an increasingly digitalized and connected world.
Discuss the challenges that these new media and technologies present to the forensic analyst and
begin to frame some solutions.
Solution
Computer forensics is the practice of collecting, analysing and reporting on digital data in a way
that is legally admissible. It can be used in the detection and prevention of crime and in any
dispute where evidence is stored digitally. Computer forensics follows a similar process to other
forensic disciplines, and faces similar issues.
The phrase “digital forensics” invokes an image of law enforcement officers conducting criminal
investigations. The breadth of digital forensics practices goes far beyond this narrow definition.
Civil cases use forensic analysis. Large corporations and organizations use their own forensics
groups to investigate internal issues, compliance, and insider threats that are rarely publicly
released. Governments have forensic resources that are applied in many areas, such as military
intelligence.
Forensic Applications of New Analytical Technologies
Multiply hyphenated techniques, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with retention
time locking (GC/MS/RTL), liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(LC/MS/TOF), microfluidic-based capillary electrophoretic analysis of mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA/ICP/MS), are
able to uncover forensically germane information by providing unprecedented levels of
analytical selectivity and sensitivity, extracting genetic signatures from previously overlooked
biological sources, and sequentially microdeconstructing samples so as to map the spatial
variation and concentration of elemental constituents. These new ranges of information and rich
data sets can contribute facts crucial to the reconstruction of events and thereby increase the
probability of an accurate finding in the matters under investigation..
Suppose a mutant fruit fly with blue eyes was recently discovered. I.pdf
The document discusses genetic terminology used to describe alleles. It notes that a newly discovered mutant fruit fly has blue eyes, which is recessive to the wild-type red eyes. The most common way to represent the alleles would be: Mutant: bl, bl and Wild-type: Bl+, bl+ - with the capital B representing the dominant allele for red eyes and the lowercase b representing the recessive allele for blue eyes.
Students should research and identify an article on the subject of s.pdf
Students should research and identify an article on the subject of stakeholder mapping and its
role as a critical tool for leaders. The article should discuss the purpose of stakeholder mapping
and explain how it is used. Articles must come from a reputable source (no Twitter, Facebook or
Wikipedia), be submitted a copy of or link to the article must be included in the submission.
Students should write a paragraph on their thoughts about stakeholder mapping.
Solution
Stakeholders are individuals or organizations that will be affected in some significant way by the
outcome of the evaluation process or that are affected by the performance of the intervention, or
both.
Not all stakeholders have the same stake in the interventions and it is important to recognize the
level of influence each stakeholder has on the project and its evaluation.
This information will guide the data-collection process and allow you to identify the stakeholders
who will serve as the main sources of data for the evaluation.
Stakeholder mapping in 4 steps
When initally mapping stakeholders it is important to consider these questions:.
Questions1. Research the Master Boot Record. Write a long paragra.pdf
Questions:
1. Research the Master Boot Record. Write a long paragraph and answer the following:
a). How does this file play into the BIOS and its attempt to load the operating system?
b). Can you think of a situation in which this knowledge would help diagnose a failure to boot?
c).Why is it that the installation of Linux in a dual-boot configuration can cause problems for the
Windows OS?
2. The use of solid state memory in lieu of a hard drive is starting to receive some attention.
a). What benefits or drawbacks could crop up for this new type of secondary storage?
b). In what way is solid state memory subject to the same failure as a hard drive?
Solution
A master boot record is a special sector of data at the very start of the device which is marked as
bootable. It can reside on a hard disk partition, a CD / DVD, a pen drive or any other form of
storage. The MBR is a small piece of executable code (usually micro instructions) that is
executed at the startup by the system.
The address of the MBR is fixed and during system startup, this location is accessed and read. If
the MBR is found in this location, it is executed by the system, else error is thrown.
The MBR primarily contains 2 things:
Ans 1.
Some BIOS use a different location like Compaq, which uses 0x07C0:0x0000. Although this
resolves to the same memory location in read mode, it should be avoided.
The Initial Program Loader (IPL) of the BIOS starts executing the MBR by passing control to
this location. Prior to execution, it is setup with the following CPU registers:
Ans 2..
Problem Find the z-transform, in closed form, of the number sequence .pdf
Problem Find the z-transform, in closed form, of the number sequence generated by sampling,
every T seconds the function f(t) whose Laplace transform is given by F(s) = 2(1 - e^-5s)/s(s =
2), T = 1 s
Solution
F(s)=2(1-e^-5)/(s(s+2))
=(1-e^-5)(1/s-1/(s+2))
As we know: z=e^(sT)=e^s
Henc . e^-5=z^-5
Z transform of 1/s=z/(z-1)
Z transfrom of 1/(s+2)=z/(z-e^-2)
F(z)=(1-z^-5)[z/(z-1)-z/(z-e^-2)]
F(z)=(1-z^-5)z(1-e^-2)/[(z-1)(z-e^-2)].
Please give me as detailed as possible answers! Im really struggli.pdf
This document contains two questions asking to build parameter estimators for three distributions (Bernoulli, exponential, lognormal) using two different methods: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and method of moments. The student is struggling to understand these concepts and is seeking detailed explanations to help improve their understanding.
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The First genetic maps used genes as markers becauseplease answer.pdf
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- 1. the consistent joining of two specific bases in nucleotides within DNAS is called DNA replication base doubling complementary base pairing base transcription The nucleotide sequence AUGGUC could be part of a single strand of DNA could be part of an mRNA contains three codons contains one anticodon Which process requires the participating of all three types of RNA? translation transcription RNA processing replication. The A site on a ribosome function is rtecei8ving a new RNA with the correct amino acid. Holding a polypeptide as amino acids are added. Attacking the small subunits to the large subunits. releasing the compound polypeptide. DNA is a polymer of Deoxyribnucleotides Amino acid None of the above. Solution 7. Ans: C In the DNA, joining of two bases by hydrogen bonds is known as complementary base pairing. In DNA, complementary base of guanine is cytosine and complementary base of adenine is thymine. 8. Ans: B Given nucleotide sequence AUGGUC could be a part of mRNA because sequence contain U (Uracil) base which is found only in RNA not in DNA. In the DNA in place of Uracil thymine is found. Codon is a sequence of three bases. 9. Ans:B In translation is a process of protein synthesis, in which all three types of RNA participate to complete the task of protein synthesis. mRNA encodes amino acid sequence of polypeptide. tRNA brings amoino acids to ribosomes during translation. rRNA with ribosomal proteins makes up the ribosome, organelles that translate the mRNA. 10. Ans: A A site of ribosome occupied by amino acyl- tRNA which act as a acceptor for the growing protein chain during peptide bond formation. P site of ribosome occupied by peptidyl- tRNA which carry the growing peptide chain.P site is also known as puromycin (antibiotic) sensitive site. E site, ribosomal site harboring decylated tRNA on transit out from the ribosome. 11. Ans: B DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, carries genetic information for the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all living cells.