The circulatory system
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zlovThe circulatory system circulates blood around the body using the heart, blood vessels, and arteries. It is connected to the respiratory system, which exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen as blood passes through the lungs. The stages of circulation include blood leaving the heart, traveling through arteries, circulating oxygen to the body, and returning to the heart through veins to be refreshed. Disorders of the circulatory system include hypertension (high blood pressure), cardiomyopathy (weakened heart muscles), and coronary artery disease (plaque buildup in arteries).
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1) The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body using the heart, arteries, and veins. The heart pumps blood from the left and right ventricles through the arteries.
2) Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues and cells through capillaries and returns to the heart through veins. Interruption of blood flow can damage organs.
3) Risk factors for heart disease and stroke include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol use. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can reduce risks.
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The circulatory system carries blood throughout the body, supplying cells with oxygen and nutrients and removing carbon dioxide and wastes. The heart pumps blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries, where nutrients and gases are exchanged. Diseases like arteriosclerosis and hypertension can damage blood vessels and restrict blood flow. Biomedical engineers work with doctors to design devices that address circulatory system problems, such as heart pumps and replacement valves.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
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The circulatory system
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