This presentation on the challenges for a humanitarian response in an urbanising crisis: the IDPs in Bangui, Central African Republic, was given by Dr Anne Burlat, housing and urban specialist, of Groupe URD at the International Institute for Environment and Development on 28 June 2017.
The study explores the methods and objectives of the humanitarian response to the refugee crisis in Bangui, in the context of a national crisis where assistance is needed elsewhere. It highlights the stakeholders involved and their relations in this sector-based response.
The humanitarian response has not managed to adapt to the way the crisis has evolved. Having originally been a humanitarian crisis with an urban component, in Bangui it has become an urban crisis with a humanitarian component.
The goodwill of all those involved is obvious, but the complexity of urban issues and the Central African context is very difficult for a humanitarian system that is dedicated to beneficiaries.
More details: https://www.iied.org/urban-crises-learning-fund
WHRCF2014
May 16 2014
Kimdaejung Convention Center
Special Session
「Social and Human Rights from Local Governments : The Experience of Guarulhos」
- Renata C. BOULOS
Presentation by Maimunah Mohd Sharif on UN-Habitat's COVID-19 response and key areas of focus, April 2020.
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/events/2020/04/webinar-build-back-better-cities-frontlines-covid-19
Time to Think Urban. UN-Habitats Vision on UrbanisationUN-HABITAT
UN-Habitat's vision of urbanization encompasses all levels of human settlements, including small rural communities, villages, market towns, intermediate cities and large cities and metropolises, i.e. wherever a stable community is continuously located and there are housing units together with permanent social and economic activities, common public space, urban basic services and local governance structure.
WHRCF2014
May 16 2014
Kimdaejung Convention Center
Special Session
「Social and Human Rights from Local Governments : The Experience of Guarulhos」
- Renata C. BOULOS
Presentation by Maimunah Mohd Sharif on UN-Habitat's COVID-19 response and key areas of focus, April 2020.
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/events/2020/04/webinar-build-back-better-cities-frontlines-covid-19
Time to Think Urban. UN-Habitats Vision on UrbanisationUN-HABITAT
UN-Habitat's vision of urbanization encompasses all levels of human settlements, including small rural communities, villages, market towns, intermediate cities and large cities and metropolises, i.e. wherever a stable community is continuously located and there are housing units together with permanent social and economic activities, common public space, urban basic services and local governance structure.
Challenges faced in emergency response phase in urban areasAshique Hasan
The world is now facing a rapid growth of urbanization mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Now the time has come to give more attention to urban people as the humanitarian agencies faced lots of difficulties in emergency response phase in urban areas. And some of the difficulties are very challenging and uncommon compared to rural areas. The uncontrolled urbanization due to unexpected migration towards urban areas is one of the underlying causes for that. Beside these lack of good governance and peoples accountability also responsible for stimulating the migration process towards urban areas. This paper tries to focus the causes of migration. And how it turns into hazard in urban perspective and create difficulties for the humanitarian agencies job during emergency response phase. Basing on case study of Haiti and Chile earthquake this paper highlights the gaps and limitation of the government’s disaster plan and following with some recommendations.
Challenges faced in emergency response phase in urban areasAshique Hasan
The world is now facing a rapid growth of urbanization mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Now the time has come to give more attention to urban people as the humanitarian agencies faced lots of difficulties in emergency response phase in urban areas. And some of the difficulties are very challenging and uncommon compared to rural areas. The uncontrolled urbanization due to unexpected migration towards urban areas is one of the underlying causes for that. Beside these lack of good governance and peoples accountability also responsible for stimulating the migration process towards urban areas. This paper tries to focus the causes of migration. And how it turns into hazard in urban perspective and create difficulties for the humanitarian agencies job during emergency response phase. Basing on case study of Haiti and Chile earthquake this paper highlights the gaps and limitation of the government’s disaster plan and following with some recommendations.
CSI.SP: Informal Sao Paulo by Jaap Klaarenbeek (18 Feb 2009)Jasper Moelker
‘Informal Practices’ will be the central theme of Jaap Klaarenbeek’s lecture on the 18th. Various instances of informality will be showed, the ‘magnitude’ of informality in São Paulo and the way it effects the city’s urban life and space. During the lecture several types and modes of informality will be distinghuished, as well as the way in which these practices emerged in São Paulo’s urban landscape, and the forms in which they use the urban space. In his lecture Jaap will shed a light on the tensions between formal and informal and the complex typologies they produce, as well as the symmetries and asymmetries between formal and informal ‘worlds’ in São Paulo. Jaap Klaarenbeek is graduating on an investigation on the topic of informality in São Paulo.
La be project how to overcome stereotypes - background research spainLampedusaBerlinProject
“Lampedusa Berlin, Travel Journal”, Europe for Citizens Program, Strand2: Democratic engagement and civic participation 2.3: Civil Society Projects
Project: 577736-CITIZ-1-2016-1-IT-CITIZ-CIV
Second Event data Collection
“How to overcome the stereotips about migrants?”
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Scira Menoni: Vulnerabilità e resilienza urbana e territoriale: come l’urbanistica e la pianificazione territoriale possono contribuire a politiche di prevenzione.- Urban vulnerability and resilience: how planning may contribute to mitigation policies. Lesson 1: unfortunately negative examples.
What can be done to mitigate risks? Risk assessment / Risk mitigation measures: structural and non structural, long and
short term / Implementation tools: laws, regulations, directives, economic tools –insurance, incentives, taxes- voluntary….
Ulrich Beck reminds us of the fact the in risks imply a tightly coupled combination of “facts” and “values” that make any risk related decision neither purely technical nor purely political.
The complexity of risk conditions requires a suitable approach for a world of infrastructures and settlements built as a sole system.
This presentation is one of several topics for an Urban Renewal Introductory Course implemented by the Executive Education Program of the Ateneo School of Government, with its tie-up with the DILG -- given to DILG, House of Representatives, and representatives from the various 17 local city governments of Metro Manila assigned to Urban Development and Planning. The end objective is to be able to identify, plan, and implement an Urban Renewal Project in each city, taking into account lessons and principles learned from the overall course.
Women paying the health cost of the climate crisisIIED
The impacts of climate change result in both economic and non-economic losses and damages. While economic impacts often receive attention through policy and programming, the non-economic losses remain largely invisible and unaddressed, particularly in climate finance.
The presentation by IIED principal researcher Ritu Bharadwaj, from an online event in March 2024, focuses on the loss and damage faced by women battling drought, debt bondage and migration in Beed, India.
The presentation examines how women are disproportionately affected by climate change, looking at the connections between climate-induced droughts and debt bondage, and significant impacts on women's physical and mental health – leading to drastic health decisions.
It introduces the innovative C-CIQ methodology, which is a comprehensive approach allowing for in-depth assessment of climate change impacts, encompassing not only physical and economic aspects but also the social, cultural and psychological wellbeing of individuals and communities.
The C-CIQ methodology, with its emphasis on simplicity, replicability and clarity, aims to provide a framework for quantifying non-economic loss and damage through composite indices, making it a valuable tool for practitioners and policymakers in diverse contexts.
More information: https://www.iied.org/women-paying-health-cost-climate-crisis
This report provides an overview of the International Institute for Environment and Development's carbon emissions for 2022/23, and details plans to reduce its impact across our operations.
Emphasising transparency and accountability, the report underscores IIED's dedication to creating a more sustainable and equitable world.
The report highlights ways IIED has changed to reduce its environmental impact and promote positive changes in social, financial and governance operations.
As an organisation IIED is committed to becoming a net-zero organisation, aligning with science-based targets and reflecting short- and long-term emission reduction targets, which will be monitored annually.
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Challenges faced in emergency response phase in urban areasAshique Hasan
The world is now facing a rapid growth of urbanization mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Now the time has come to give more attention to urban people as the humanitarian agencies faced lots of difficulties in emergency response phase in urban areas. And some of the difficulties are very challenging and uncommon compared to rural areas. The uncontrolled urbanization due to unexpected migration towards urban areas is one of the underlying causes for that. Beside these lack of good governance and peoples accountability also responsible for stimulating the migration process towards urban areas. This paper tries to focus the causes of migration. And how it turns into hazard in urban perspective and create difficulties for the humanitarian agencies job during emergency response phase. Basing on case study of Haiti and Chile earthquake this paper highlights the gaps and limitation of the government’s disaster plan and following with some recommendations.
Challenges faced in emergency response phase in urban areasAshique Hasan
The world is now facing a rapid growth of urbanization mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Now the time has come to give more attention to urban people as the humanitarian agencies faced lots of difficulties in emergency response phase in urban areas. And some of the difficulties are very challenging and uncommon compared to rural areas. The uncontrolled urbanization due to unexpected migration towards urban areas is one of the underlying causes for that. Beside these lack of good governance and peoples accountability also responsible for stimulating the migration process towards urban areas. This paper tries to focus the causes of migration. And how it turns into hazard in urban perspective and create difficulties for the humanitarian agencies job during emergency response phase. Basing on case study of Haiti and Chile earthquake this paper highlights the gaps and limitation of the government’s disaster plan and following with some recommendations.
CSI.SP: Informal Sao Paulo by Jaap Klaarenbeek (18 Feb 2009)Jasper Moelker
‘Informal Practices’ will be the central theme of Jaap Klaarenbeek’s lecture on the 18th. Various instances of informality will be showed, the ‘magnitude’ of informality in São Paulo and the way it effects the city’s urban life and space. During the lecture several types and modes of informality will be distinghuished, as well as the way in which these practices emerged in São Paulo’s urban landscape, and the forms in which they use the urban space. In his lecture Jaap will shed a light on the tensions between formal and informal and the complex typologies they produce, as well as the symmetries and asymmetries between formal and informal ‘worlds’ in São Paulo. Jaap Klaarenbeek is graduating on an investigation on the topic of informality in São Paulo.
La be project how to overcome stereotypes - background research spainLampedusaBerlinProject
“Lampedusa Berlin, Travel Journal”, Europe for Citizens Program, Strand2: Democratic engagement and civic participation 2.3: Civil Society Projects
Project: 577736-CITIZ-1-2016-1-IT-CITIZ-CIV
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“How to overcome the stereotips about migrants?”
Background research - Spain
Scira Menoni: Vulnerabilità e resilienza urbana e territoriale: come l’urbanistica e la pianificazione territoriale possono contribuire a politiche di prevenzione.- Urban vulnerability and resilience: how planning may contribute to mitigation policies. Lesson 1: unfortunately negative examples.
What can be done to mitigate risks? Risk assessment / Risk mitigation measures: structural and non structural, long and
short term / Implementation tools: laws, regulations, directives, economic tools –insurance, incentives, taxes- voluntary….
Ulrich Beck reminds us of the fact the in risks imply a tightly coupled combination of “facts” and “values” that make any risk related decision neither purely technical nor purely political.
The complexity of risk conditions requires a suitable approach for a world of infrastructures and settlements built as a sole system.
This presentation is one of several topics for an Urban Renewal Introductory Course implemented by the Executive Education Program of the Ateneo School of Government, with its tie-up with the DILG -- given to DILG, House of Representatives, and representatives from the various 17 local city governments of Metro Manila assigned to Urban Development and Planning. The end objective is to be able to identify, plan, and implement an Urban Renewal Project in each city, taking into account lessons and principles learned from the overall course.
Women paying the health cost of the climate crisisIIED
The impacts of climate change result in both economic and non-economic losses and damages. While economic impacts often receive attention through policy and programming, the non-economic losses remain largely invisible and unaddressed, particularly in climate finance.
The presentation by IIED principal researcher Ritu Bharadwaj, from an online event in March 2024, focuses on the loss and damage faced by women battling drought, debt bondage and migration in Beed, India.
The presentation examines how women are disproportionately affected by climate change, looking at the connections between climate-induced droughts and debt bondage, and significant impacts on women's physical and mental health – leading to drastic health decisions.
It introduces the innovative C-CIQ methodology, which is a comprehensive approach allowing for in-depth assessment of climate change impacts, encompassing not only physical and economic aspects but also the social, cultural and psychological wellbeing of individuals and communities.
The C-CIQ methodology, with its emphasis on simplicity, replicability and clarity, aims to provide a framework for quantifying non-economic loss and damage through composite indices, making it a valuable tool for practitioners and policymakers in diverse contexts.
More information: https://www.iied.org/women-paying-health-cost-climate-crisis
This report provides an overview of the International Institute for Environment and Development's carbon emissions for 2022/23, and details plans to reduce its impact across our operations.
Emphasising transparency and accountability, the report underscores IIED's dedication to creating a more sustainable and equitable world.
The report highlights ways IIED has changed to reduce its environmental impact and promote positive changes in social, financial and governance operations.
As an organisation IIED is committed to becoming a net-zero organisation, aligning with science-based targets and reflecting short- and long-term emission reduction targets, which will be monitored annually.
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More information: https://www.iied.org/special-economic-zones-global-trends-issues-senegal-madagascar
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This presentation (in English and French) was delivered during an IIED webinar on Wednesday, 21 September, which discussed the topic of special economic zones and the broader questions they raise, particularly in Senegal and Madagascar.
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This presentation by Stephanie Brittain was delivered during the online event 'Why eat wild meat? Insights from Africa and lessons for COVID-19 responses' on Wednesday, 4 August.
The event explored why people eat wild meat and how to design interventions that can help improve sustainability and safety.
Stephanie Brittain is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford focusing on local knowledge and drivers of wild meat consumption in Cameroon.
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More information: https://www.iucn.org/regions/eastern-and-southern-africa/our-work/conservation-areas-and-species/local-communities-first-line-defence-against-illegal-wildlife-trade-flod
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More details: https://www.iied.org/locally-controlled-forestry
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Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
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Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
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Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
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Capsicum annuum L. is the extensively cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in all over the world. Its fruits are used for spiciness (capsaicin) and color (capsanthin) in our daily foods. Pakistan is the leading chili consuming country. Genetic divergence among 25 accessions (local and exotic) collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad, Pakistanwas estimated from the data collected during the year 2014 in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan for different morphological and growth parameters viz fruit width, fruit length, peduncle length, number of primary branches, inter nodal length, plant height, seed index, 1000 seed weight, fresh and dry fruit weight, pericarp thickness, leaf area and seeds per fruit. Based on this characterization the plants were grouped into 5 clusters and diversity among accessions was indicated by the wide range of D2 values whereas phenotypic correlation for all the characters was found significant. Five components were selected as principle components with Eigen values > 1. These components exhibited 77.2% of the variation. The first principal component (PC I) explained 27.2% of total variation in original data, second component (PC II) explained 18.9%, and third principal component (PC III) explained 12.5% of variation. The other principal components (PC IV and PC V explained an additional 18.6% of the variation (a total 77.2% of explained variation. Accessions with distinct identity were marked, which are likely to be quite suitable for breeding through hybridization by combining desirable traits. High estimates of broad sense heritability (90%) for all the characters except peduncle length predicted that selection could be awarding in late segregating generations and above accessions could be utilized in hybridization programme for C. annuum crop improvement.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
The challenges for a humanitarian response in an urbanising crisis: the IDPs in Bangui, Central African Republic
1. IIED
28th June 2017
When the humanitarian response
requires urban development policies:
THE RESPONSE TO
THE IDP CRISIS IN BANGUI
Presentation by Anne Burlat aburlat@urd.org
2. When IIED published its call for proposal for research grants (Oct. 2016),
Groupe URD was working on the response to the IDP crisis in Bangui and there were
28 000 estimated IDPs in the M’Poko (airport) site that had to be closed
Sept. 2016 - Peer exchange in Port-au-Prince: an official urban development
delegation from Bangui travelled to Haiti
Field visits to informal settlements
Discussions with government representatives about the different response
processes to the Earthquake crisis
Lessons in the process of being learned
- Aug. 2016 - iNGOs & Governmental institutions: we are doing more than our
mandate requires - they need to make more effort to establish dialogue
A stand off situation, where both sides are convinced that they are right
Neither side makes an effort to understand the other’s mandate
- Mar. 2016 - iNGOs: no “forced” IDP displacement according to Kampala convention
Tensions between CAR Govt. & Int. Humanitarians / Sectorial response
No knowledge of the Bangui urban context and the impacts of the urban crisis
Research context - initial observations
Linking humanitarian response and development in urban contexts
3. Impacts of the crisis on Bangui
Neighbourhoods completely destroyed …
14 juin 2011 26 mai 2016
… around the commercial area which became an enclave: known as the Muslim enclave
The conflict is not a religious one: this oversimplification led to misunderstandings
…there has been almost continuous conflict in the Central Africa Republic since 2002
Bangui: a crisis within the crisis, where stakeholders did not take the
urban context into account
4. Crisis impacts
- Field impact: Neighbourhoods completely destroyed around the enclave
- Human impact: million IDPs, 100 000 in M’Poko site
- Political impact: M. Djotodja resigned
Crisis response
- Political response restore stability
Accord de cessation des hostilités (23rd July 2014)
Temporary Government (Jan. 2015)
Accord DDR (10th May 2015) Forum de Bangui
Presidential election (Feb. 2016)
- Humanitarian response supporting vulnerable people, mainly IDPs
MIRA (Jan. 2014)
- Structural support aiming to restart: HRP 2017-2020 (approval Nov. 2016)
RCPCA 2017-2020
stakeholders did not take the urban context into account
A crisis within the crisis
Which response to which crisis ?
6. mid-Dec. 2016 - The site had been closed by the government (MASRN):
operation Noël à la maison
mid-Feb. 2017 - Tensions between Gvt institutions and iNGOs
- Different positions within different UN agencies
April 2017 : field mission - Meetings, discussions, visits with all types of stakeholders
Understanding the issues at stake
- Piece together stakeholders’ actions and choices
with a focus on the relations between these
- First difficulty
inability to have a clear picture of the past
- Validation of the global hypothesis
No awareness of the change from a humanitarian crisis with an urban
component to an urban crisis with a humanitarian component.
The response targets individual vulnerable people without responding to
structural urban issues, which can be seen as a part of the crisis.
The IDP crisis in Bangui
The challenge of responding to a humanitarian crisis
that became an urban crisis
7. M’Poko IDP site - Internal airport area
Became a part of the city puzzle
19th November 2015
M’Poko was the largest IDP site in Bangui, estimated IDPs: early January 2014 - 100 000
stabilized - 28 000
8. - M’Poko localisation inside airport area:
along the runway, which people and vehicles frequently cross
Its closure is a priority for the government: high institutional pressure
and the airport management not accepted by iNGOs
- Dissension about its closure process:
Government proposed relocation to a site without facilities: AVICOM
Its closure brought humanitarian stakeholders together against the gvt.
Who can support the recovery ? UN agencies, temporary gvt., iNGOs …
- The first closure process was impeded:
a new explosion of violence (manipulation ?)
Its closure has obscured other dimensions of the crisis
- Confrontation between two complementary positions
The government wants to close the IDP site
Humanitarians want to implement sustainable solutions for the IDPs
M’poko site: emblematic of the crisis in Bangui
What happened after the closure of the largest IDP site?
9. The 3 sustainable solutions: return, resettlement & local integration:
an interpretation of refugee policies:
- return to the home country,
- resettlement in another country (ideally chosen) or
- integration in the current country (often initially seen as temporary).
For IDPs:
- return to the former house
- resettlement somewhere else in CAR (return to the village)
- local integration in areas where IDPs take refuge
Humanitarian programs in Bangui emphasized return
- return to the former house: chosen by more than 90% of the IDPs
but: what question was asked during the profiling?
- resettlement in Bangui = individual choice
resettlement in rural areas: rare in CAR where the tendancy is towards urban
migration and the crisis is national
- local integration: all sites are private (mainly owned by churches) = impossible
local integration: AVICOM gathered the lowest profiling intention.
IDPs & the 3 Sustainable solutions
The framework of all humanitarian activities
10. 7-8 months after the crisis Return was chosen by 87% of IDPs (profiling July
2014)
- It is very common for resettled refugees to express the wish to go home even
though they do nothing to achieve this: could this be similar for IDPs?
- What are the other options in the questionnaire?
Return: what is the essential condition for IDPs?
Security (and a job, and free access to water, and …)
When security is the objective, only armed solutions are considered: but
where would armed forces be deployed? (cf. profiling, July 2014)
Along roads and public spaces
- No surveys of the completely destroyed neighbourhoods
- The urban fabric in these neighbourhoods is informal, without road networks
and the government is hostile to their existence.
Related issues: access to water (well issues) and previously non-existent
services (schools, health, etc.)
iNGOs wanted to oversee the IDPs’ return in good conditions and … inertia
IDPs: the "over-promoted" return solution (1/3)
The security issue - without recognition of the urban context
13. The majority of IDPs declared former informal activity, whereas the formal
market is the property of the enclave inhabitants
Good knowledge about former situation and current wishes
(DRC, profiling, etc.)
- When 90% of IDPs declared that they would restart the same activity (profiling,
July 2014) this was seen as a sign that economic recovery was possible
No questions about the recovery process
- What could have been done to prevent those who had developed a commercial
activity from losing this resilience behaviour?
- What about urban agriculture activities? When there are no local products,
when there are no jobs, and when the economic network has collapsed
Urban migration is due to job opportunities
Urban contexts are made up of interconnected networks.
- Developing economic activities implies creating links and developing networks
- Having a home is more about having neighbours than having a roof
IDPs: the "over-promoted" return solution (2/3)
The economic issue - the city as a source of opportunities:
What is the situation “after” the crisis?
14. 8th December 2013
M’Poko international airport area
Urban agriculture
29th Decemeber 2016
A former issue
with its own agenda
What about the NUA
paragraphe
considering urban
agriculture inside
urban planification ?
15. Even though residential migration can reflect growing vulnerability
Residential migration is a way of urban life
The Return process only concerns owners
- 39% of M’Poko IDPs declared that they rented a flat/house
- The market is pushing vulnerable renters further and further from the city center
No one approached the MHLSU, which owns land for the city expansion
MHLSU is the institution responsible for housing and urban issues
- MHLSU declared 35m2 as the minimum suitable size for a house
- MHLSU was involved in the first governmental commitee working on the
response, but did not come back to the next one.
Shelter programs not approved by the government (MHLSU or MASRN)
Does this imply an indirect responsibility for the destructions?
- Certain government representatives were very vocal in their opposition
- The completly destroyed neighbourhoods were the least integrated areas near
the economic center in Bangui.
- No shared analysis or discussion between iNGOs & MHLSU
IDPs: the " over-promoted return solution (3/3)
The shelter issue - without taking into consideration
the impact on the urban fabric
16. Crises in cities - a crisis taking place within a city
- Partial: flooding of a neighbourhood, etc.
- One-off / short-term: a strike, poorly managed waste, etc.
- One-off / mid-term: urban refugees (Amman), etc.
Crises of cities - a crisis of the urban form …
- Shrinking cities: Industrial towns from former East-Germany, etc.
- Urban misery, slums (Daravi), shantytowns, informal settlements, etc.
- Socio-spatial segregation : gated communities, etc.
… Which often strongly impact the urban system Urban crisis
The crisis has become systemic and counteracts the (proper) operation
of the system
- Major (natural) disaster : Port-au-Prince, New Orleans
- Conflict, Civil war: Beirut, Aleppo, Bangui
- War outside the territory: assisting refugees (Lebanon), Tripoli (Leb.)
- Social crises (initially economic) caused by shrinking cities: Detroit
Recognition of the urban system
Identifying the right crisis scale
17. Humanitarian lens to characterize a crisis
Objectives of humanitarian response process
02 septembre 2016
How many and where : beneficiaries / vulnerable people in need
How much money : needed budget / gap with available funds
18. … The humanitarian view of the enclave
Situation de l’enclave et des quartiers abandonnés du PK5
BANGUI (25/11/2015) - OCHA
14 avril 2015
19. - Human environment
Population density, but more specifically diversity, charactarizes cities
Importance of regulatory structures
- Built environment
Infrastructures are fragile, and their fragility increases in proportion to their
complexity and the size of the city
The services delivered in an area reflect its level of formality
- Artificial environment
Supply dependency
Security as a condition of exchange
Exchange is the « raison d’être » of cities, including economic
exchange and mobility
Urban life depends on properly functioning networks
Once it has been recognised that this is an urban crisis, recovery will
depend on improved dialogue with the regulatory structures
Adressing an urban crisis
Cities as a human artefact: exchanges and diversity reinforce networks
20. It is the presence of humans, an economy or an environment, and their
vulnerability, that transforms a hazard into a risk.
Preventing risk implies decreasing vulnerability
Preventing its impact implies increasing resilience
Resilience and vulnerability are not two sides of the same coin:
The most resilient city fabric is the slum …
A crisis reveals or highlights existing fragilities, making institutions doubly
powerless.
Weakened by the crisis, the institutions find themselves faced with a
problem amplified by the crisis which they had been unable to address
before.
Should aid organisations support regulatory structures?
Can national institutions accept that fragilities exist and address them?
Adressing an urban crisis
Weakness of regulatory structures - lack of public spaces
21. Who is responsible to prepare territories for the IDP’s return ?
UN Agencies Work on 2 levels : structural & emergency
- Structural action imply a long term agenda, defined by an approved plan, written
which targets development issues and written with national representatives.
This process allow cross-cutting project, but depending the good
willing of the representatives.
- In Emergency, the cluster system is activated: each cluster work under
the (co)lead of a UN agency, includind the willing (i)NGOs :
- Gathering informations, structuring de mapping
- Checking the possible overlaps, Informing about the lack, etc.
This process is sectorial, but depending the good willing of the
representatives.
Integrated project is not the addition or the juxtaposition of topics
Humanitarian system
A sectorial structuration which handicaps the transversality
22. The lead issue is another relationship suitable?
Platform of humanitarian organisations to promote sustainable solutions
adopted the same sector-based approach: 7 pillars under the lead of iNGOs
The government was invited but did not attend
The government created its own technical and strategic committees, based on the
same approach: ministries under a lead appointed by the Prime Minister, with
invitations to humanitarian partners.
Which legitimacy does the lead structure have? No specific budget
The government system is resilient: practices are still the same, but how could
this be different?
M’Poko closure: supported by UNHCR
"power relationship" with NGOs and some UN agencies
Stakeholders mandates
"We let the government take the lead, but maybe we were wrong"
23. Access to water – strengths and weaknesses of a well organised sector
Shelter reconstruction projects - major stakes
Humanitarian mediation
In the field