1. The Cell
and Tissues
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2. Contents
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Cell overview
Control of cell cycles
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
Phagocytosis
Stem Cells
Cell types in the body
Transport systems
Tissues
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3. The Cell
• Basic units of the body
• Different types of cells have different functions
• All have a nucleus, a membrane, chromosomes,
cytoplasm and protoplasm
• Cells divide by process called mitosis
• Groups of cells with similar functions combine to form
tissues.
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5. Cell Structure
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Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Rough & Smooth
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
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6. Cell Membrane
• Contains cellular
contents
• Regulates what enters
and leaves the cell
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7. Cytoplasm
• Surrounds and
supports organelles
• Medium through which
nutrients and waste
move
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8. Nucleus
• Contains genetic
information
• Control center of the
cell
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9. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Transports material
through the cytoplasm
• Rough: Contains the
ribosomes where
protein is synthesixed
• Smooth:Site of steroid
synthesis
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10. Mitochondria
• Convert energy in
nutrients to ATP (power
plants of the cell)
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11. Golgi apparatus
• Packages protein in
membranes
• Puts the finishing
touches on protein
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12. Ribosomes
• Sites of protein
synthesis
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13. Lysosomes
• “Housekeeping” within
the cell.
• Phagocytosis through
powerful enzymes
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14. Cytoskeleton
• Provides for
intracellular shape and
support
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15. Centrioles
• Help separate the
chromosomes during
mitosis
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16. Cilia
• Create movement over
the cell surface
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17. Flagella
• Create movement of
cell
• E.G. allow sperm to
swim
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18. Stem Cell
• Are relatively undifferentiated or unspecialized cells whose only
function is the production of additional unspecialized cells.
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19. Stem Cells
• Each time a stem cell
divides, one of it’s
daughter cells
differentiates , while
the other daughter
cell prepares for
further stem cell
division.
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20. Cell types in the Body
• Red Blood cells (Erythrocytes)
• Primarily involved in the transport of oxygen to all body tissues.
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21. Cell types in the Body
• Hepatocytes
• Specialized
epithelial cells.
• Performs all the
functions
ascribed to the
liver of which
there are over
400.
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22. Cell types in the Body
• Osteoblast : A bone
forming cell.
• Synthesize the collagen
and glycoproteins to
from the osteoid
matrix.
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(Mosby’s Medical, Nursing &Allied health
.
Dictionary. 2002 6th ED Mosby, USA.)
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23. Transport Systems
• Web CT -- Diffusion
-- Facilitated Diffusion
-- Osmosis
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24. Tissues
• Four basic types
– Epithelial tissue
• Covers internal and external body surfaces
– Connective tissue
• Anchors, connects and supports other body structures
– Muscle tissue
• Allows the body to move
– Nerve tissue
• Carries impulses to the brain and back to body parts
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25. Epithelial Tissue
• Helps from the skin and covers the entire
outer surface of the body.
• Also lines most of the inner cavities such
as mouth, respiratory tract, and the
reproductive tract.
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28. Connective Tissue
• Most abundant of the four tissue types and
is widely distributed throughout the body.
• Is found in blood, under the skin, in bone,
and around many organs.
• Connects or binds together the parts of the
body.
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30. Types of Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective
Areolar
Adipose
Retricular
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31. Types of Connective Tissue
• Dense Fibrous Connective
• Tendons, Ligaments, Capsules, and fascia
• Skin (Dermis)
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32. Types of Connective Tissue
• Cartilage
• Hyaline
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic cartilage
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33. Types of Connective Tissue
• Bone – bones of the skeleton
• Blood – Blood vessels throughout the
body.
• Lymph – Lymphatic vessels throughout
the body.
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34. Muscle Tissue
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Composed of cells that shorten or
contract. Resulting in movement of a
body part.
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Three types of muscles
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac
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36. Skeletal Muscle
• Generally attached to
bone.
• Due to shape is often
called striated muscle.
• Move the skeleton,
maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
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37. Smooth Muscle
• Generally found in the
walls of viscera or
organs, such as the
stomach, intestines and
the urinary bladder.
• Also found in the
bronchioles and blood
vessels
• Function is related to
the organ in which it is
found.
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38. Cardiac Muscle
• Found only in the heart
• Function is to pump blood
into a vast network of
vessels.
• Contains long branching
cells that fit together tightly
at junctions allowing for
rapid conduction of
electrical signals
throughout the heart.
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39. Nervous Tissue
• Makes up the brain, spinal cord and
nerves.
• Nervous tissue consists of two types of
cells neurons and neuroglia.
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41. Neurons
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Nerve cells that transmit
electrical signals to and
from the brain and spinal
cord.
Has 3 parts the
Dendrites receive
information.
Cell body contains the
necleus
Axon transmits
information
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42. Neuroglia
• Or glia, cells that
support and take care
of the neurons.
• Stick together the vat
network of neurons.
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43. References
• Herlihy, B. 2007 3rd Ed. The Human Body in Health and Illness,
Elsevier. Canada.
• Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 2009 4th Ed. Pathophysiology
made Incredibly Easy. Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia.
• Mosby’s 2002 6th Ed. Mosby’s Medical, Nursing,& Allied Health
Dictionary. Elsevier. USA.
• Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. 2006. 11th E.d. Principles of
anatomy and Physiology.
Wiley & Sons, USA.
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