Cardiovascular blood power point

1. Blood and the Cardiovascular
System
Blood-components
System functions
Common conditions
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2. Functions of Blood
• Transportation
• Regulation
• Protection
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3. Physical Characteristics
• Heavier, thicker and more viscous than
water
• Adhesive qualities (stickiness)
• Temperature about 38º C
• Slightly alkaline pH 7.35 – 7.45
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4. Physical Characteristics
• Constitutes about 8% of body weight
• Adult blood volume:
– 5-6 litres (male)
– 4-5 litres (female)
• Volume and osmotic pressure are
regulated by hormonal negative feedback
systems
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5. Components of Blood
• Whole blood composed of
two portions:
– Plasma (55%)
– Formed elements (45%)
• Red blood cells (RBC’s)
make up 99% of the formed
elements
• White cells and platelets
make up the remaining 1%
Herlihy 2007 pg 265
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6. Blood Plasma (Plasma)
• Straw coloured fluid
• 91% water
• 8.5% solutes (mostly proteins)
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7. Break Down of Components
Proteins
7%
Plasma weight
Whole
Blood
8%
Other
fluids
and
tissues
92%
Blood
Plasma
55%
Other solutes
1.5%
Formed
Elements
45%
Volume
Body Weight
Water
91%
Platelets
25,000 –
400,000
Leucocytes
5,000 –
10,000
Erythrocytes
4.8 – 5.4
Million
(number
Per mm3)
Albumins 54%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 7%
All others 1%
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Gases
Regulatory
Substances
Vitamins
Waste products
Neutrophils
60 –70%
Lymphocytes
20 – 25%
Monocytes
3-8%
Eosinophils
2 –4%
Basophils
0.5 – 1.0%
(Leucocytes)
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8. Formation of Blood Cells
• Process is known as hemopoiesis
• Negative feedback systems monitor the
amount of RBC‟s in the system at any
given time
• Numbers of differing types of white cells
varies in response to invading pathogens
and antigens
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9. How stuff works
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10. Micrograph of Blood Cells
Tortora 1996 pg 558
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11. Erythrocytes (RBC‟s)
• Make up more than 99% of the formed
elements
• Contain haemoglobin molecules
• Biconcave disc
• No nucleus or organelles
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12. Structure of a Molecule of
Haemoglobin
Tortora 1996 Fig 19.3 p. 559
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13. Red Blood Cells
www.whyfiles.org/090doping_sport/3.html
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14. Origin and Development of
Blood Cells
Herlihy 2007 pg 265
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15. Life Cycle of RBC‟s
• Mature RBC develops 1-2 days after release
(Erythrocyte)
• Lives about 120 days in circulation
• Cell membrane becomes fragile through wear
and tear
• Cells burst
• Removed from circulation and destroyed by
phagocytic macrophages in the spleen and liver
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16. Hemoglobin and Iron
• Large protein molecule
• Globin – protein
• Heme- iron containing
substance
Herlihy 2007 pg 266-267.
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17. Regulation of RBC production by
erythropoietin
Herlihy 2007 pg 268
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18. Herlihy 2007 pg 269
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19. RBC Recycling
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20. Causes of Anemia
Herlihy 2007 pg 270
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21. WBC Physiology
• RBC‟s outnumber WBC‟s 700:1
• Normal WBC count is about 5000 –
10,000 /mm3
• Leucocytosis = increased number of
WBC‟s
• Leukopenia = abnormally low count
(below 5,000/mm3)
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22. Leukocytes (WBC‟s)
• Contain a nucleus
• Do not contain haemoglobin
• Two major groups:
– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
• Live for a few hours up to years depending on the type of cell
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23. Naming of White Blood Cells
Herlihy 2007 pg 272.
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24. Neutrophils & Macrophages
– Chemicals released by microbes and inflamed
tissues attract phagocytes (neutrophils &
macrophages)
– Phagocytes ingest bacteria and dispose of
dead matter
– Phenomenon known as chemotaxis
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25. Neutrophils
• Respond first:
– Engulf the bacteria
– Release – lysozyme and strong oxidants
– Neutrophils contain defensins – proteins that
exhibit antibiotic activity. These form spears
that poke holes in microbe membranes
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26. White blood cells : Traveling, housekeeping & eating
Herlihy 2007 pg 271
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27. Monocytes
• Take longer to arrive than neutrophils
• Enlarge on arrival and differentiate into
wandering macrophages
• Destroy more microbes and clean up
cellular debris
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28. Eosinophils
•
•
•
•
Leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid
Release enzymes such as histaminase
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
Effective against certain parasitic worms
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29. Basophils
• Leave capillaries and enter tissues
• Develop into mast cells
• Can liberate heparin, histamine and
serotonin
• Are responsible for “allergic” reactions
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30. Cells of the Immune System
www.user.rcn.com/…/H/Hemotopoiesis2.gif Title (Editable via „Slide Master‟)
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31. Lymphocytes
• Three major types:
– B cells – attack and destroy bacteria and
inactivate their toxins
– T cells – attack viruses, fungi, transplanted
cells, cancer cells and some bacteria
– Natural killer cells – attack many infectious
microbes and certain spontaneously arising
tumour cells
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32. Differential WBC Count
• Normal differential:
– Neutrophils
– Lymphocytes
– Monocytes
– Eosinophils
– Basophils
60 - 70%
20 - 25%
3 - 8%
2 - 4%
0.5 – 1%
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33. Platelets
• Result from splintering of megakaryocytes in red
bone marrow, into 2000-3000 fragments
• Each fragment is enclosed by a piece of the cell
membrane (thrombocyte)
• Between 250,000 and 400,000 platelets are
present in each mm3 of blood
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34. Platelets
library.thinkingquest.org/._../platelets.htm
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35. Homeostasis
• “Stoppage of bleeding”
• Three basic mechanisms to reduce blood
loss:
– Vascular spasm
– Platelet plug formation
– Blood clotting (coagulation)
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36. Hemostasis Steps
Herlihy 2007 pg 274
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37. Vasospasm
• Circularly arranged smooth muscle in the
walls of the capillaries contract
immediately
• Able to reduce blood loss for several
minutes to several hours
• Spasm due to damage of the smooth
muscle and from reflexes initiated by pain
receptors.
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38. Platelet Response
www.gcarlson.com/cellular_plateletsrupture.htm
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39. Steps in Plug Formation
• Platelet adhesion
• Platelet release reaction
• Platelet aggregation
• Platelet plug
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40. Platelet Plug Formation
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41. Clotting (Coagulation)
• Blood remains in liquid form as long as it
circulates within the vessels
• Once out, it thickens to form a gel
• Gel separates from serum
• The remaining network of insoluble protein
fibres (fibrin) form the clot
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42. Stages of Blood Clotting
Herlihy 2007 pg 275
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43. Stages of Clotting
Stage 1
• Formation of prothrombinase
– Extrinsic pathway – external source
– Intrinsic pathway – internal cause
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44. Stages 2
• Once prothrombinase is formed a common
pathway follows
• Stage 2:
– Prothrombinase + Ca++ activate prothrombin
and convert it to thrombin
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45. Stage 3
• Stage 3:
– Thrombin and Ca++ causes fibrinogen to
loose fibrin threads
– Factor XIII then strengthens and stabilizes the
clot
• Positive feedback loops cause increased
production of prothrombinase and
promotes platelet aggregation
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46. Role of Vitamin K
• Required for synthesis of four clotting factors
liver cells (Factors II, VII, IX and X)
• Produced by bacteria in the large intestine
• Fat soluble
• Disorders that prevent absorption of fat from the
intestine increase risk of bleeding
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47. Clot Retraction and Repair
• Fibrin threads gradually contract
• Pull edges of damaged vessels towards
each other
• Relies on the presence of adequate
numbers of platelets
• Platelets in the clot release Factor XIII
which strengthens and stabilizes the clot.
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48. Fibrinolysis
• Dissolving of clots
• Fibrinolytic system stops clots from
spreading throughout the system
• Plasminogen
plasmin
• Thrombin
• Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
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49. Fibrinolysis
Herlihy 2007 pg 276
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50. Haemostatic Control
Mechanisms
• Prostacyclin (PGI2)
• Anticoagulants
– Antithrombin III (AT-III)
– Protein C
• Alpha-2-macroglobulin
• Alpha-1-antitrypsin
– Heparin
– Warfarin
– Aspirin
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51. Blood Groups
Herlihy 2007 pg 277
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52. References
• Herlihy B.( 2007) The Human Body in Health and Illness (3rd ed)
Elsevier Canada. (264-277)
• Tortora, GJ & Grabowski, SR (1996) Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology (8th ed).. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York (553570)
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.us.novoseven.com/…/blood_coagulation.asp
• www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/hemotoxinology.html
• www.merck.com/mmhe/sec14/ch173/ch173a.html
• www.gcarlson.com/cellular_plateletsrupture.htm
• library.thinkingquest.org/._../platelets.htm
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www.user.rcn.com/…/H/Hemotopoiesis2.gif
www.lrf.org.uk/_en/1/infdispatbmt.html
www.whyfiles.org/090doping_sport/3.html
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