The document discusses the initial planning process for developing a CALL (computer-assisted language learning) program. It involves 6 steps: 1) determining objectives, 2) choosing types of programs (linear vs branching), 3) selecting materials, 4) choosing software, 5) determining tasks, and 6) structuring the program design with information, content, and exercises sections. A CALL program should also follow 5 principles: interactivity, usability, appropriate content, effectiveness, and performance.

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2. | HOME | What is A CALL? | Initial Planning | CALL Principles | X
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CALL
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3. | HOME | What is A CALL? | Initial Planning | CALL Principles | X
What is A CALL?
There will be many definitions dealing with CALL, such as:
1. This term is widely used to refer to the area of technology and
second language teaching and learning despite the fact that revisions
for the term are suggested regularly (Chapelle, 2001, p. 3).
2. It is the search for and study of applications of the computer in
language teaching and learning (Levy, 1997, p.1).
3. It is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result,
improves his or her language (Beatty, 2003, p. 7)
4. It has come to encompass issues of materials design, technologies,
pedagogical theories and modes of instruction. Materials for CALL
can include those which are purpose-made for language learning and
those which adapt existing computer-based materials, video and
other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8)
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Initial Planning
1.Determining… 1.Determining objectives
Russell (1992: 775) states that “it is important to identify
2.Types of… the purpose – objective – the materials are intended to
serve”. It means that the objective function as a guide to
3.Selecting… the nature of the structure of the program and is thus
crucial to the design of the whole project.
4.Choosing… This objective should cover every aspects of language skills
and components such as writing, reading, listening, as well
as speaking.
5.Determining…
6.Structuring…
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Initial Planning
1.Determining… 2.Choosing types of programs
Criswell (1989: 9) points out that there are two types tutorials:
2.Types of… linear and branching.
3.Selecting… Linear program presents every frame to every student. The
presentation is much like a textbook, often heavily word
oriented. Linear programs may be paced by the student and
4.Choosing… may include interesting graphics.
Branching program includes pre-test of major sections in the
5.Determining… program. The program computes the student score and
advises the student to either skip over or complete the
6.Structuring… section.
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Initial Planning
1.Determining… 3.Selecting materials
Johnson (1991: 33) states that “it is important that
2.Types of… multimedia authors and teachers do not fall back into the
trap of setting the same dull old task, …. or occupied with
3.Selecting… other things. We need, when designing learning tools, to
recognize that language is not just an assemblage of
distinct vocabulary items and ‘structure’ to be learned, but
4.Choosing… a heaving, swirling, dynamic whole, the means by which
men, women and children communicate with each other”.
5.Determining…
6.Structuring…
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Initial Planning
1.Determining… 4.Choosing software
There are some multimedia software that can be used to
2.Types of… design/develop a CALL program such as ToolBook 3.0 used
by Mr. Hartoyo when designing his CALL program which
3.Selecting… consists of the grammatical structure. This program is
considered to be the main problems for Indonesian
learners of English.
4.Choosing…
We can also use other software to design a CALL program
such as: Ms. word, Ms. excel, Ms. powerpoint, Ms.
5.Determining… Frontpage etc.
6.Structuring…
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Initial Planning
1.Determining… 5.Determining tasks
Wilson (1994), who conducted a study on the CALL
2.Types of… package for learning English as a foreign
language, suggested that before designers can build CALL
3.Selecting… system that “understand” their users, they must be able to
analyze what learning tasks should be provided to
stimulate interaction between the user and the computer.
4.Choosing…
In his book Mr. Hartoyo provides the material dealing with
practice in English structure or grammar.
5.Determining…
6.Structuring…
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Initial Planning
1.Determining… 6.Structuring program design
To structure program design, we will have normally three
2.Types of… parts, they are:
3.Selecting… 1.Information which explains about the tutorial program to
help the users use the program easier.
4.Choosing… 2.Content which presents materials highlighted in the
program. It also presents the further material in the form of
pop-up windows which appear whenever the user clicks on
5.Determining… the relevant “hotwords”.
6.Structuring… 3. Exercise which enables the users to assess their
understanding toward the materials they has just learn.
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CALL Principles
A CALL program is usually designed on the basis of five
principles:
1.Interactivity (feedback and instruction)
2.Usability (flexibility)
3.Content appropriateness
4.Effectiveness
5.Performance (attractiveness)
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