This document provides a teaching guide for a lesson on text and text connections. It includes standards, learning competencies, outcomes, allotted time, and a lesson outline. The lesson outline introduces the topic, provides motivation, delivers instruction on hypertext and intertextuality, includes practice activities, enrichment, and evaluation. Hypertext is text with links to other text for customized information access. Intertextuality refers to how a text's meaning is shaped by other texts through references.
Ang presentasyong ito ay naglalamang ng impormasyon tungkol sa ponemang suprasegmental ng wikang Filipino. Tinatampok dito ang mga pagpapaliwanag tungkol sa kahulugan, kahalagahan at layunin sa pag-aaral nito. Bukod pa dito, ipapakita ang paraan ng paglapat nito sa pagsusuri ng Balarila ng wikang Filipino.
Ang pokus ng teknikal-bokasyonal na pagsulat ay ang introduksyon ng mag-aaral sa iba’t ibang uri ng pagsulat na kailangan sa mga gawaing may teknikal na oryentasyon.
*Disclaimer: the pictures/information/media used in this ppt do not belong to me. Credits to the rightful owners.
The document outlines the principles of speech writing, including conducting an audience analysis, determining the speech's purpose, selecting and narrowing a topic, and gathering data. It describes the speech writing process and components like the introduction, body, and conclusion. It also discusses selecting a speech pattern, preparing an outline, editing and revising, and rehearsing. The goal is to provide the audience with a clear understanding of the topic in an engaging manner.
Ang presentasyong ito ay naglalamang ng impormasyon tungkol sa ponemang suprasegmental ng wikang Filipino. Tinatampok dito ang mga pagpapaliwanag tungkol sa kahulugan, kahalagahan at layunin sa pag-aaral nito. Bukod pa dito, ipapakita ang paraan ng paglapat nito sa pagsusuri ng Balarila ng wikang Filipino.
Ang pokus ng teknikal-bokasyonal na pagsulat ay ang introduksyon ng mag-aaral sa iba’t ibang uri ng pagsulat na kailangan sa mga gawaing may teknikal na oryentasyon.
*Disclaimer: the pictures/information/media used in this ppt do not belong to me. Credits to the rightful owners.
The document outlines the principles of speech writing, including conducting an audience analysis, determining the speech's purpose, selecting and narrowing a topic, and gathering data. It describes the speech writing process and components like the introduction, body, and conclusion. It also discusses selecting a speech pattern, preparing an outline, editing and revising, and rehearsing. The goal is to provide the audience with a clear understanding of the topic in an engaging manner.
Dive into the vibrant tapestry of 21st-century Philippine literature as it unfolds along the rich timeline of the nation's literary history. This topic examines the dynamic dimensions of Philippine literary evolution, exploring the contemporary voices, themes, and narratives that shape the nation's cultural identity. Discover the diverse range of literary works, authors, and emerging trends that make the 21st century a compelling chapter in the ongoing story of Philippine literature.
VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING A VARIETY OF ACADEMIC.pptxEazthaengDharlengLep
The document discusses various techniques for summarizing academic texts, including stating the main ideas and thesis clearly and concisely while retaining the key information. It provides examples of summarizing different types of texts using techniques like the "Somebody Wanted But So Then" method and the "5 W's and 1 H" approach. The document also emphasizes the importance of understanding the author's intent and meaning when summarizing.
This document provides information on the educational background and professional education of Charmaine Punzalan Reyes at the elementary level. It outlines the general education requirements in various subjects like English, Filipino, mathematics, science and social sciences. It also lists the requirements in professional education, including teaching profession, principles of teaching, facilitating learning, assessment and field study/practice teaching. The document further provides details on famous Filipino writers and their pen names, as well as an overview of the evolution of Philippine literature through different time periods under native traditions, Spanish colonization, American rule, Japanese occupation, post-war independence and the Martial Law era.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa Elemento ng Alamat. Dito din matatagpuan ang ilang halimbawa ng mga kahulugan, elemento at mga katanungan patungkol sa Elemento ng Alamat.
Nanumpa noong Enero 1, 2011 bilang ang kauna-unahang babaeng pangulo ng Brazil matapos manalo sa eleksyon noong 2010
Isinilang siya noong Disyembre 14, 1947 sa 21 Belo, Horizonte, Brazil.
Estudyante pa lamang ay naugnay na siya sa isang militanteng sosyalistang grupo kung saan nakasama niya si Carlos Araujo na kinalaunan ay siya niyang naging pangalawang asawa.
Noong 1970, dahil sa kanyang pakikipaglaban sa diktaturyal siya ay nakulong na tumagal ng tatlong taon.
Nang siya ay makalaya, tinapos niya ang kanyang pag-aaral (1977) at pumasok sa lokal na politika bilang kasapi ng Democratic Labor Party.
Nang mangampanya si Luis “Lula” de Silva bilang pangulo noong 2002, kinuha niya si Rousseff bilang consultant.
Matapos ang eleksyon hinirang siya bilang Minister ng Enerhiya
kinuha ni Pangulong “Lula” bilang Chief of Staff noong 2005 hanggang mapagdesisyounan niyang tumakbo sa eleksyon bilang kahalili ni “Lula” noong 2010.
This document discusses the four main types of speeches based on delivery: extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, and memorized. It provides descriptions of each type along with examples of common speaking situations, potential advantages and disadvantages, and tips for delivering each type of speech effectively. Extemporaneous speeches involve limited preparation using notes, while impromptu speeches require speaking without advance preparation. Manuscript speeches involve reading directly from a prepared text, and memorized speeches require reciting a written message from memory.
This document discusses different types of communicative strategies. It begins by defining nomination as a strategy used to collaboratively establish topics of conversation. It then defines restriction as limitations placed on speakers, turn-taking as rules governing who speaks, topic control as how formality affects topic development, topic shifting as moving between topics, repair as addressing problems that arise, and termination as expressions that end discussion of a topic. It provides examples for each strategy. It then presents statements and asks the reader to identify the strategy used in each. Finally, it outlines questions to consider when creating a tourism commercial promoting a destination.
Reading and Writing lesson 3:Intertext_and_Hypertext.pptxMarionKyleLPlaza
The document discusses intertext and hypertext as strategies for reading resources. It defines intertextuality as the process by which separate texts are connected to create meaning, and provides examples of intertextuality in films, newspapers, and advertising. The document also defines hypertext as a computer-based text retrieval system that allows non-linear reading through links, and notes the advantages of using hypertext for reading in the digital age.
Dive into the vibrant tapestry of 21st-century Philippine literature as it unfolds along the rich timeline of the nation's literary history. This topic examines the dynamic dimensions of Philippine literary evolution, exploring the contemporary voices, themes, and narratives that shape the nation's cultural identity. Discover the diverse range of literary works, authors, and emerging trends that make the 21st century a compelling chapter in the ongoing story of Philippine literature.
VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING A VARIETY OF ACADEMIC.pptxEazthaengDharlengLep
The document discusses various techniques for summarizing academic texts, including stating the main ideas and thesis clearly and concisely while retaining the key information. It provides examples of summarizing different types of texts using techniques like the "Somebody Wanted But So Then" method and the "5 W's and 1 H" approach. The document also emphasizes the importance of understanding the author's intent and meaning when summarizing.
This document provides information on the educational background and professional education of Charmaine Punzalan Reyes at the elementary level. It outlines the general education requirements in various subjects like English, Filipino, mathematics, science and social sciences. It also lists the requirements in professional education, including teaching profession, principles of teaching, facilitating learning, assessment and field study/practice teaching. The document further provides details on famous Filipino writers and their pen names, as well as an overview of the evolution of Philippine literature through different time periods under native traditions, Spanish colonization, American rule, Japanese occupation, post-war independence and the Martial Law era.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa Elemento ng Alamat. Dito din matatagpuan ang ilang halimbawa ng mga kahulugan, elemento at mga katanungan patungkol sa Elemento ng Alamat.
Nanumpa noong Enero 1, 2011 bilang ang kauna-unahang babaeng pangulo ng Brazil matapos manalo sa eleksyon noong 2010
Isinilang siya noong Disyembre 14, 1947 sa 21 Belo, Horizonte, Brazil.
Estudyante pa lamang ay naugnay na siya sa isang militanteng sosyalistang grupo kung saan nakasama niya si Carlos Araujo na kinalaunan ay siya niyang naging pangalawang asawa.
Noong 1970, dahil sa kanyang pakikipaglaban sa diktaturyal siya ay nakulong na tumagal ng tatlong taon.
Nang siya ay makalaya, tinapos niya ang kanyang pag-aaral (1977) at pumasok sa lokal na politika bilang kasapi ng Democratic Labor Party.
Nang mangampanya si Luis “Lula” de Silva bilang pangulo noong 2002, kinuha niya si Rousseff bilang consultant.
Matapos ang eleksyon hinirang siya bilang Minister ng Enerhiya
kinuha ni Pangulong “Lula” bilang Chief of Staff noong 2005 hanggang mapagdesisyounan niyang tumakbo sa eleksyon bilang kahalili ni “Lula” noong 2010.
This document discusses the four main types of speeches based on delivery: extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, and memorized. It provides descriptions of each type along with examples of common speaking situations, potential advantages and disadvantages, and tips for delivering each type of speech effectively. Extemporaneous speeches involve limited preparation using notes, while impromptu speeches require speaking without advance preparation. Manuscript speeches involve reading directly from a prepared text, and memorized speeches require reciting a written message from memory.
This document discusses different types of communicative strategies. It begins by defining nomination as a strategy used to collaboratively establish topics of conversation. It then defines restriction as limitations placed on speakers, turn-taking as rules governing who speaks, topic control as how formality affects topic development, topic shifting as moving between topics, repair as addressing problems that arise, and termination as expressions that end discussion of a topic. It provides examples for each strategy. It then presents statements and asks the reader to identify the strategy used in each. Finally, it outlines questions to consider when creating a tourism commercial promoting a destination.
Reading and Writing lesson 3:Intertext_and_Hypertext.pptxMarionKyleLPlaza
The document discusses intertext and hypertext as strategies for reading resources. It defines intertextuality as the process by which separate texts are connected to create meaning, and provides examples of intertextuality in films, newspapers, and advertising. The document also defines hypertext as a computer-based text retrieval system that allows non-linear reading through links, and notes the advantages of using hypertext for reading in the digital age.
This article discusses how research informed by intertextuality theory has impacted conceptions of the text, reader, author, and context in reading. It examines research that expressed explicit theoretical grounding in intertextuality from the last 6 years using various methodologies. The research depicted the text not as a discrete, unitary work, but as a dispersed, multivocal network of voices from other texts situated together. It undermined the notion of reading a text in isolation. The research also depicted the reader as plural rather than singular, as readers draw on diverse life experiences and cultural resources when making meaning. The author aims to "modestly deconstruct reading" by highlighting renderings of intertextuality across this research in order to
This document discusses hypertext and intertext in reading and writing. It defines hypertext as non-linear text that uses links to allow readers to navigate between related pieces of information and create their own understanding. Hypertext is made possible by hyperlinks that can be clicked to access other text. The World Wide Web is a global system of hypertext information. Hypertext allows for a more interactive reading experience where the reader can access additional context and definitions through links. It also discusses how links now incorporate multimedia beyond just text. Reading and writing involves understanding how a text relates to other texts and contexts.
This document discusses theories of paratextuality and hypertextuality proposed by French theorist Gérard Genette. It explains that paratexts, such as titles, prefaces and dedications, help guide readers' reception and interpretation of a text. The document also discusses Michael Riffaterre's structuralist hermeneutic approach, which views literary texts as having meaning through their internal semiotic structures rather than external references. Riffaterre believes readers move from an initial mimetic reading to a deeper semiotic reading upon recognizing ungrammaticalities in the text. He proposes concepts like the hypogram and matrix to explain how texts transform sociolectic codes and conventions to generate unique significance. The document
This document provides an overview of hypertext and intertext in reading and writing. It defines hypertext as non-linear text that uses links to allow readers to navigate between related pieces of information and create their own understanding. Hypertext is made possible by technologies like the World Wide Web and allows for multimedia integration. Intertext refers to the relationships between texts and how a text's meaning depends on its context. Reading and writing involves understanding intertextual connections and how authors develop arguments using evidence from other sources.
Intertextuality refers to the shaping of a text's meaning by another text through references like allusion, quotation, translation and pastiche. These intertextual references add layers of depth and influence readers based on their prior knowledge. Intertextuality can be intentional or unintentional, and comes in three types - obligatory references significantly impact understanding, optional references provide context but are not essential, and accidental references are made by readers without writer intent. Writers use intertextuality as a literary device to engage readers and demonstrate interrelationships between works.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and key concepts. It discusses textual linguistics and critical discourse analysis as two approaches. Textual linguistics examines how texts are built through cohesion and coherence. Critical discourse analysis takes a transdisciplinary approach and examines concepts like ideology and gender in discourse. The document also discusses definitions of a text, intertextuality, and voices in multi-voiced texts. It provides examples from theorists like Halliday, Brown and Yule, and Lotman on what constitutes a text. Quotes from Bakhtin emphasize that words belong to language but take on individual expression in specific utterances based on prior utterances.
Reading and Writing Skills 11 quarter 4 melc 1GloryAnnCastre1
This document provides an overview of a lesson on hypertext and intertext. It defines hypertext as text displayed electronically with links to other text that can be immediately accessed. Hypertext allows non-linear navigation of information and finding information suited to a reader's needs. Intertext is when an author incorporates properties of an original text into a new text they create. Intertextuality involves both imitation of another author's style and the creation of new text.
The document provides a weekly learning plan for May 16-20, 2022 for Grade 11 students. It outlines the daily schedule and topics for Reading and Writing lessons, which will focus on identifying the context in which a text was developed, including hypertext and intertext. Lessons will include activities and analysis questions to help students understand the importance of context in writing and how hypertext and intertext connect texts. The document defines key terms like context, hypertext, and intertext and their significance.
This document discusses discourse coherence and the strategies used for interpreting discourse. It defines key terms like inference, background knowledge, explicature, and implicature. Inference refers to information not explicitly stated but implied in a discourse. Background knowledge is what someone already knows about a topic to help them understand new information. Explicature is the explicit information in a text, while implicature is the implied meaning derived from context. Coherence in discourse relies on inferences made using background knowledge. Discourse markers and punctuation help connect ideas and establish relationships between parts of a text.
The document discusses various aspects of translation including equivalence, pragmatic equivalence, coherence, and implicature. It defines equivalence as being the same, similar, or interchangeable between source and target texts. Pragmatic equivalence refers to words having the same effect on readers in both languages. Coherence depends on the reader's interpretation based on their experiences and understanding of conceptual relations, rather than just cohesive devices. Implicature refers to implied rather than literal meanings based on context, background knowledge, and the cooperative principle of communication. A successful translation requires understanding conventional meanings, references, context, and assuming the reader can access implicit meanings.
Allusions and Intertextuality in NovelsSteven Kolber
A guide for students to understand intertextual references and allusions in novels. With an overview of the academic literature and thinking behind these core concepts. References to the various agreed upon types of intertextual references are made and different types of allusions and the differences between these two textual features and literary techniques.
This document outlines the curriculum for the Reading and Writing Skills core subject for senior high school students in the Philippines. It covers three main content areas: reading and thinking strategies across text types, text and context connections involving critical reading, and purposeful writing in disciplines and for professions. Some key learning competencies include identifying claims, patterns of development, and properties of well-written texts, as well as composing various types of academic writing and professional correspondence. The curriculum is intended to further develop students' reading and writing abilities as applied to various materials beyond just poetry, fiction, and drama.
The document discusses various models of the reading process, including bottom-up, top-down, and interactive models. It describes key aspects of each model, such as the bottom-up model emphasizing part-to-whole processing, and the top-down model emphasizing use of prior knowledge and meaning driven processing. The interactive model recognizes the simultaneous interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. A genre-based approach to teaching L2 reading is also discussed.
This document discusses various approaches to reading and writing. It covers topics like the relationship between readers and writers, top-down and bottom-up processing models of reading, and the importance of considering the reader in the writing process. Barriers to effective reading are explored, such as mismatches between reader and text knowledge or difficulties with certain grammatical structures. Suggestions are provided for developing a reading course curriculum.
This document discusses various approaches to reading and writing. It covers topics like the relationship between readers and writers, top-down and bottom-up processing models of reading, and the importance of considering the reader in the writing process. Barriers to effective reading are explored, such as mismatches between reader and text knowledge or difficulties with certain grammatical structures. Suggestions are provided for developing a reading course curriculum.
This document outlines the curriculum for a Reading and Writing Skills course for 11th/12th grade students. The course focuses on developing reading comprehension and writing abilities across various text types and disciplines. Over 80 hours, students will learn techniques for analyzing texts, connecting texts to their contexts, and writing for academic and professional purposes. Key skills include identifying claims, patterns of development, properties of well-written texts, and purposeful writing for different disciplines and professions.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
1. READING AND WRITING SKILLS TEACHING GUIDE TEMPLATE
TOPIC/LESSON NAME Text and Text Connections
Context of Text Development
CONTENT STANDARDS The learner understands the relationship of a written text and the context in which it
was developed.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The learner writes a 1000-word critique of a selected text on the basis of its claim/s,
context, and properties as a written material.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES Identifies the context in which a text was developed.(EN11/12RWS-IVac-7)
a. Hypertext (EN11/12RWS-IVac-7.1)
b. Intertext (EN11/12RWS-IVac-7.2)
SPECIFIC LEARNING
OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
The learner will dramatize an advertisement.
TIME ALLOTMENT Unit 2: No. of hours: 100 minutes
LESSON OUTLINE:
Introduction The teacher will review the last topic
The students will be asked to watch a video and relate to a story they already
know.
Motivation
The students will be asked about the internet and the social account that they used
Instruction/ Delivery
(Assigned group of the students will discuss their assigned topic.) Text and Text
Connections
2. Practice Start reading and list down the highlighted text and its corresponding url if you
decide to click on a particular link
Enrichment Read the following important historical text by Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of
the United States, and answer the questions that follows.
Evaluation Answer formative test (Essay)
Materials
Projector and downloaded video clip, power point presentation, marker
Resources Anudin, Ali G., Pena, Andrew Rey S., “Reading and Writing, “ Vibal Group Inc.,
1253 G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City.
Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. 1900.
3. PROCEDURE
INTRODUCTION
1. The students will be asked to watch a video and relate to a story they already know.
2. The students will be asked about the internet and the social account that they used.
MOTIVATION
The teacher will asks this questions:
How do you look for references for an assignment or project?
What sources do you usually use as reference for reading materials for assignments and projects?
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
HYPERTEXT AS A MEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION IN A CUSTOMIZED WAY
Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text
that the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called
StretchText). Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress
sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, the term "hypertext" is also sometimes used to describe tables, images, and
other presentational content forms with integrated hyperlinks.
Hypertext is one of the key underlying concepts of the World Wide Web,where Web pages are often written in the
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). As implemented on the Web, hypertext enables the easy-to-use publication of information
over the Internet.
Types and uses of hypertext
Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamic (continually changing in
response to user input, such as dynamic web pages). Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of data in
documents, software applications, or books on CDs.
4. A well-constructed system can also incorporate other user-interface conventions, such as menus and command lines.
Links used in a hypertext document usually replace the current piece of hypertext with the destination document.
A lesser known feature is Stretch Text, which expands or contracts the content in place, thereby giving more control to
the reader in determining the level of detail of the displayed document. Hypertext can be used to support very complex and
dynamic systems of linking and cross-referencing.
The most famous implementation of hypertext is the World Wide Web, written in the final months of 1990 and released
on the Internet in 1991.
Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation,
calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche and parody. Intertextuality is a literary device that creates an 'interrelationship
between texts' and generates related understanding in separate works ("Intertextuality", 2015).These references are made to
influence the reader and add layers of depth to a text, based on the readers' prior knowledge and understanding.
Intertextuality is a literary discourse strategy (Gadavanij, n.d.) utilised by writers in novels, poetry, theatre and even
in non-written texts (such as performances and digital media). Examples of intertextuality are an author's borrowing and
transformation of a prior text, and a reader's referencing of one text in reading another.
Intertextuality does not require citing or referencing punctuation (such as quotation marks) and is often mistaken for
plagiarism (Ivanic, 1998). Intertextuality can be produced in texts using a variety of functions including allusion, quotation and
referencing (Hebel, 1989). However, intertextuality is not always intentional and can be utilised inadvertently. As
philosopher William Irwin wrote, the term "has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to
Kristeva's original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence".
Types of Intertextuality
Intertextuality and intertextual relationships can be separated into three types: obligatory, optional and accidental
(Fitzsimmons, 2013). These variations depend on two key factors: the intention of the writer, and the significance of the
reference. The distinctions between these types and those differences between categories are not absolute and exclusive (Miola,
2004) but instead, are manipulated in a way that allows them to co-exist within the same text.
1. Obligatory
Obligatory intertextuality is when the writer deliberately invokes a comparison or association between two (or more) texts.
5. Without this pre-understanding or success to 'grasp the link', the reader's understanding of the text is regarded as inadequate
(Fitzsimmons, 2013). Obligatory intertextuality relies on the reading or understanding of a prior hypotext, before full
comprehension of the hypertext can be achieved (Jacobmeyer, 1998).
Examples
To understand the specific context and characterisation within Tom Stoppard's 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are
Dead', one must first be familiar with Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' (Mitchell, n.d.). It is in Hamlet we first meet these characters as
minor characters and, as the Rosencrantz and Guildenstern plot unravels, specific scenes from Hamlet are actually performed
and viewed from a different perspective. This understanding of the hypotext Hamlet, gives deeper meaning to the pretext as
many of the implicit themes from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are more recognizable.
2. Optional
Optional intertextuality has a less vital impact on the significance of the hypertext. It is a possible, but not essential,
intertextual relationship that if recognized, the connection will slightly shift the understanding of the text (Fitzsimmons, 2013).
Optional Intertextuality means it is possible to find a connection to multiple texts of a single phrase, or no connection at all
(Ivanic, 1998). The intent of the writer when using optional intertextuality, is to pay homage to the 'original' writers, or to
reward those who have read the hypotext. However, the reading of this hypotext is not necessary to the understanding of the
hypertext.
Examples
The use of optional intertextuality may be something as simple as parallel characters or plotlines. For example, J.K.
Rowling's Harry Potter series shares many similarities with J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy. They both apply the use
of an aging wizard mentor (Professor Dumbledore and Gandalf) and a key friendship group is formed to assist the protagonist
(an innocent young boy) on their arduous quest to defeat a powerful wizard and to destroy a powerful being (Keller, 2013).
3. Accidental
Accidental intertextuality is when readers often connect a text with another text, cultural practice or a personal
experience, without there being any tangible anchorpoint within the original text (John Fitzsimmons). The writer has no
intention of making an intertextual reference and it is completely upon the reader's own prior knowledge that these connections
are made (Wöhrle, 2012).
6. Examples
Often when reading a book or viewing a film a memory will be triggered in the viewers' mind. For example, when reading
Herman Melville's 'Moby Dick', a reader may use his or her prior experiences to make a connection between the size of the whale
and the size of the ship.
4. Allusion
While intertextuality is a complex and multileveled literary term, it is often confused with the more casual term 'allusion'.
Allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication ("Plagiarism",
2015). This means it is most closely linked to both obligatory and accidental intertextuality, as the 'allusion' made relies on the
listener or viewer knowing about the original source. It is also seen as accidental however, as they are normally phrases that are
so frequently or casually used, that the true significance of the words is not fully appreciated. Allusion is most often used in
conversation, dialogue or metaphor. For example, "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This makes a
reference to The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi when the little wooden puppet lies (YourDictionary, 2015). If
this was obligatory intertextuality in a text, multiple references to this (or other novels of the same theme) would be used
throughout the hypertext.
5. Plagiarism
"Intertextuality is an area of considerable ethical complexity" (Share, 2006). As intertextuality, by definition, involves the
(sometimes) purposeful use of other's work without proper citation, it is often mistaken for plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of
"using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization-" ("Plagiarism", 2015). Whilst
this does seem to include intertextuality, the intention and purpose of using of another's work, is what allows intertextuality to
be excluded from this definition. When using intertextuality, it is usually a small excerpt of a hypotext that assists in the
understanding of the new hypertext's (Ivanic, 1998) original themes, characters or contexts. They use a part of another text and
change its meaning by placing it in a different context (Jabri, 2004). This means that they are using other's ideas to create or
enhance their own new ideas, not simply plagiarising them. Intertextuality is based on the 'creation of new ideas', whilst
plagiarism is often found in projects based on research to confirm your ideas. "There is much difference between imitating a man
and counterfeiting him"(Benjamin Franklin, n.d).
7. PRACTICE
Activity 1.
Go to the website your teacher assigns to you.
Start reading and list down the highlighted text and its corresponding url if you decide to click on a particular link:
NAME OF LINK URL(WEB Address)
Compare your list with your classmates. How similar or different are yours compared to theirs.
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Explain briefly why you came up with your sequence of links.
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8. ENRICHMENT
Read the following important historical text by Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the United States, and answer the
questions that follows:
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought fourth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and
dedicated to the proposition that men are created equal………………………….
Questions:
1. Which text could Abraham Lincoln be referring to when he said” dedicated to the proposition that all men are equal?”
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2. What kind of intertextuality is found in this text?
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Activity
The following is an excerpt from “ A Successful Failure” by Glenn Frank. Read and answer the questions that follow:
A Successful Failure
By Glenn Frank
Several years ago there appeared a series of papers that purported to be the confessions of a successful man who was
under no delusion as to the essential quality of his attinments. The papers are not before me as I write, and I must trust to
memory and a few penciled noted made at the time of their appearance, nut will be interesting to recall his confessions
regarding his education……..
Questions:
9. Prepared by:
MR. JERWIN T. ADAYA
Subject Teacher
1. What kind of intertextuality is found in this text? “ Successful Failure”
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2. What words in the text identify this kind of intertextuality?
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EVALUATION
Formative Test
Essay(10 points)
1. What are the types of hypertext and differentiate them?
2. Why do you think a hypertext allow readers to access information particularly suited to their needs. Give an example
for this.