The document discusses the anatomy and epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It describes the components of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including the disc and ligaments. Between 65-85% of people in the US experience TMD symptoms during their lives, though only 5-7% require treatment. TMD has a multifactorial etiology involving parafunctional habits, trauma, emotional distress, and other musculoskeletal disorders. Assessment involves patient history, examination of jaw range of motion, palpation, and sometimes imaging. Common TMDs discussed are disc displacement, myalgia, subluxation/dislocation, and capsulitis/arthritis.
This document discusses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD), including normal anatomy, classifications, arthritis of the TMJ, and specific conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It provides details on the clinical manifestations, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for various TMJD conditions.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS second partshari kurup
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). It defines TMD and covers the functional anatomy, etiology, epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. For diagnosis, it describes various tests including screening history, load testing, range of motion testing, Doppler analysis, and various radiographic imaging techniques. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying causes, which may include occlusal factors corrected through appliances, selective grinding, or orthodontics, as well as non-occlusal approaches like education, relaxation therapy, and avoidance of micro/macrotrauma.
Surgical approaches of TMJ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses several types of odontogenic tumors that can occur in the jaws. It focuses on describing ameloblastoma, adenomatoid tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium. It commonly presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and radiographs show multilocular radiolucency. Histologically there are follicular or plexiform patterns. Adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign tumor associated with impacted teeth. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that can be mistaken for carcinoma, presenting with calcified masses visible on radiographs.
The document discusses the anatomy and epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It describes the components of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including the disc and ligaments. Between 65-85% of people in the US experience TMD symptoms during their lives, though only 5-7% require treatment. TMD has a multifactorial etiology involving parafunctional habits, trauma, emotional distress, and other musculoskeletal disorders. Assessment involves patient history, examination of jaw range of motion, palpation, and sometimes imaging. Common TMDs discussed are disc displacement, myalgia, subluxation/dislocation, and capsulitis/arthritis.
This document discusses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD), including normal anatomy, classifications, arthritis of the TMJ, and specific conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It provides details on the clinical manifestations, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for various TMJD conditions.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS second partshari kurup
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). It defines TMD and covers the functional anatomy, etiology, epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. For diagnosis, it describes various tests including screening history, load testing, range of motion testing, Doppler analysis, and various radiographic imaging techniques. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying causes, which may include occlusal factors corrected through appliances, selective grinding, or orthodontics, as well as non-occlusal approaches like education, relaxation therapy, and avoidance of micro/macrotrauma.
Surgical approaches of TMJ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses several types of odontogenic tumors that can occur in the jaws. It focuses on describing ameloblastoma, adenomatoid tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium. It commonly presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and radiographs show multilocular radiolucency. Histologically there are follicular or plexiform patterns. Adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign tumor associated with impacted teeth. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that can be mistaken for carcinoma, presenting with calcified masses visible on radiographs.
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It discusses the history and description of TMD, including early terminology. Etiology is multifactorial and can be predisposing, precipitating, or perpetuating factors like occlusion, trauma, stress, and parafunctional habits. Common signs and symptoms include pain, joint sounds like clicking or crepitus, and limited jaw movement. Pain can originate from muscles, the TM joint, or dentition and be caused by factors like trauma, fatigue, or inflammation. Joint sounds result from irregular surfaces or uncoordinated movement. Limitation of movement can stem from muscle restriction, disk displacement, ligaments, or dislocation.
Optimal occlusion and muscles of mastication (2) /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document provides information about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including its anatomy, development, movements, epidemiology, and common disorders. It discusses the key anatomical structures of the TMJ, such as the mandibular condyle, articular disc, capsule, and ligaments. It also summarizes the blood supply, nerve innervation, and movements of the joint. Common TMJ disorders mentioned include myofascial pain, disc displacement, and arthritis. Treatment approaches include pain medication, physical therapy, injections, and exercises to improve joint mobility.
Thank you for the detailed instructions on setting up anatomic and semi-anatomic denture teeth. Let me know if you need any help troubleshooting specific issues.
Teeth arrangments in abnormal jaw relations /orthodontics workshopIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses various yellow lesions that may occur in the oral cavity. It begins by introducing common yellow lesions such as Fordyce's granules, fibrin clots, and superficial abscesses. It then provides more detailed descriptions of each lesion, including their characteristic features, differential diagnoses, and typical management approaches. The document examines lesions such as yellow hairy tongue, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis, lipoma, lymphoepithelial cyst, epidermoid/dermoid cysts, pyostomatitis vegetans, and jaundice. For each lesion, the document outlines clinical presentation, histological features, distinguishing factors from other conditions, and treatment options.
The document discusses preprosthetic surgery procedures for modifying the oral anatomy to facilitate denture retention. It describes various ridge correction techniques like alveoloplasty and mylohyoid reduction. It also discusses ridge augmentation procedures for both the maxilla and mandible using autogenous bone grafts harvested from different sites or alloplastic grafts like hydroxyapatite. Complications of these surgical techniques are also outlined. The goal of these preprosthetic surgeries is to establish an optimal bony foundation with adequate height, width, and contour of the residual alveolar ridges to support dentures.
Oral mucosal lesions in denture wearersAamir Godil
The document discusses oral mucosal lesions that can occur in denture wearers. It describes several types of denture-related mucosal lesions (DMLs) such as traumatic ulcers, denture-induced stomatitis, and denture hyperplasia. It also discusses non-denture related lesions including fissured tongue and lichen planus. A statistical analysis found the most common DMLs were traumatic ulcers and denture stomatitis. Complete denture wearers had higher rates of DMLs while partial denture wearers saw more stomatitis. The document provides details on clinical presentation and management of several specific oral lesions.
The document describes the process of fabricating record bases and wax rims for edentulous patients. It details how to make alginate impressions, pour casts, block out undercuts, and construct record bases using autopolymerizing acrylic resin. Guidelines are provided for contouring and finishing the record bases and wax rims. The record bases and wax rims are used to determine jaw relations, select teeth, establish vertical dimension and lip support.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
EDIC is pleased to announce a webinar with Dr. R. Bruce Donoff, the Dean at Harvard Dental School. Dr. Donoff’s presentation will cover the risk factors for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury after third molar extraction, as well as the proper documentation and follow up of nerve injuries. Dr. Donoff will also discuss the potential for recovery from paresthesia after surgical intervention. The webinar will be held on May 10, 2011 at 7:00 PM.
Centric relation relevance and role in complete denture construction NAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses centric relation, which refers to the relationship between the mandible and skull when the condyles are in their most superior position in the mandibular fossa against the posterior slope of the articular eminence. It has gone through various changing definitions but is now widely accepted to mean the anterior-superior position. Recording centric relation is important for complete denture construction as it provides proprioceptive feedback and acts as the starting point for occlusion. There are various passive and active methods to retrude the mandible as well as intraoral and extraoral graphic methods to record the position.
Soft tissue lesions can present in various forms and require careful examination and description. Skin cancer is the most common cancer type, with over 1 million cases diagnosed yearly in the US. The two main types are melanoma, which causes most skin cancer deaths, and nonmelanoma skin cancers like basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. Oral and pharyngeal cancers also present risks, with over 30,000 cases yearly and 25% of oral cancer patients dying from the disease. Soft tissue lesions should be carefully examined and described based on location, border, color, configuration and other traits to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
Jaw lesion radiology ppt ppt . This powerpoint presentation includes important anatomy, radiographs and important pathology of jaw lesion with its imaging feature as well as its Xray ct mri image. This will help alot. this will help for radiology resident as well as ent resident and event dentist.
Functional neuroanatomy and physiology of masticatory systemPreeti Kalia
This document discusses the functional neuroanatomy and physiology of the masticatory system. It describes the neuromuscular system including muscles, nerves, and their functions. It discusses the neurological structures involved and sensory receptors. It then covers the major functions of mastication, swallowing, and speech. For mastication, it describes the chewing cycle and muscle activity during opening and closing. It discusses forces during biting and tooth contacts. For swallowing, it outlines the stages and frequency. For speech, it notes important sounds formed. It also covers pain modulation and types of pain.
This document provides information about tooth structure and development. It discusses the hard tissues that make up teeth (enamel, dentin, cementum) and the soft dental pulp tissue. It describes the stages of tooth development from the bud stage to root formation. Key events include the differentiation of enamel-forming ameloblasts and dentin-forming odontoblasts during the bell stage, and the deposition of enamel and dentin layers during the late crown stage. The root develops after crown formation is complete.
This document discusses centric jaw relation, including its definition, significance, and methods of recording. It begins by defining centric relation as the maxillomandibular relationship when the condyles are in their most superior and anterior position against the articular eminences, independently of tooth contact. The document then explores the changing definitions of centric relation over time and the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint as it relates to centric relation. It discusses the importance of centric relation in establishing harmony between centric occlusion and the jaw joints. Finally, it examines various static and functional methods for recording centric relation, such as chin point guidance, bimanual manipulation, and interocclusal records.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed together without undergoing a chemical reaction. Mixtures can combine substances in any proportion and the components do not change chemically. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous, where each component is visibly separate, or homogeneous, where the components are evenly mixed and cannot be visually separated.
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It discusses the history and description of TMD, including early terminology. Etiology is multifactorial and can be predisposing, precipitating, or perpetuating factors like occlusion, trauma, stress, and parafunctional habits. Common signs and symptoms include pain, joint sounds like clicking or crepitus, and limited jaw movement. Pain can originate from muscles, the TM joint, or dentition and be caused by factors like trauma, fatigue, or inflammation. Joint sounds result from irregular surfaces or uncoordinated movement. Limitation of movement can stem from muscle restriction, disk displacement, ligaments, or dislocation.
Optimal occlusion and muscles of mastication (2) /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document provides information about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including its anatomy, development, movements, epidemiology, and common disorders. It discusses the key anatomical structures of the TMJ, such as the mandibular condyle, articular disc, capsule, and ligaments. It also summarizes the blood supply, nerve innervation, and movements of the joint. Common TMJ disorders mentioned include myofascial pain, disc displacement, and arthritis. Treatment approaches include pain medication, physical therapy, injections, and exercises to improve joint mobility.
Thank you for the detailed instructions on setting up anatomic and semi-anatomic denture teeth. Let me know if you need any help troubleshooting specific issues.
Teeth arrangments in abnormal jaw relations /orthodontics workshopIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses various yellow lesions that may occur in the oral cavity. It begins by introducing common yellow lesions such as Fordyce's granules, fibrin clots, and superficial abscesses. It then provides more detailed descriptions of each lesion, including their characteristic features, differential diagnoses, and typical management approaches. The document examines lesions such as yellow hairy tongue, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis, lipoma, lymphoepithelial cyst, epidermoid/dermoid cysts, pyostomatitis vegetans, and jaundice. For each lesion, the document outlines clinical presentation, histological features, distinguishing factors from other conditions, and treatment options.
The document discusses preprosthetic surgery procedures for modifying the oral anatomy to facilitate denture retention. It describes various ridge correction techniques like alveoloplasty and mylohyoid reduction. It also discusses ridge augmentation procedures for both the maxilla and mandible using autogenous bone grafts harvested from different sites or alloplastic grafts like hydroxyapatite. Complications of these surgical techniques are also outlined. The goal of these preprosthetic surgeries is to establish an optimal bony foundation with adequate height, width, and contour of the residual alveolar ridges to support dentures.
Oral mucosal lesions in denture wearersAamir Godil
The document discusses oral mucosal lesions that can occur in denture wearers. It describes several types of denture-related mucosal lesions (DMLs) such as traumatic ulcers, denture-induced stomatitis, and denture hyperplasia. It also discusses non-denture related lesions including fissured tongue and lichen planus. A statistical analysis found the most common DMLs were traumatic ulcers and denture stomatitis. Complete denture wearers had higher rates of DMLs while partial denture wearers saw more stomatitis. The document provides details on clinical presentation and management of several specific oral lesions.
The document describes the process of fabricating record bases and wax rims for edentulous patients. It details how to make alginate impressions, pour casts, block out undercuts, and construct record bases using autopolymerizing acrylic resin. Guidelines are provided for contouring and finishing the record bases and wax rims. The record bases and wax rims are used to determine jaw relations, select teeth, establish vertical dimension and lip support.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
EDIC is pleased to announce a webinar with Dr. R. Bruce Donoff, the Dean at Harvard Dental School. Dr. Donoff’s presentation will cover the risk factors for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury after third molar extraction, as well as the proper documentation and follow up of nerve injuries. Dr. Donoff will also discuss the potential for recovery from paresthesia after surgical intervention. The webinar will be held on May 10, 2011 at 7:00 PM.
Centric relation relevance and role in complete denture construction NAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses centric relation, which refers to the relationship between the mandible and skull when the condyles are in their most superior position in the mandibular fossa against the posterior slope of the articular eminence. It has gone through various changing definitions but is now widely accepted to mean the anterior-superior position. Recording centric relation is important for complete denture construction as it provides proprioceptive feedback and acts as the starting point for occlusion. There are various passive and active methods to retrude the mandible as well as intraoral and extraoral graphic methods to record the position.
Soft tissue lesions can present in various forms and require careful examination and description. Skin cancer is the most common cancer type, with over 1 million cases diagnosed yearly in the US. The two main types are melanoma, which causes most skin cancer deaths, and nonmelanoma skin cancers like basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. Oral and pharyngeal cancers also present risks, with over 30,000 cases yearly and 25% of oral cancer patients dying from the disease. Soft tissue lesions should be carefully examined and described based on location, border, color, configuration and other traits to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
Jaw lesion radiology ppt ppt . This powerpoint presentation includes important anatomy, radiographs and important pathology of jaw lesion with its imaging feature as well as its Xray ct mri image. This will help alot. this will help for radiology resident as well as ent resident and event dentist.
Functional neuroanatomy and physiology of masticatory systemPreeti Kalia
This document discusses the functional neuroanatomy and physiology of the masticatory system. It describes the neuromuscular system including muscles, nerves, and their functions. It discusses the neurological structures involved and sensory receptors. It then covers the major functions of mastication, swallowing, and speech. For mastication, it describes the chewing cycle and muscle activity during opening and closing. It discusses forces during biting and tooth contacts. For swallowing, it outlines the stages and frequency. For speech, it notes important sounds formed. It also covers pain modulation and types of pain.
This document provides information about tooth structure and development. It discusses the hard tissues that make up teeth (enamel, dentin, cementum) and the soft dental pulp tissue. It describes the stages of tooth development from the bud stage to root formation. Key events include the differentiation of enamel-forming ameloblasts and dentin-forming odontoblasts during the bell stage, and the deposition of enamel and dentin layers during the late crown stage. The root develops after crown formation is complete.
This document discusses centric jaw relation, including its definition, significance, and methods of recording. It begins by defining centric relation as the maxillomandibular relationship when the condyles are in their most superior and anterior position against the articular eminences, independently of tooth contact. The document then explores the changing definitions of centric relation over time and the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint as it relates to centric relation. It discusses the importance of centric relation in establishing harmony between centric occlusion and the jaw joints. Finally, it examines various static and functional methods for recording centric relation, such as chin point guidance, bimanual manipulation, and interocclusal records.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed together without undergoing a chemical reaction. Mixtures can combine substances in any proportion and the components do not change chemically. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous, where each component is visibly separate, or homogeneous, where the components are evenly mixed and cannot be visually separated.
This document provides a brief history of fashion from ancient times to the Edwardian era. It describes the evolution of styles from loose, flowing tunics in ancient Greece and Rome to the layered, restrictive fashions of the Victorian era. Key developments included longer hemlines and sleeves with the rise of Christianity in the Medieval era, the introduction of hoops and elaborate trims during the Renaissance, and a focus on achieving an "hourglass" shape through corsets in the Victorian period. By the Edwardian era, styles had become more comfortable and practical, with the Gibson Girl look gaining popularity.
The document discusses post-production considerations for editing a music video. It notes that editing to the beat of music that changes pace is important to get different shots and tell a story. It also discusses how editing in music videos is used to match the pace of shots to the beat and include particular shots. The document also mentions that the video will follow amplification theory by using visuals that support and give meaning to the lyrics of the song.
Pit bulls are the most euthanized, abused, and neglected breed of dog. Despite their bad reputation, pit bulls are actually misunderstood and, when not trained to fight, are gentle, loving dogs that are great with children. Adopting a pit bull can save a dog's life as over 2,800 are euthanized every day and only 1 in 600 ever find a home.
Shazad Edwards outlines the risks and safety procedures for filming a music video with equipment borrowed from college. He and Bernard will transport the equipment securely between college and Bernard's house. While filming at various public locations, someone will always monitor the camera and equipment, which will be kept away from hazards. They will only take necessary equipment from the bag at filming sites and check all equipment is accounted for before leaving. The same safety practices will be followed when transporting the equipment back to college.
This document provides reasons why one should adopt a pit bull. It notes that pit bulls are the most euthanized, abused, and neglected breed. While they have a bad reputation of being dangerous, pit bulls are actually misunderstood and one of the most intelligent breeds. The document emphasizes that pit bulls are not born to fight and are often trained to do so against their will. It highlights how pit bulls can make loving, gentle companions that are great with children and loyal friends. Adopting a pit bull can save the dog's life as over 2800 are euthanized daily in shelters.
This document provides reasons why one should adopt a pit bull. It notes that pit bulls are the most euthanized, abused, and neglected breed. While they have a bad reputation of being dangerous, pit bulls are actually misunderstood and are very intelligent. They are not naturally aggressive but can be trained to fight. The document emphasizes that pit bulls are actually loving, gentle dogs that are great with children and loyal companions. It provides statistics on pit bull euthanasia rates and argues that adopting from shelters saves pit bulls from being euthanized while also being a logical choice since the dogs are healthy and come in a range of ages.
Android is an open source software stack that includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications for mobile devices. It allows developers full access to APIs and enables reuse of components and sharing of data between applications. The Android software development kit provides core libraries and APIs for developing applications using Java, along with a Dalvik virtual machine to execute applications.
Paper submitted in the National conference on Prevention of Corruption in India : Challenges Ahead held by HNB GARHWAL UNIVERSITY. TIHRI. and was appreciated in the conference.
Frederic Bartlett first proposed schema theory in 1932 to explain how people's prior knowledge influences their recall and understanding of new information. Schema theory suggests that people organize knowledge into mental structures called schemata, which represent their generic understanding of the world. Schemata guide how people encode, organize, and retrieve new information based on their previous experiences. Later, schema theory was applied to understanding processes like reading, where top-down knowledge schemata are used to interpret new textual information.
1. ઓળખ પરેડ
By Dharmendrasinh G Rana
Assistant Public Prosecutor
Government Of Gujarat
By Dharmendrasinh G Rana
Assistant Public Prosecutor
Government Of Gujarat
3. કાયદાકીય જોગવાઈ
ઓળખ પરેડ અંગે કાયદામાં કોઈ સ્પષ્ટ જોગવાઈ નથી પરંતુ
ભારતીય પુરાવા ધારા કલમ–૯ મુજબ ચકુાદાઓના આધારે
ઓળખ પરેડ યોજવામાં આવે છે.
ફોજદારી કાયરરીતી સિંહતા કલમ ૨૯૧ –અ જે તાજેતરમાં
જ દાખલ કરવામાં આવી છે તેમાં મહત્વની જોગવાઈ આવી ઓળખ
પરેડ નો કાયરવાહી રીપોટ ર સીધેસીધો પુરાવામાં દાખલ કરવાનું ઠરાવાયું
છે.
જો કે, એ કલમ માં ફિરયાદપક્ષ કે આરોપી ઈચ્છે તો ઓળખ પરેડ
કરનાર મેજીસ્ટ્રેટ ને સમન્સ કરી શકાશે એમ જણાવાયેલ છે.
8. મેજસટટેે ઓળખ પરડે કરતી વખતે શંુ ધયાન રાખશો.?
મેજસટટે ેઓળખ પરડે કરતી વખતે શંુ ધયાન રાખશો.?
Syed Mohd. Owais v. State of Maharastra, 2002 Cri. LJ 303
Syed Mohd. Owais v. State of Maharastra, 2002 Cri. LJ 303
આ કેસમાં મહારાષ્ટ્ર હાઈકોટર્ટ દ્વારા ઓળખપરેડ કરવા માટે આપવામાં આવેલી જરૂરી માગદર્ટદર્શીકા
આ કેસમાં મહારાષ્ટ્ર હાઈકોટર્ટ દ્વારા ઓળખપરેડ કરવા માટે આપવામાં આવેલી જરૂરી માગદર્ટદર્શીકા
એકઝીકયટુીવ મેજસટેટ અથવા ઓનરરી મેજસટેટ એ યાદર્ રાખવંુ જરૂરી છે કે સમગ ઓળખપરેડની
કાયવર્ટાહી દર્રમયાન તે full and sole in charge છે.
એકઝીકયટુીવ મેજસટેટે સૌ પથમ પોતે કેસની હકીકતોથી માિહતગદાર થવંુ જોઈએ અને કોની
ઓળખપરેડ કરવાની છે તથા ઓળખ માટે કયા સાહેદર્ોને બોલાવવાના છે તે જણવંુ જોઈએ.
બે સવતંત માનનીય વયિકત(પોલીસ સાથ ેસંકળાયલેા ન હોય તેવા) ને પથમ બોલાવવા જોઈએ.
સામાનય રીતે તેમને પોલીસ જતે જ બોલાવી લાવે છે પરંતુ એકઝીકયટુીવ મજેસટેટે તેની પુછપરછ કરી
તઓે સવતંત અને કાયર્ટવાહી સમજ સકે તેટલા હોસીયાર સાહેદર્ છે કે કેમ તેની ખાતરી કરી લવેી
જોઈએ. તથા તેમને ઓળખપરેડ તથા કેસની હિકકતની ટંુકી સમજ આપવી જોઈએ.
પરેડ એવા રૂમમાં કે એવી જગયાએ યોજવી જોઈએ કે જયાં ઓળખ કરનાર સાકી કે પોલીસ અંદર્ર
જોઈ ના શકે.
9. જયારે એક આરોપીને ઓળખવાનો હોય તયારે ઓછામાં ઓછા છ થી દસ વયિકતઓને પરેડમાં
મુકવા જોઇએ. બે આરોપીની ઓળખ કરવાની હોય તો દસથી બાર વયિકતને પરેડમાં મુકવા જોઈએ.
એક પરેડમાં બે થી વધુ આરોપીઓની ઓળખ કરાવવી જોઈએ નહી.
જયાં ઓળખ પરેડ થવાની હોય તે રમમાં બે માનનીય પંચો તથા ઓળખ પરેડના સભયો િસવાય
કોઈને પણ હાજર રહેવા દેવા જોઈએ નહી. પોલીસ અિધકારી તથા કોનસેટબલને બહાર મોકલવા
અને સંજોગોવસાત આરોપી કોઈ તકલીફ ઉભી કરે તો તાતકાિલક ઓળખ પરેડના સથળે પહોચી શકે
એટલા અંતરે રાખી શકાય.
પરેડનંુ આયોજન થતા બે માંથી એક પંચને આરોપીને લોક અપ માંથી લેવા મોકલવા જોઈએ.
દરમયાન જેના દવારા ઓળખ કરવાની હોય તનેે જોવાની તક મળવી જોઈએ નહી.
10. આ તબકક ેએકઝીકયટુીવ મેજસટેટ મેમોરેનડમ લખવાની શરઆત કરશે.
પંચનાં નામ, ઉમર, ધંધો તથા પુર સરનામુ
ઓળખ પરેડમાં ઉભા રહેનારા વયિકતઓના નામ તથા અંદાજત ઉમર (કમાનુસાર તેમની ઉભા
રહેવાની િસથિત મુજબ લખી લેવી જોઈએ. (લખી લીધા બાદ તેમને ઉભા રહેવાની િસથિત
બદલવા પરવાનગી આપી શકાય નહી)
બે પંચો અને ઓળખ પરેડમાં ભાગ લેનારી વયિકતઓ િસવાય રમમાં કોઈ વયિકત હાજર નહી
હોવાની તથા પોલીસના કોઈ માણસો પણ હાજર નહી હોવાની તકેદારી અંગેની નોધ કરવી
જોઈએ.
પંચો તથા આરોપીને સમજવવંુ જોઈએ કે આરોપી ને ઓળખ કરનાર કોઈ પણ રીતે ઓળખ
પરેડ પહેલા જોઈ શકે તેની તકદેારી રાખવામાં આવેલી છે. અને તનેી નોધ કરવી.
મેમોરેનડમમાં મથાડે જયાં ઓળખ પરેડ થઈ રહી હોય તે સથળ, તારીખ અને ઓળખ પરેડ શર
થયાનો સમય.
જયારે આરોપીને લાવવામાં આવે તયારે મેજસટેટે આરોપીને અનય વયાિકતઓની લાઈનમાંથી તેને
મરજ પડે તેમની વચચે જઈ ઉભા રહેવાની છૂટ આપવી જોઈશે. અને તે જે બે કમ વચચે ઉભા રહેવાનંુ
પસંદ કરે તેની નોધ મેમોરેનડમમાં કરવી જોઈશે.
તયાર બાદ આરોપીને તેણે તેના વેશમા કોઈ પિરવતરન લાવવંુ હોય તો તેમ કરવા તેને જણાવવંુ જોઈશે.
અને તેના પિરવતરનની નોધ પણ મેમોરેનડમમાં કરવી જોઈશે. સાથોસાથ આરોપી કોઈ તોફાન કરે કે
શોરબકોર કરે તો તેવી વતરણકની પણ મેમોરેનડમમાં નોધ કરવી જોઈએ.
11. તયાર બાદ પંચને ઓળખ કરનાર સાહેદને તેને જયાં રાખવામાં આવેલો હોય તયાંથી બોલાવી
લાવવાનંુ કહેવંુ જોઈએ. આ સાહેદ આવે તેને જે વયિકતને તે ઓળખી બતાવવા માગે છે તેને બનાવ
બનયા બાદ ઓળખ પરેડ થતા પહેલા કોઈ પણ તબકકે જોવાની તક મળેલી કે કેમ તે.. પુછવંુ અને તેના
જવાબ સિહત ની નોધ મેમોરેનડમમા; કરવી જોઈએ. તયાર બાદ આ સાહેદને પરેડમાં ઉભેલા
વયિકતઓમાંથી આરોપીને ઓળખી બતાવવા કહેવંુ. અને તનેે નજક જઈ બારીકાઈથી િનિરકણ કરી
ઓળખવાની તક આપવી. અને તે વયિકત જેને ઓળખે તેને સપસર કરી ઓળખે તમે કહેવંુ. અને ત ેજે
વયિકતને ઓળખે તેની નોધ કરવી. અને તયાર બાદ ઓળખ કરનાર વયિકતને તે રમ છોડી જવા
જણાવવંુ જોઈએ.
તયાર બાદ બીજ ઓળખનારા સાહેદ પાસે ઓળખ કરાવતા પહેલા આરોપીને તે તેની જગયા
બદલવા કે, તેને પહેરવેશમાં કે અનય કોઈ પિરવતરન કરવા ઈચછે છે કે કેમ તે પંુછવંુ ને જો કોઈ પિરવતરન
કરવામાં આવે તો તેની નોધ કરવી.
તયાર બાદ અનય પંચને ઓળખનાર સાહેદને બોલાવી લાવવા કહેવંુ અને અગાઉની જેમ પિકયાને
અનુસરવી.
12. આમ, એક પછી એક સાહેદોની ઓળખની કાયવરાહી કયાર બાદ મેમોરેનડમ પુર થાય એટલે તેના પુરા
થવાનાં સમયની નોધ કરી તેની િવગતો હાજર પચંોને વાંચી સભળાવવી અને જો પંચો આ
પંચનામાના લખાણની ભાષા સમજતા હોય તો વધારામાં તમેને જતે વાંચી જવા આપવંુ.
પંચનામામાં તયાર બાદ મેિજસટેટે નીચે મુજબનંુ એનડોસરમનેટ કરવંુ
"Identification Parade was conducted by me personally with the
help of two respectable witnesses, namely Shri……....and Shri........... whose
signatures have been obtained in token of what transpired in their
presence, and shall sign below this endorsement and put the date below
his signature."
તયાર બાદ પંચ સાહેદો નો પણ નીચે મુજબનંુ એનડોસરમેનટ લેવંુ.
"We read above memorandum [or it was explained to us) and it depicts the
correct state of affairs as stated, in the memorandum, and he shall obtain
the signature of the two respectable persons with whose help he held the
Identification Parade."
13. આ મમેોરનેડમમાં નીચે એકઝયુકેટીવ મેજસટેટ પોતાની સહી કરવી. અને લખાણમાં જયાં પણ
સુધારાવધારા હોય તયાં ટંુકી સહી કરવી.
આ મમેોરનેડમ તયાર બાદ સંબંિધત પોલીસ અિધકારીને સુપરત કરવંુ. આ મેમોરેનડમમાં સમગ
કાયવરાહી દરમયાન કોઈ પણ તબકકે પોલીસની હાજરી ન હતી તે હિકકત નો ઉલલખે કરવો ખબુ જ
જરરી છે.
આ મમેોરનેડમમાં સૌથી મહતવનો ભાગ આરોપીને ઓળખનાર સાહેદ તે આરોપીને તેણે બનાવ
વખતે કરેલા કૃતયની િવગતો સાથે ઓળખી બતાવે અને તવેી હિકકતની નોધ કરવામાં આવે તે જરરી
છે.
મેમોરેનડમમાં કોઈ પણ ઠેકાણે એક કરતા વધુ આરોપીઓ હોય તયારે આરોપીના નામનો ઉલલખે
કરવો જોઈએ.
કોટરમાં જરર પડે જુબાની આપતી વખતે મેજસટેટે તણેે કરેલી કાયરવાહીની િવશદ છણાવટપુવરક
સપષપણે જણાવવી જોઈએ. જરર પડે તેણે પોતે જ તયૈાર કરેલા મેમોરેનડમનો તે ઉપયોગ યાદદાસત
તાજ કરવા કરી શકે છે.
14. કોટરમાં જુબાની આપતી વખતે કઈ બાબતોનું ધ્યાન રાખવું જોઈએ.?
સચેત રહેવ,ંુ બચેેન નહી. શાંત અને મોભાદાર રહવેંુ.
પુરાવો આપતી વખતે, પોતાની જમણી કે ડાબી બાજુ ન જોવંુ, માત કોટર સામે જોવંુ.
અદાલતમાં તમોને જે બાબત માટે પુરાવો આપવાનો છે તે પુરાવો સરતપાસ સવરપે પિબલક
પોસીકયુટર લશેે. પિબલક પોસીકયુટર તમારા મોઢામાં જવાબ મુકી શકે નહી, પરંતુ સરતપાસ
દરમયાન તમે જે બાબત માટે પુરાવો આપવા આવયા છો તે બાબત કમસ: િવગતવાર જણાવવી
જોઈએ. અને જો તમોએ કરેલી કામગીરીનંુ રેકડર રાખલેંુ હશે તો તે િપવીયસ સટટેમેનટ
યાદદાસત તાજ કરવા જરર પડે ઉપયોગ કરી શકાય છે.
જે ચોકકસ માિહિત જણતા હો, તે જ આપો અદાલતમાં યાદશિકતની પરીકા નથી, જેટલી
માિહિતની ખબર હોય તેટલી તમે કરેલી કામગીરી અગંે માિહિત આપો.
15. જો અદાલતમાં કરેલી કામગીરી કે જેનંુ રેકડર પોલીસ દવારા કોટરમાં આપવામાં આવેલંુ હોય
અને જો સાહેદ તે રેકડર કરતા િવપિરત અને આરોપીના પકને મદદરપ થાય એવી જુબાની આપે
તો જુબાનીના કોઈ પણ તબકકે પિબલક પોસીકયુટર તે સાહદેને ‘સમથનર ન આપતા’ હોવાનંુ
જહરે કરી બચાવપક જે રીતે ઉલટતપાસમાં પશનો પછુે તેમ પશનો પુછી શકે છે. અને તેવી
વતરણક બાબતે તયાર બાદ પજરરી સિહતની ફોજદારી કાયરવાહી પણ થઈ શકે છે.ખાતાકીય
તપાસનો સામનો પણ કરવો પડી શકે.
જયારે સામેનો પક પશન પૂછે તયારે તેની સામે ન જોવંુ.
પશનનો જવાબ પશનથી ન આપવો.
ઉ.તપાસમાં સમજયા વગર જવાબ આપવાને બદલે, પશન િરિપટ કરવા િવવેકથી કહવેંુ.
હકીકત યાદ ન આવે તો, ગમે તે જવાબ ન દેવો.
ગુસસ ેન થવ.ંુ તમને પસદં ન પડે તેવા પશન અગંે અપમાન ન ગણવંુ.
અયોગય પશન માટ ેકોટરને જણ કરવી. સામા વકીલ સાથે ઝધડો ન કરવો.
તમારી જત માિહતી તથા તમને મળેલ માિહતી વચચેનો ભદે સપષ દશારવવો.
16. All the best all of you for happy
court proceedings..
Thanks for listening…
શ્રી ધમેનદ્રસિસહ જ.રણા
આિસસટનટ પિબલક પોસીકયુટર
કાયદા િવભાગ, ગુજરાત રાજય
મો– ૯૪૨૭૫૮૨૮૯૫