The document discusses various techniques for estimating testing efforts, including work breakdown structure, function point analysis, three point estimation, planning poker, and story points. It emphasizes dividing projects into smaller tasks, estimating the time and resources needed for each, and allowing for contingencies in timelines and budgets. Accurate estimation requires considering factors like team skills, complexity of the software, and lessons learned from past projects.
Story points vs hours choose wisely; turn the bane of project estimation into...Katy Slemon
This blog covers the difference between Story Points vs Hours for Agile Estimation. Read why Bacancy uses traditional hours over story points, how it’s helpful
Estimating with MAGIC Approach – Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control without ‘Guess’ work
#) Measure & Analyze using ‘Story Point Matrix’ based on Functional & Technical Analysis
#)Improve & Control using Statistical Data Modeling based on Empirical Data extracted from agile project management tool
Story points vs hours choose wisely; turn the bane of project estimation into...Katy Slemon
This blog covers the difference between Story Points vs Hours for Agile Estimation. Read why Bacancy uses traditional hours over story points, how it’s helpful
Estimating with MAGIC Approach – Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control without ‘Guess’ work
#) Measure & Analyze using ‘Story Point Matrix’ based on Functional & Technical Analysis
#)Improve & Control using Statistical Data Modeling based on Empirical Data extracted from agile project management tool
'A critique of testing' UK TMF forum January 2015 Georgina Tilby
This presentation draws upon the 'Critique of Testing' Ebook that was discussed at January's UK TMF forum. The slides explore the fundamental concepts of test case design and provide a detailed analysis of each method in terms of them.
This August Scrum Breakfast, we have a new speaker - Mr. Pedro Gonzalez - Scrum Master at TINYpulse.
He will bring us an interesting topic about Agile estimation using story points, giving some tips on why relative estimations are far better than absolutes, why we shouldn't spend too long in details, and other issues he has experienced himself with his team.
An overview of bottom-up time estimations techniques in project management.Download additional slides, videos, and resources at https://www.christiansonjs.com/
Signup for The Free-Range Technologist, a monthly newsletter filled with creative commons resources, useful apps, and lifehacks: https://mailchi.mp/f8f0219bc305/jscott
Agile Estimating & Planning by Amaad QureshiAmaad Qureshi
An introduction to Agile Estimating and how it can be used to measure the size and length of work.
Agile estimating & planning is a way of measuring the size and time it takes to complete a task. This technique is used by Agile teams in Enterprise and can be utilised in the same way by Start-ups not just for software but for all areas of the business. In this talk I will show you how estimating & planning works by:
- Writing effective user stories
- Writing tests to validate stories (acceptance criteria)
- Using story points to work out the size of a task
- Estimating using Planning Poker
- Using Story Points to calculate a team’s velocity (speed of work)
- Using a team’s velocity to calculate project length
Agile Patterns: Agile Estimation
We’re agile, so we don’t have to estimate and have no deadlines, right? Wrong! This session will consist of review of the problem with estimation in projects today and then an overview of the concept of agile estimation and the notion of re-estimation. We’ll learn about user stories, story points, team velocity, how to apply them all to estimation and iterative re-estimation. We will take a look at the cone of uncertainty and how to use it to your advantage. We’ll then take a look at the tools we will use for Agile Estimation, including planning poker, Visual Studio Team System, and much more. This is a very interactive session, so bring a lot of questions!
These are the slides from the Agile Estimation Workshop I gave at AgileChina 2015. The morning session covered opinion-based techniques. The afternoon covered empirical techniques based on cycle time, Little's Law, and Monte Carlo simulation.
'A critique of testing' UK TMF forum January 2015 Georgina Tilby
This presentation draws upon the 'Critique of Testing' Ebook that was discussed at January's UK TMF forum. The slides explore the fundamental concepts of test case design and provide a detailed analysis of each method in terms of them.
This August Scrum Breakfast, we have a new speaker - Mr. Pedro Gonzalez - Scrum Master at TINYpulse.
He will bring us an interesting topic about Agile estimation using story points, giving some tips on why relative estimations are far better than absolutes, why we shouldn't spend too long in details, and other issues he has experienced himself with his team.
An overview of bottom-up time estimations techniques in project management.Download additional slides, videos, and resources at https://www.christiansonjs.com/
Signup for The Free-Range Technologist, a monthly newsletter filled with creative commons resources, useful apps, and lifehacks: https://mailchi.mp/f8f0219bc305/jscott
Agile Estimating & Planning by Amaad QureshiAmaad Qureshi
An introduction to Agile Estimating and how it can be used to measure the size and length of work.
Agile estimating & planning is a way of measuring the size and time it takes to complete a task. This technique is used by Agile teams in Enterprise and can be utilised in the same way by Start-ups not just for software but for all areas of the business. In this talk I will show you how estimating & planning works by:
- Writing effective user stories
- Writing tests to validate stories (acceptance criteria)
- Using story points to work out the size of a task
- Estimating using Planning Poker
- Using Story Points to calculate a team’s velocity (speed of work)
- Using a team’s velocity to calculate project length
Agile Patterns: Agile Estimation
We’re agile, so we don’t have to estimate and have no deadlines, right? Wrong! This session will consist of review of the problem with estimation in projects today and then an overview of the concept of agile estimation and the notion of re-estimation. We’ll learn about user stories, story points, team velocity, how to apply them all to estimation and iterative re-estimation. We will take a look at the cone of uncertainty and how to use it to your advantage. We’ll then take a look at the tools we will use for Agile Estimation, including planning poker, Visual Studio Team System, and much more. This is a very interactive session, so bring a lot of questions!
These are the slides from the Agile Estimation Workshop I gave at AgileChina 2015. The morning session covered opinion-based techniques. The afternoon covered empirical techniques based on cycle time, Little's Law, and Monte Carlo simulation.
Untangling Agile Estimation - PMI Houston 2019 SymposiumJami Anderson
As more organizations transition to Agile, one of the obstacles they have to overcome is proper estimation techniques in the new methodology. This session presented by Panayiotis “Takis” Melas, PMP, CSM, SSM, SPC, Sr. Consultant/Agile Coach for MI-GSO | PCUBED, covered the core concepts of Agile estimation, and discussed recommendations and pitfalls in breaking down the work segments and estimating the work to be performed, unlocking one of the most valuable components of the Agile methodology. @MIGSOPCUBED_off
For the project management from available different estimation methods which one you should select and why. This will help you compare estimation methods like exerpt judgement, one point estimation, three point estimation, cocomo, top down estimation, bottom up estimation, etc. to identify time, efforts and cost with examples.
Планування та оцінка обсягів тестування часто буває дуже болісною. Найкращими ліками є певна формалізація процесу та застосування відомих технік оцінювання, в той час, як поверхове неформальне оцінювання часто знищує саму суть оцінювання. Особливу увагу у цій презентації приділено саме цим формальним процесам оцінки та боротьби з наслідками.
Цю доповідь представив Антон Мужайло (Associate Manager, Consultant, GlobalLogic) на GlobalLogic Kyiv QA Career Day 16 лютого 2019 року.
Відео: https://youtu.be/Dhqrk9GPj4k
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
5. • Resources: Resources are required to carry out any project tasks.
They can be people, equipment, facilities, funding, or anything else
capable of definition required for the completion of a project activity.
• Time : Time is the most valuable resource in a project. Every project
has a deadline to delivery.
• Human Skills : Human skills mean the knowledge and the experience
of the Team members. They affect to your estimation. For example, a
team, whose members have low testing skills, will take more time to
finish the project than the one which has high testing skills.
• Cost: Cost is the project budget. Generally speaking, it means how
much money it takes to finish the project.
17. Step1: Divide the whole project task into subtasks
• Task is a piece of work that has been given
to someone. To do this, you can use the
Work Breakdown Structure technique.
• In this technique, a complex project is
divided into modules. The modules are
divided into sub-modules. Each sub-
module is further divided into
functionality. It means divide the whole
project task into the smallest tasks.
21. Step 3) Estimate the effort for tasks
• Function Point Method
• Three Point Estimation
22. Method 1) Function Point Method
• In this method, the Test Manager estimates Size, Duration and Cost
for the tasks
23. Step A) Estimate size for the task
• In Step 1, After you broken the whole project task into small task by
using WBS methodm, now estimate the size of those tasks.
• Let’s practice with a particular task “Create the test specification”
• The size of this task depends on the functional size of the system
under test.
• The functional size reflects the amount of functionality that is relevant to the
user.
• The more number of functionality, the more complex system is.
• Prior to start actual estimating tasks effort, functional points are
divided into three groups like Complex, Medium Simple as following:
24. Based on the complex of software functions, the Test Manger has to give weightage to
each functional point.
25. • Let’s take a simple example exercise to get clearer:
• A Banking website
• the software engineer have already described the software modules in detail,
• Now there is need to determine the complexity of website’s features by
giving the weightage for each modules
• More complex the function point, more is the effort to test it is.
• Let’s say the website is divided into 12 function points, you can determine the
complexity of each function points as follows-
26.
27.
28.
29. STEP B) Estimate duration for the task
• After classifying the complexity of the function points, you have to
estimate the duration to test them. Duration means how much time needs
to finish the task.
• Total Effort: The effort to completely test all the functions of the website
• Total Function Points: Total modules of the website
• Estimate defined per Function Points: The average effort to complete one
function points.
• This value depends on the productivity of the member who will take in charge this
task.
30. • So the total effort to complete the task “Create the test specification” of the Bank website is
around 170 man-hours
• Once you understand the effort that is required, you can assign resources to determine how long
the task will take (duration), and then you can estimate labor and non-labor costs.
• Above example also shows the importance of the member in your team. If you have talented and
experienced members, you can finish the assigned task in the small time, and your project will
finish at the deadline or sooner.
31. STEP C) Estimate the cost for the tasks
• Suppose, on average your team salary is $5 per hour. The time
required for “Create Test Specs” task is 170 hours. Accordingly the
cost for the task is 5*170= $850.
• Now you can calculate budget for other activities in WBS and arrive at
overall budget for the project.
• As a project manager, you have to decide how to get the most return
for your company’s investment.
• The more accurate your estimate of project cost is, the better able
you will be to manage your project’s budget.
32. METHOD 2) Three Point Estimation
• The simplicity of the Three-point estimation makes it a very useful
tool for a Project Manager that who wants to estimate.
• This technique is applied to improve the accuracy of the estimates of
cost or duration.
• In three-point estimation, three values are produced initially for every
task based on prior experience or best-guesses as follows
33. • When estimating a task, the Test Manager needs to provide three values, as
specified above.
• The three values identified, estimate what happens in an optimal state, what
is the most likely, or what we think it would be the worst case scenario.
• For the task “Create the test specification”, can you estimate the test effort?
Remember that you have to cover all the modules of the Bank website as
done in Function Point Method
• You can estimate as following for the Previous example:
• The best case to complete this task is 120man-hours (around 15 days). In this case, you
have a talented team, they can finish the task in smallest time.
• The most likely case to complete this task is 170man-hours (around 21 days). This is a
normal case, you have enough resource and ability to complete the task
• The worst case to complete this task is 200man-hours (around 25 days). You need to
perform much more work because your team members are not experienced.
34. • Now, assign the value to each parameter as below
• The effort to complete the task can be calculated using double-triangular
distribution formula as follows-
• In the above formula, parameter E is known as Weighted Average. It is the
estimation of the task “Create the test specification”.
• In the above estimation, you just determine a possible and not a certain
value, we must know about the probability that the estimation is correct.
You can use the other formula:
35. • In above formula, the SD mean Standard Deviation, this value could
give you the information about the probability that the estimation is
correct.
• Now you can conclude the estimation for the task “Create the test
specification”
• To complete the task “Create the test specification” of the Bank
website, you need 166.6 ± 13.33 Man-hour (153.33 to 179.99 man-
hour)
36. Step 4) Validate the estimation
• Once you create an aggregate estimate for all the tasks mentioned in
the WBS, you need to forward it to the management board, who will
review and approve it.
37. % of Project Effort or Staffing
• Based on the premise that there is a predictable correlation between
development effort/time and test effort/time
• The preferred/“dictated” method of estimation in some organizations
• Sometimes associated with developer/tester ratios
• One method recognized by the ISTQB
47. Estimating Using Story Points ― Agile
• Story points are used for long term or release planning and tracking
• Point-estimated stories along with team velocity can be used to
provide rough release-level scheduling and project progress
• Since story points are relative size indicators, a two point story is
always twice as big as a one-point story
48.
49. • Story points are used for long term or release planning and tracking
• Point-estimated stories along with team velocity can be used to
provide rough release-level scheduling and project progress
• Since story points are relative size indicators, a two point story is
always twice as big as a one-point story
50. Why Use Story Points?
• Cheaper
• Allow us to change our minds as new information becomes available
• Don’t take a lot of time
• Foster collaboration
• Consistent
• Provide credibility
• Can use Planning Poker Cards with story points
52. • Based on the Wideband Delphi method espoused by Barry Boehm
and others in the 60s and 70s (and Boehm’s work was possibly based
on earlier works dating to the 40s)
• Most commonly used in agile software development
• A study published by the IEEE in April 2007 indicated that Planning
Poker achieved less optimistic and more accurate estimates than
those obtained through mechanical combinations of individual
estimates
53. Planning Poker Rules
• Form a group of no more than ten estimators and a moderator. The product owner is
usually present but cannot estimate
• Each participant gets a deck of cards. The decks frequently use a doubling sequence (½, 1,
2, 4, 8, 16, 32…) or the Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144…) or a
“modified” Fibonacci sequence such as (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 40, 100)
• The moderator reads one user story at a time to the team
• The product owner answers questions about the story
• Each estimator privately selects a card from his or her deck
• representing their estimate of the “size” of the user story
• When everyone is ready, all of the cards are flipped over at the same time
• If there is a consensus, the results are recorded, and the team moves on to the next story
• If the estimates vary widely, the owners of the high and low estimates defend their
positions to the rest of the team
54. • The group briefly debates the arguments
• Repeat from step 5 until the estimates converge
• Repeat for all stories
55. • Those who actually could do the work are the ones who vote
• Managers don’t vote
• When there is a tie in the voting between two sizes that are consecutive, just pick the
larger size and move on
• Stop implementation discussions before they go too deep
• Use an “I need a break” card
• Use a timer to limit discussions
• If consensus cannot be reached by the end of the third round of voting, pick the largest
size and move on
• Have the person creating the user stories meet with QA and Development leads prior to
playing poker to answer the most obvious questions
• Remember the baseline
• Have fun!
56. T-Shirt Sizing
• An estimation technique, usually used in agile projects, that uses relative
sizing based upon a limited number of values (e.g., tshirt sizes): S, M, L, XL
• Steps:
• Make S, M, L, XL cards
• Stories are read one at a time
• Each developer gives each story a t-shirt size
• All developers raise their cards simultaneously
• Discuss differences
• Go back to step 3
• Compile the stories into size buckets
• Estimate the time to complete a S, M, L,XL
59. Karl Wiegers’s Estimation Safety Tips
• A goal is not an estimate
• The estimate you produce should be unrelated to what you think the
requester wants to hear
• The correct answer to any request for an estimate is “Let me get back to
you on that”
• Avoid giving single point estimates
• Incorporate contingency buffers into estimates
• Estimates don’t have to be perfect
• Estimates are just estimates
• They will change/constantly as you re-estimate
• Remember planning risks and contingencies
60. Test estimation best practices
• Add some buffer time: Many unpredictable things may happen to your project, such as a talented
team member quits his job suddenly, the testing takes more time than estimated to complete…
etc. That why you need include some buffer in your estimation. Having a buffer in the estimation
enables to cope for any delays that may occur.
• Account Resource planning in estimation: What should you do if some members in your team
take long leaves? It may delay the project. Resource planning in estimation plays a key role. The
availability of resources will help to make sure that the estimations are realistic. Here you have to
consider the leaves for your team member, generally long leaves.
• Use the past experienceas reference: Experiences from past projects play a vital role while
preparing the time estimates. Because some project may be some similarity, you can reuse the
past estimation. For example, if you use to do a project like testing a website, you can learn from
that experience, try to avoid all the difficulties or issues that were faced in past projects.
• Stick to your estimation: Estimation is just estimate because it may go wrong.In early stages of
the project, you should frequently re-check the test estimations and make modification if
needed. We should not extend the estimation after we fix it, unless there are major changes in
requirement, or you have to negotiate with customer about the re-estimation