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TermoquĆ­mica
Entalpia de uma reaĆ§Ć£o: Calor trocado entre o sistema reacional e o meio
externo Ć  pressĆ£o constante.
Toda reaĆ§Ć£o quĆ­mica Ć© acompanhada de:
Uma variaĆ§Ć£o de energia interna (āˆ†U);
De uma variaĆ§Ć£o de entalpia (āˆ†H) na transformaĆ§Ć£o de reagentes em
produtos.
Para reaƧƵes com substĆ¢ncias apenas nas fases sĆ³lida e/ou lĆ­quidas:
āˆ†U=āˆ†H (P=cte).
Para reaƧƵes que envolvem substĆ¢ncias na fase gasosa, a volume constante
Ć© considerada com a variaĆ§Ć£o de temperatura:
āˆ†U=āˆ†H-āˆ†n. R. T (P=cte)
ReaƧƵes exotƩrmicas: SEMPRE SERƁ MENOS QUE ZERO
A entalpia dos reagentes Ć© maior do que a entalpia
dos produtos, logo āˆ†H<0
ReaƧƵes endotƩrmicas: SEMPRE SERƁ MAIOR QUE ZERO
A entalpia dos reagentes Ć© menor do que a entalpia
dos produtos, logo āˆ†H>0
Fatores que influenciam o Ī”H de uma reaĆ§Ć£o
A) Fase de agregaĆ§Ć£o
FormaĆ§Ć£o de Ć”gua:
H2 (g) + Ā½ O2 (g) ā†’H2O (g) Ī”H = -241,8 kJ/mol
H2 (g) + Ā½ O2 (g) ā†’ H2O(l) Ī”H = -285,8 kJ/mol
B) Forma alotrĆ³pica de reagentes e produtos (se houver)
DEFINIƇƃO: Alotropia Ć© a propriedade quĆ­mica que permite a
formaĆ§Ć£o de uma ou mais substĆ¢ncias simples diferentes a partir de um
mesmo elemento quĆ­mico.
FormaĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s carbĆ“nico:
C (grafite) + O2 (g) ā†’CO2(g) Ī”H = - 94,0 kcal/mol
C (diamante) + O2 (g) ā†’ CO2(g) Ī”H = - 94,45 kcal/mol
C) Temperatura em que ocorre a reaĆ§Ć£o
ObtenĆ§Ć£o de Ferro pela reduĆ§Ć£o do Ć³xido de ferro III:
Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ā†’ 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g) Ī”H= - 35,1 kJ (25Ā°C)
Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ā†’ 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g) Ī”H= - 29,7 kJ (85Ā°C)
D) Quantidade de matƩria ( SE AUMENTAR A QUANTIDADE DE PRODUTO,
LOGO A QUANTIDADE DE ENERGIA ( PERDIDA OU GANHADA) AUMENTA.
FormaĆ§Ć£o de cloreto de hidrogĆŖnio
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā†’ 2HCl (g) Ī”H = - 184,6 kJ
2H2 (g) + 2Cl2 (g) ā†’ 4HCl (g) Ī”H = - 369,2 kJ
E) Meio reacional
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā†’ 2HCl (g) Ī”H = - 184,6 kJ
aq
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā†’ 2HCl (g) Ī”H = - 335,7 kJ
Formas de variaĆ§Ć£o de entalpia
A) Entalpia padrĆ£o de combustĆ£o
CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) ā†’ CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) Ī”H0= - 890,31 kJ/mol
B) Entalpia padrĆ£o de formaĆ§Ć£o
Ā½ H2 (g) + Ā½ Cl2 (g) ā†’ HCl (g) Ī”H0 = - 22,1 kcal/mol
C) Entalpia padrĆ£o de dissoluĆ§Ć£o
KNO3(s) ā†’ KNO3(aq.) Ī”H0 = + 35,6 kJ/mol
HCl (g) ā†’ HCl (aq.) Ī”H0 = - 75,3 kJ/mol
D) Entalpia de neutralizaĆ§Ć£o
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ā†’ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Ī”H0= - 57,8 kJ/mol
HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) ā†’ KNO3(aq) + H2O(l) Ī”H0= - 57,8 kJ/mol
CĆ”lculo de Ī”H
A) Usando entalpias de formaĆ§Ć£o
Ī”H=āˆ‘H0
f (produtos)- āˆ‘H0
f (reagentes)
B) Usando entalpias de ligaĆ§Ć£o
Ɖ a medida de energia mĆ©dia necessĆ”ria para romper 1 mol
de ligaƧƵes covalentes entre 2 Ɣtomos, para obter esses
Ɣtomos isolados e na fase gasosa.
FormaĆ§Ć£o de ligaĆ§Ć£o quĆ­mica = processo exotĆ©rmico
Rompimento de ligaĆ§Ć£o quĆ­mica = processo endotĆ©rmico
Ī”H= āˆ‘H ligaĆ§Ć£o reagente+āˆ‘H ligaĆ§Ć£o produto
C) Lei de Hess
ObtĆ©m-se o Ī”H desconhecido de uma reaĆ§Ć£o pelo somatĆ³rio das entalpias
conhecidas de outras reaƧƵes (seja de formaĆ§Ć£o ou nĆ£o).
D) EquaĆ§Ć£o de Kirchoff
Ī”H0
T = Ī”H0
298,15 + 298,15
š‘‡
āˆ†š‘š‘dT

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Termoquimica resumo

  • 1. TermoquĆ­mica Entalpia de uma reaĆ§Ć£o: Calor trocado entre o sistema reacional e o meio externo Ć  pressĆ£o constante. Toda reaĆ§Ć£o quĆ­mica Ć© acompanhada de: Uma variaĆ§Ć£o de energia interna (āˆ†U); De uma variaĆ§Ć£o de entalpia (āˆ†H) na transformaĆ§Ć£o de reagentes em produtos. Para reaƧƵes com substĆ¢ncias apenas nas fases sĆ³lida e/ou lĆ­quidas: āˆ†U=āˆ†H (P=cte). Para reaƧƵes que envolvem substĆ¢ncias na fase gasosa, a volume constante Ć© considerada com a variaĆ§Ć£o de temperatura: āˆ†U=āˆ†H-āˆ†n. R. T (P=cte)
  • 2. ReaƧƵes exotĆ©rmicas: SEMPRE SERƁ MENOS QUE ZERO A entalpia dos reagentes Ć© maior do que a entalpia dos produtos, logo āˆ†H<0 ReaƧƵes endotĆ©rmicas: SEMPRE SERƁ MAIOR QUE ZERO A entalpia dos reagentes Ć© menor do que a entalpia dos produtos, logo āˆ†H>0
  • 3. Fatores que influenciam o Ī”H de uma reaĆ§Ć£o A) Fase de agregaĆ§Ć£o FormaĆ§Ć£o de Ć”gua: H2 (g) + Ā½ O2 (g) ā†’H2O (g) Ī”H = -241,8 kJ/mol H2 (g) + Ā½ O2 (g) ā†’ H2O(l) Ī”H = -285,8 kJ/mol B) Forma alotrĆ³pica de reagentes e produtos (se houver) DEFINIƇƃO: Alotropia Ć© a propriedade quĆ­mica que permite a formaĆ§Ć£o de uma ou mais substĆ¢ncias simples diferentes a partir de um mesmo elemento quĆ­mico. FormaĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s carbĆ“nico: C (grafite) + O2 (g) ā†’CO2(g) Ī”H = - 94,0 kcal/mol C (diamante) + O2 (g) ā†’ CO2(g) Ī”H = - 94,45 kcal/mol
  • 4. C) Temperatura em que ocorre a reaĆ§Ć£o ObtenĆ§Ć£o de Ferro pela reduĆ§Ć£o do Ć³xido de ferro III: Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ā†’ 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g) Ī”H= - 35,1 kJ (25Ā°C) Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ā†’ 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g) Ī”H= - 29,7 kJ (85Ā°C) D) Quantidade de matĆ©ria ( SE AUMENTAR A QUANTIDADE DE PRODUTO, LOGO A QUANTIDADE DE ENERGIA ( PERDIDA OU GANHADA) AUMENTA. FormaĆ§Ć£o de cloreto de hidrogĆŖnio H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā†’ 2HCl (g) Ī”H = - 184,6 kJ 2H2 (g) + 2Cl2 (g) ā†’ 4HCl (g) Ī”H = - 369,2 kJ
  • 5. E) Meio reacional H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā†’ 2HCl (g) Ī”H = - 184,6 kJ aq H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā†’ 2HCl (g) Ī”H = - 335,7 kJ Formas de variaĆ§Ć£o de entalpia A) Entalpia padrĆ£o de combustĆ£o CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) ā†’ CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) Ī”H0= - 890,31 kJ/mol B) Entalpia padrĆ£o de formaĆ§Ć£o Ā½ H2 (g) + Ā½ Cl2 (g) ā†’ HCl (g) Ī”H0 = - 22,1 kcal/mol
  • 6. C) Entalpia padrĆ£o de dissoluĆ§Ć£o KNO3(s) ā†’ KNO3(aq.) Ī”H0 = + 35,6 kJ/mol HCl (g) ā†’ HCl (aq.) Ī”H0 = - 75,3 kJ/mol D) Entalpia de neutralizaĆ§Ć£o HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ā†’ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Ī”H0= - 57,8 kJ/mol HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) ā†’ KNO3(aq) + H2O(l) Ī”H0= - 57,8 kJ/mol
  • 7. CĆ”lculo de Ī”H A) Usando entalpias de formaĆ§Ć£o Ī”H=āˆ‘H0 f (produtos)- āˆ‘H0 f (reagentes) B) Usando entalpias de ligaĆ§Ć£o Ɖ a medida de energia mĆ©dia necessĆ”ria para romper 1 mol de ligaƧƵes covalentes entre 2 Ć”tomos, para obter esses Ć”tomos isolados e na fase gasosa. FormaĆ§Ć£o de ligaĆ§Ć£o quĆ­mica = processo exotĆ©rmico Rompimento de ligaĆ§Ć£o quĆ­mica = processo endotĆ©rmico Ī”H= āˆ‘H ligaĆ§Ć£o reagente+āˆ‘H ligaĆ§Ć£o produto
  • 8.
  • 9. C) Lei de Hess ObtĆ©m-se o Ī”H desconhecido de uma reaĆ§Ć£o pelo somatĆ³rio das entalpias conhecidas de outras reaƧƵes (seja de formaĆ§Ć£o ou nĆ£o). D) EquaĆ§Ć£o de Kirchoff Ī”H0 T = Ī”H0 298,15 + 298,15 š‘‡ āˆ†š‘š‘dT