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Termoquimica resumo
1.
TermoquĆmica Entalpia de uma
reaĆ§Ć£o: Calor trocado entre o sistema reacional e o meio externo Ć pressĆ£o constante. Toda reaĆ§Ć£o quĆmica Ć© acompanhada de: Uma variaĆ§Ć£o de energia interna (āU); De uma variaĆ§Ć£o de entalpia (āH) na transformaĆ§Ć£o de reagentes em produtos. Para reaƧƵes com substĆ¢ncias apenas nas fases sĆ³lida e/ou lĆquidas: āU=āH (P=cte). Para reaƧƵes que envolvem substĆ¢ncias na fase gasosa, a volume constante Ć© considerada com a variaĆ§Ć£o de temperatura: āU=āH-ān. R. T (P=cte)
2.
ReaƧƵes exotƩrmicas: SEMPRE
SERĆ MENOS QUE ZERO A entalpia dos reagentes Ć© maior do que a entalpia dos produtos, logo āH<0 ReaƧƵes endotĆ©rmicas: SEMPRE SERĆ MAIOR QUE ZERO A entalpia dos reagentes Ć© menor do que a entalpia dos produtos, logo āH>0
3.
Fatores que influenciam
o ĪH de uma reaĆ§Ć£o A) Fase de agregaĆ§Ć£o FormaĆ§Ć£o de Ć”gua: H2 (g) + Ā½ O2 (g) āH2O (g) ĪH = -241,8 kJ/mol H2 (g) + Ā½ O2 (g) ā H2O(l) ĪH = -285,8 kJ/mol B) Forma alotrĆ³pica de reagentes e produtos (se houver) DEFINIĆĆO: Alotropia Ć© a propriedade quĆmica que permite a formaĆ§Ć£o de uma ou mais substĆ¢ncias simples diferentes a partir de um mesmo elemento quĆmico. FormaĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s carbĆ“nico: C (grafite) + O2 (g) āCO2(g) ĪH = - 94,0 kcal/mol C (diamante) + O2 (g) ā CO2(g) ĪH = - 94,45 kcal/mol
4.
C) Temperatura em
que ocorre a reaĆ§Ć£o ObtenĆ§Ć£o de Ferro pela reduĆ§Ć£o do Ć³xido de ferro III: Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ā 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g) ĪH= - 35,1 kJ (25Ā°C) Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ā 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g) ĪH= - 29,7 kJ (85Ā°C) D) Quantidade de matĆ©ria ( SE AUMENTAR A QUANTIDADE DE PRODUTO, LOGO A QUANTIDADE DE ENERGIA ( PERDIDA OU GANHADA) AUMENTA. FormaĆ§Ć£o de cloreto de hidrogĆŖnio H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā 2HCl (g) ĪH = - 184,6 kJ 2H2 (g) + 2Cl2 (g) ā 4HCl (g) ĪH = - 369,2 kJ
5.
E) Meio reacional H2
(g) + Cl2 (g) ā 2HCl (g) ĪH = - 184,6 kJ aq H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ā 2HCl (g) ĪH = - 335,7 kJ Formas de variaĆ§Ć£o de entalpia A) Entalpia padrĆ£o de combustĆ£o CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) ā CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ĪH0= - 890,31 kJ/mol B) Entalpia padrĆ£o de formaĆ§Ć£o Ā½ H2 (g) + Ā½ Cl2 (g) ā HCl (g) ĪH0 = - 22,1 kcal/mol
6.
C) Entalpia padrĆ£o
de dissoluĆ§Ć£o KNO3(s) ā KNO3(aq.) ĪH0 = + 35,6 kJ/mol HCl (g) ā HCl (aq.) ĪH0 = - 75,3 kJ/mol D) Entalpia de neutralizaĆ§Ć£o HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ā NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) ĪH0= - 57,8 kJ/mol HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) ā KNO3(aq) + H2O(l) ĪH0= - 57,8 kJ/mol
7.
CĆ”lculo de ĪH A)
Usando entalpias de formaĆ§Ć£o ĪH=āH0 f (produtos)- āH0 f (reagentes) B) Usando entalpias de ligaĆ§Ć£o Ć a medida de energia mĆ©dia necessĆ”ria para romper 1 mol de ligaƧƵes covalentes entre 2 Ć”tomos, para obter esses Ć”tomos isolados e na fase gasosa. FormaĆ§Ć£o de ligaĆ§Ć£o quĆmica = processo exotĆ©rmico Rompimento de ligaĆ§Ć£o quĆmica = processo endotĆ©rmico ĪH= āH ligaĆ§Ć£o reagente+āH ligaĆ§Ć£o produto
8.
9.
C) Lei de
Hess ObtĆ©m-se o ĪH desconhecido de uma reaĆ§Ć£o pelo somatĆ³rio das entalpias conhecidas de outras reaƧƵes (seja de formaĆ§Ć£o ou nĆ£o). D) EquaĆ§Ć£o de Kirchoff ĪH0 T = ĪH0 298,15 + 298,15 š āššdT
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