SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Term Paper Guidelines
Submission: Submit to Turnin by 17:00 pm, 11 May 2020.
Length: 2,500-3,000 words (approximate; not including
endnotes or bibliography, no marks deducted or gained if it is
longer, e.g. 4,000 words)
Requirements: You will write a term paper on a how a certain
group is affected by a certain type of disaster and give
recommendations of what can be done to help this group
Instructions:
1. Pick a type of disaster and country (or city) -- preferably
Asian but doesn’t have to be
· Don’t pick a specific disaster (e.g., don’t pick 2011 Bangkok
floods but instead pick flooding in Bangkok)
2. Pick a group which is vulnerable to the disaster (e.g., women,
children, indigenous communities, slum dwellers)
3. Discuss how they’re vulnerable (e.g., economic losses,
deaths, livelihood problems, health risks, etc.)
· Give examples
4. Discuss why they’re vulnerable, including the political,
economic and cultural drivers/reasons
· Give examples if possible
5. Discuss the role of the government in affecting their
vulnerability
6. It might be helpful to use the Pressure and Release Model
7. Imagine that you’re a NGO with some funding to help them –
what would you do to reduce their vulnerability?
· Link your solutions to the drivers of vulnerability

More Related Content

More from jacqueliner9

Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docx
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docxTelework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docx
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docx
Telehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docxTelehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docx
Telehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docx
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docxTelevision continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docx
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docx
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docxTelehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docx
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docx
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docxTelenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docx
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docx
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docxTelehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docx
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docx
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docxTelehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docx
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docx
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docxTelehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docx
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docx
jacqueliner9
 
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docx
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docxTechnology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docx
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docx
jacqueliner9
 
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docx
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docxtechnology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docx
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docx
jacqueliner9
 
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docx
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docxTelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docx
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docx
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docxTelecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docx
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docx
jacqueliner9
 
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docx
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docxTED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docx
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docx
jacqueliner9
 
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docx
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docxTeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docx
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docx
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docxTeheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docx
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docx
jacqueliner9
 
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docx
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docxTED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docx
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docx
jacqueliner9
 
Technology A d o p tio n by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docx
Technology A d o p tio n  by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docxTechnology A d o p tio n  by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docx
Technology A d o p tio n by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docx
jacqueliner9
 
TECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docx
TECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docxTECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docx
TECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docx
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docxTechnology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docx
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docx
jacqueliner9
 
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docx
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docxTechnology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docx
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docx
jacqueliner9
 

More from jacqueliner9 (20)

Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docx
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docxTelework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docx
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docx
 
Telehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docx
Telehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docxTelehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docx
Telehealth Technology  A summary of the technology to be imple.docx
 
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docx
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docxTelevision continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docx
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment,  bo.docx
 
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docx
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docxTelehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docx
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docx
 
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docx
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docxTelenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docx
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docx
 
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docx
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docxTelehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docx
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docx
 
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docx
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docxTelehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docx
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docx
 
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docx
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docxTelehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docx
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docx
 
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docx
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docxTechnology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docx
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docx
 
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docx
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docxtechnology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docx
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docx
 
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docx
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docxTelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docx
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docx
 
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docx
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docxTelecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docx
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docx
 
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docx
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docxTED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docx
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docx
 
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docx
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docxTeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docx
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docx
 
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docx
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docxTeheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docx
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docx
 
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docx
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docxTED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docx
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docx
 
Technology A d o p tio n by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docx
Technology A d o p tio n  by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docxTechnology A d o p tio n  by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docx
Technology A d o p tio n by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docx
 
TECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docx
TECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docxTECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docx
TECHNOLOGY220Edited by Jeff Mu.docx
 
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docx
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docxTechnology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docx
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docx
 
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docx
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docxTechnology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docx
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docx
 

Recently uploaded

C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
mulvey2
 
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
Israel Genealogy Research Association
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
GeorgeMilliken2
 
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityNatural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Akanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
 
Présentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptx
Présentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptxPrésentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptx
Présentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptx
siemaillard
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationLeveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
TechSoup
 
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf IslamabadPIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
AyyanKhan40
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
adhitya5119
 
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
สมใจ จันสุกสี
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
TechSoup
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Katrina Pritchard
 
Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence PsychologyCognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
paigestewart1632
 
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
Celine George
 
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Academy of Science of South Africa
 
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
Dr. Shivangi Singh Parihar
 
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem studentsRHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Himanshu Rai
 
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdfclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
Priyankaranawat4
 
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdfA Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 

Recently uploaded (20)

C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptxC1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx
 
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
 
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityNatural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
 
Présentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptx
Présentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptxPrésentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptx
Présentationvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv2.pptx
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
 
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationLeveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
 
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf IslamabadPIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
 
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
คำศัพท์ คำพื้นฐานการอ่าน ภาษาอังกฤษ ระดับชั้น ม.1
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
 
Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence PsychologyCognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
Cognitive Development Adolescence Psychology
 
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
 
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
 
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
 
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem studentsRHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
 
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdfclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
 
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdfA Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
 

Term Paper GuidelinesSubmission Submit to Turnin by 1700 pm, 1.docx

  • 1. Term Paper Guidelines Submission: Submit to Turnin by 17:00 pm, 11 May 2020. Length: 2,500-3,000 words (approximate; not including endnotes or bibliography, no marks deducted or gained if it is longer, e.g. 4,000 words) Requirements: You will write a term paper on a how a certain group is affected by a certain type of disaster and give recommendations of what can be done to help this group Instructions: 1. Pick a type of disaster and country (or city) -- preferably Asian but doesn’t have to be · Don’t pick a specific disaster (e.g., don’t pick 2011 Bangkok floods but instead pick flooding in Bangkok) 2. Pick a group which is vulnerable to the disaster (e.g., women, children, indigenous communities, slum dwellers) 3. Discuss how they’re vulnerable (e.g., economic losses, deaths, livelihood problems, health risks, etc.) · Give examples 4. Discuss why they’re vulnerable, including the political, economic and cultural drivers/reasons · Give examples if possible 5. Discuss the role of the government in affecting their vulnerability 6. It might be helpful to use the Pressure and Release Model 7. Imagine that you’re a NGO with some funding to help them – what would you do to reduce their vulnerability? · Link your solutions to the drivers of vulnerability