e-Governance is the ICT-enabled route to achieving good governance. An e-library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media) and accessible by computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. As a part of my regular academic activities under the course “Globalization and Governance (PA-322)”, I was assigned to plan for making department’s seminar an e-library . This document contains an e-Library Manifesto which introduces the relevant ‘systems’. It describes the main concepts characterising these systems, i.e., content, user, functionality, quality, policy and architecture. It also describes the reference frameworks needed to clarify the e-Library Reference Architecture. This e-library will meet the needs and passions of teachers and students and the learning styles of the latter of the department .

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Introduction
e-Governance is the ICT-enabled route to achieving good governance. With power of ICTs at its roots,
it provides three basic change potentials for good governance for development: Automation,
Informatisation and Transformation . An e-Library refers to the management of a library using ICT
route . An e-library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print,
microform, or other media) and accessible by computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or
accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system. An
e-library frequently use the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) to
expose their metadata to other digital libraries, and search engines like Google Scholar, Yahoo! and
Scirus can also use OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources. eBooks can be produced cost-
effectively. They serve virtually any area of interest and add to the world's knowledge base. Because
software to create eBooks is readily available at no cost, an author no longer must rely upon a
traditional publisher to enter the marketplace. eBooks serve authors by making marketplace access
possible. Along those lines, they serve readers by providing unlimited choices -- not just the choices
offered by traditional publishing houses, magazines, newspapers or websites. eBooks provide
marketplace access to all.
The academic library of Department of Public Administration is involved in building institutional
repositories of the institution's books, papers, theses, and other works which can be digitized or were
'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions,
in accordance with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial
journals, where the publishers often limit access rights. Institutional, truly free, and corporate
repositories can be presented in a digital format.
As a part of my regular academic activities under the course “Globalization and Governance (PA-322)”,
I was assigned to plan for making department’s seminar an e-library .
This document contains an e-Library Manifesto which introduces the relevant ‘systems’. It describes the
main concepts characterising these systems, i.e., content, user, functionality, quality, policy and
architecture. It also describes the reference frameworks needed to clarify the e-Library Reference
Architecture.
This e-library will meet the needs and passions of teachers and students and the learning styles of the
latter of the department .
Defining e-Governance : The word “electronic” in the term e-Governance implies technology
driven governance. E-Governance is the application of Information and communication Technology

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(ICT) for delivering government Services, exchange of information communication transactions,
integration various stand-one systems and services between Government-to-citizens (G2C),
Government-to-Business(G2B),Government-to-Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and
interactions within the entire government frame work. Through the e-Governance, the government
services will be made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. The
three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are Government, citizens and
businesses/interest groups. In e-Governance there are no distinct boundaries.
e-Governance, as per the United Nations definition can be understood as 'The employment of the
Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens.’
According to Jeong e-governance, essentially refers to ‘The utilization of IT, ICTs, and other web-based
telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of
service delivery in the public sector.’
Therefore , E-Governance can be understood as "performance of the governance via electronic medium
in order to facilitate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the
citizens and also facilitating the electronic channel of communication from citizens to government
which would led to efficient and effective service delivery and proper grievance redressal".
e-Library concept : The basic concept underlying the digital library is not new. In 1945, Dr
Vannevar Bush of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development discussed a device called a
“memex”. He envisioned this device being used by individuals as “a sort of mechanized private file and
library”. It would be able to store large amounts of books, pictures, periodicals, newspapers,
correspondence, and so on, with material being indexed for easy retrieval .
According to Saffady, the Bush vision is “one of the most influential and frequently cited precursors” of
the modern digital library concept. He continued to note that although the digital library seems a
revolutionary development, the concepts and technologies involved are more accurately described as
evolutionary. Pacifici concurred with this view. She stated that the digital library did not develop from
the Internet, as is often thought. Rather, it has been evolving since the 1960s, when libraries began
integrating emerging information technologies (such as microfiche, microfilm and electronic files) to
facilitate access to hard copy collections.
The first use of the term digital library in print may have been in a 1988 report to the Corporation for
National Research Initiatives The term digital libraries was first popularized by the
NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.
Defining e-Library : e-Library is the perfect resource for delivering full-text and multimedia
reference essentials. The easy-to-use interface makes research easy. Students find the answers they need
from more than 2,500 full-text magazines, newspapers, books, and transcripts--plus thousands of maps,
pictures, educator-approved websites from Homework Central, and top-quality multimedia
(audio/video) files. Users can sort their results by relevance, date, file size, Lexile or reading level,
publication, and source, while librarians and educators can find content that's directly linked to state and
national teaching standards.
Crawford, Waters and Borgman defined e-library as a hybrid of traditional library services and new
electronic sources and methods .

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The more comprehensive (and more quoted) definitions was put forward by Gapen, who defined digital
libraries as
“…the concept of remote access to the contents and services of libraries and other information
resources, combining an on-site collection of current and heavily used materials in both print
and electronic form, with an electronic network which provides access to, and delivery from,
external worldwide library and commercial information and knowledge sources. In essence, the
user is provided the effect of a library which is a synergy created by bringing together
technologically the resources of many, many libraries and information services” .
Components of e-library
The technologies involved in providing digital library services should support document creation,
retrieval, transfer, dissemination, manipulation and management. Finally, there must be an institution in
which the digital library collections and services are embedded .
Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in
1992, identified series of different activities
considered essential to the formation of
digital libraries. These included:
 The Internet and Intranets :
Development of library Internet
and/or Intranet sites and Internet
connection
 Integrated access to resources :
Single workstation access to
resources , Use of Online Public
Access Catalogue ( OPAC ) as a
gateway and Inclusion of external
holdings on local OPAC
 Digitisation of materials :
Digitisation projects
 Electronic publications : Electronic
journals and Electronic full-text
 Electronic document delivery :
Commercial and library-to-library
electronic document delivery
 Resource sharing : Access to
resources over ownership
 Cooperative activities : Cooperative
purchasing or development of
resources
 End-user services : End-user access
to online resources , Internet training
for clients , Searching training for
clients and End-user electronic
requesting . Fig : e-Library components
e-library environment

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Just as the literature identifies a number of activities that together make up digital libraries, so too does
it show that the development of digital libraries is heavily dependent on a number of inter-related
enabling or hindering factors. These include such issues as copyright, client attitudes, changes to
funding and financial structures, the need for new organizational structures, technological issues, staff
training, and so on. When grouped together, these factors all fall within nine inter-linked subject
categories, as shown below :
 Legal issues : copyright , contracts and privacy
 Financial issues : financial resources and changes to funding allocation
 Client issues : client needs , client attitudes and resistance to introduction of new technologies
 Personnel issues : staff commitment to new systems and services , changed staff training and
competencies and effect of automation on staff skilling and professionalization
 Organizational issues : need for new organizational structures , reorganization of hierarchies
and work divisions , organizational size, balance between professional and paraprofessional staff
and appropriate position levels
 Management issues : strategic planning , need for new or different performance measures ,
organizational support and leadership , need for champions within the organization and
appropriate statistical measurement
 Technological issues : security , infrastructure development , use of appropriate technologies
and standards
 Collaboration issues : resource sharing, cooperative purchasing of information resources and
cooperative purchase or development of hardware and infrastructure
 Subject discipline issues : availability of content for different disciplines and appropriateness of
delivery method
Construction
Software : There are a number of software packages for use in general digital libraries, for notable
ones see Digital library software. Institutional repository software, which focuses primarily on ingest,
preservation and access of locally produced documents, particularly locally produced academic outputs,
can be found in Institutional repository software.
Popular software for e-Libraries are :
 Expanded Books
 Alfresco
 KnowledgeTree
 Fedora
 Logos Bible Software
 CONTENTdm
 Greenstone
 DSpace
 IntraText
 SimpleDL
 EPrints
Hardware : Hardware for an e-Library includes :
 Personal Computers (PC)

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 Scanners
 Unix Server
 CD Writer
 Laser Printers
 Laptops
 Digital Copier
 Network Cards
Personnel : Following categories of Human resources are needed for e-library :
 Computer Engineer , who are concerned with the semantic interoperability of a digital library
metadata standard affords in the very large Internet information space
 Librarians , who already have deep experience indexing and cataloging and recognize the
importance of information retrieval. Moreover, because so much valuable data exists in a
variety of metadata systems, including the Machine Readable Catalog (MARC 21) standard,
methods to map the data between and among these systems using automated “crosswalks” have
been developed .
 Management team and staff , who will be responsible for the continuation of the work and a
promise that the digital materials will continue to be available.
Digitization : In the past few years, procedures for digitizing books at high speed and comparatively
low cost have improved considerably with the result that it is now possible to plan the digitization of
millions of books per year for creating e-library using above hardware and software .
Formula and technique
Provided the arrangement of all hardware , software , human resources , internet network and
infrastructure , the process of e-Library will begin in a digitalized format means compiling books ,
journals and other articles on internet page .Three phases of compiling e-books ,namely –
 Acquire content or create an e-book
 Building page
 Compile HTML e-book
Creating e-books : An eBook is an electronic publication readers store and "open" on their
computers, using software such as Adobe Reader. Unlike a hardcover book, which uses paper and is
manufactured with a printing press, an eBook uses no paper and is produced electronically with a
personal computer. An author can produce an eBook with very little or no expense, publish it online
with very little or no expense, give it away to readers or charge for it.
Creating e-book is a process of several Phases , which is known as “Think. Write. Check. Convert.
Save. Distribution” process. The phases are :
 Think of your readers first.
 Begin the writing process.
 When you finish the final draft, give it a very close going-over.

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 Convert it to a PDF
 Save it ; and
 start the process of sharing your knowledge with the world
All trades have basic sets of tools. A writer's word processor is the
equivalent of a carpenter's hammer. A PDF creator, meanwhile, is the
equivalent of a traditional publisher's printing press.
All of the basic tools are needed to publish e-Books online:
 A word processor with a built-in PDF creator such as free Open
Office or free Sticky PDF Creator.
 Open Office is free Open Source software. In the interest of full
disclosure, Sticky PDF Creator is free, advertiser-sponsored
software owned by the author of this Knol.
 Users will see an unobtrusive ad on the start-up screen of Sticky
PDF Creator's word processor.
 The ad disappears when users begin to work on a document.
Fig : A look inside free Open Office Writer Fig: A look inside free Sticky PDF Creator.
 A graphics program such as free PAINT.net.
 It is not necessary to include graphics in an eBook, eReport or eGuide, but readers enjoy them.
 Some eBook authors even hire graphic artists to create "covers" for their digital products.
 Such "covers" provide readers an experience similar to enjoying the cover on hardback book.
 PAINT.net can be used to create and manipulate graphics.
Think.
Check
Save
Convert To PDF
Write
Distribute
Fig : Phases of creating an e-
Book

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Fig : A look inside free PAINT.net.
Building page : There are two steps of building pages :
 Pages from Word and other office applications
 Building HTML pages
Pages from Word and other office applications : Office applications like Word , Excel ,
Publisher , Access and PowerPoint can all be used to create a PDF e-Book . The biggest benefits in
having e-Books in PDF format is that both Windows and Mac users can read those e-books , the file
size are much smaller and more people will download them because they do not the .exe etention.
Building HTML pages : A domain name. These generally are available at low cost and also are
known as .com (dot com); .net (dot net); .info (dot info); and .org (dot org), for example. In general,
eBook authors should strongly consider registering a dot com domain.
A WYSIWYG web-page editor. These give you the ability to create web pages. Many fine WYSIWYG
editors are available free.
Framework for Compiling e-Books : To get HTML web pages and images into a single
downloadable file , a software (compiler) is needed to compile it . Following abstraction pyramid shows
compiling tools and process of e-books in HTML pages .
Fig : abstraction pyramid
Browsers differ in the way they display information, even though they use the same basic
communication protocols (such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, and File Transfer

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Protocol, or FTP) and standard markup languages (such as HTML and perhaps the Extensible Markup
Language, or XML). Since users may change default settings, including font size and other parameters,
it is always preferable to create as simple an interface as possible and avoid server-side control of the
exact display of the data. Providing multiple access points not only makes a digital library more
interesting, it also acknowledges the differences among its potential users.
Accessibility for users with a range of physical disabilities should also be a concern when developing
the interface to a digital library. This includes user access to all content; documents that are clear and
simple; user control of styles; the availability of context and orientation information; inclusion of clear
navigation mechanisms; and standard markup.
Fig : Building an archive and creating replaceable derivatives for public access.
Metadata plays a vital role not only in resource discovery but in managing the collection. If, for
example, subject codes are applied haphazardly or incorrectly, access could be more difficult, and
attempts to generate browse hierarchies based on these codes could be foiled .
Content experts use the metadata entry system to add metadata to a master database, entering the
information only once. Subsequently, the information is extracted and combined as needed from the
master database to generate HTML pages, search indexes, and reports. Entering the data only once
saves human time and effort, reduces the error rate, and allows maximum flexibility.

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Nearly the entire Web interface is generated
from the database, allowing regeneration
whenever necessary, while adhering to the
latest Web standards. The system is designed
to be modular, allowing existing modules to be
modified easily and new modules added for
additional functionality.
Scanning, metadata entry, and document
markup, all involving the evaluation and
handling of individual items in a collection, are
resource-intensive and best done carefully and
only once. Images scanned using standard file
formats, such as TIFF, or texts saved in the
open ASCII or Unicode formats will be more
easily accessible in the future than images or
texts encoded in proprietary formats.
Delivering the contents of the digital library on
the Web, using standard, valid, and current
HTML, including metadata tags, and other
standard Web technology, increases the
chances that other Web search engines will be
able to find the library .
Fig : Creating and accessing a digital library
Browsing the e-Library
Ensuring open access is closely related to usability concerns, including access to the information in the e-
library, as well as to the e-library itself. For easy usage following things will be mentioned clearly :
Important things about the e-Library citation :
 Source Icon
 Title of document with link to Full Text, Source or Publication & Author
 Date of Publication
 Reading Level
 Image Icon Mouse-over preview
Basic search in e-Library : You can retrieve results from a variety of media sources with e-Library’s
search functionality. Process includes :
 Simply type in a word or phrase in the search box, then click SEARCH to begin.
 By clicking on a content-type icon you can toggle a specific check box to either include or
exclude the corresponding content type from your search.
 The Check All option allows you to search through all the source types,

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 Clear All will allow you to clear all the options and select the specific media or publication
source you need. For example, if you want a picture of a polar bear, turn off all source types
except Pictures before you start the search.
Fig : Basic search in e-Library
Popular search :The popular searches link will open a small window in the user's browser containing
links to the 10 most popular search strings generated by e-Library users for the past week.
 Clicking one of the hyperlinks in the popular searches window initiates a basic eLibrary search
on the chosen topic.
 The 'x' button in the right corner of the window closes the popular searches window .
Fig : Popular search in e-Library

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Advanced search in e-Library : Advanced search allows a user to perform a detailed source search
based on more strictly defined parameters. By using the Advanced Search features, you can narrow any
search by publication date, article title, article language, publisher, author or reading level, with or
without entering search text.
Note that searching with too little detail can flood you with results that you don't need. On the other
hand, a search that's too specific may cut out information you do need.
Fig : Advance search in e-Library

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Particular publication : The Publication button takes the user to the publication browse page where a
user can enter a specific publication and search or browse all available publications alphabetically.
Fig : Particular search in e-Library
Reference materials : Clicking the Reference button on the e-Library home screen will display the
reference search area. Here users can enter keywords into the search field. The returned results will be
from reference sources only.
Fig : Reference search in e-Library

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Results page : e-Library features special pages that focus on specific content related to topics that are
often searched on. Special pages can be about a person, place or event and contain content hand-picked
and organized by the ProQuest editorial staff. If there is a special page available for the topic you are
searching it will be displayed in a window above your regular search results as shown in the illustration
below. Special pages can be expanded, collapsed or closed by using the toggle buttons in the upper
corner of the page.
 A list of citations sorted by keyword is provided.
 Use the drop-down menu on the left to resort by Date, Size, Reading Level, Title, or
Publication.
 You can bring a particular type of source such as newspapers, pictures, magazines, maps,
books, audio/video, websites, and transcripts to the top of the list by clicking on the link in the
results type box.
 The Date Range box indicates the scope of the material which can be changed by using the
links provided below.
 Links to reference materials are also provided.
Fig : Result page of e-Library
Cost Implications and Budget
The cost of implementing a digital library includes:
 The initial purchase price and recurring cost of software licensing.
 The cost of upgrading to new versions of the software.
 The cost of the hardware to develop and configure the library.
 The cost of the hardware to host the library (i.e., needed space, bandwidth, etc) for internet
access
 The recurring cost of hosting the library.

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 The cost of human resources (and needed space) to develop and configure the library:
»» The number and skill levels of people needed.
»» The expected salaries.
 The cost of human resources to maintain the library content:
»»Acquisition of new content.
»» Review of content to assure it meets the inclusion criteria.
»» Review of content to assure it meets the quality criteria.
»»Conversion or digitization of materials.
»» Identification and addition of meta-data.
»»Addition of documents to the library.
 The cost of marketing the library.
Budget
Costs for Year 1
EQUIPMENT
Name Number Amount
Hardware
Unix Server- Dell poweredge 4400 1,60,000
PC Workstations 7 2,80,000
HP CD Writer Plus 3 80,000
Color scanners 2 50,000
Slide scanner Nikon 1 22,000
Laser printers 2 25,000
Laptops 3 1,50,000
Large format digital copier/fax 1 30,000
Laptop Network Cards 2 12,000
Fast scsi-2 cards for CD Writers 3 18,000
Software
Annual Web Hosting Fee 10,000
Photoshop CS 1,000
Flash 8 1,000
DreamWeaver 4 1,500
OCR software 1,500
Infrastructure
Decoration 1,00,000
Personnel
Metadata Specialists 3 7,20,000
Programmer/Analysts 2 6,00,000
Graduate Assistant Programmer 1 3,00,000
Maintenance
Training / Operating 1,50,000
Miscellaneous Expenses 2,00,000
Total 29,12,000

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Focused Users
Digital libraries are the logical extensions and augmentations of physical libraries in the electronic
information society. As extensions, digital libraries amplify existing resources and services and, as
augmentations, they enable new kinds of human problem solving and expression. The proposed e-
Library will serve both students and teachers of the department . Besides , researchers and any
knowledge seeker will meet up his / her thirst of knowledge from this e-library .
Off-Campus :The assumption that the e-library will become more interdependent with information
organizations off-campus is predicated on the logic of the network’s development. The library will
ensure followings for off-campus users :
 service points (academic libraries) managing access (online, print on- demand, and other means)
 digital repositories (managing electronic corpora and ensuring they are available for different
service points)
 print repositories that preserve the physical artifacts and make them available to scholars whose
research requires that they handle the objects
 provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to address many technical and
intellectual challenges
 focused on developing digital collections and providing rather limited access services.
 As research issues related to content includes the integration of multimedia objects; data
acquisition, including analog to digital conversion; metadata extraction and standardization;
procedures for indexing, storage and retrieval; workflow processes and management; and
collection preservation and maintenance. Service research issues are strongly dependent on user
interfaces and include search, filtering and browsing; reference and question answering; and
instruction. Technology research efforts are mainly related to high-speed networking, search
engines, interface design, security and billing, and interoperability across many digital libraries.
This e-library will facilitate with such things to researchers .
This e-library will acts as a distribution agent responsible for ensuring online access to many scholarly
journals. It is also an archival repository that ensures that these journals persist in their digital form
On-Campus : The On-Campus aim of the e-library include :
 Serving a wide range of users
 Serving a wide variety of information needs
 Helping users distinguish primary and secondary materials (including multiple layers of each)
 Helping users make links among items across different collections and reading rooms
 Capturing the essential elements of the reference interview so that users can findwhat they need
without human intervention
 Communicating to the user and giving pointers to external resources
 Developing new techniques to search for multimedia objects and to integrate those techniques
into the interface (e.g., visual and audio query languages)
 Helping users distinguish secondary and primary materials
 Distinguishing and rapidly displaying texts, graphics, and sounds to facilitate browsing
 Allowing users to search across collections or not; and if they choose to limit searching to a
collection, provide clear linkages to other collections

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Advantages
Possible outcomes on teaching and learning:
 Build on the strength of the University Libraries’ commitment to information literacy.
 Facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and sharing of perspectives.
 Help faculty bring innovative concepts to reality.
 Foster student’s creativity and broaden their experience and information base.
 Assist faculty in enhancing course content and in exploring teaching techniques.
 Provide an arena for dialog among disciplines and among campuses.
 Provide an additional and rich tool in the faculty’s teaching repertoire.
 Serve the university community and provide an excellent means of outreach to the local,
national, and international educational community.
 Enhance the role of an established educational entity on campus.
 Place leading edge technology at the disposal of educators who have ideas for enhancing
teaching and learning.
 Provide expertise to assist faculty in implementing innovative approach to teaching.
 Support distance education in delivering educational opportunities wherever the students may
be.
 Minimize disorientation by reducing navigation (e.g., minimize scrolling and jumping,
flattening hierarchy) and anchoring users in a consistent context;
 Provide primary information at the earliest point in the interaction as possible;
 Support rapid relevance decisions through overviews and previews.
Conclusion
To be perceived as a leader in the digital world will become increasingly important as that world
becomes more pervasive, and educational institutions will increasingly be judged by their success in it.
The DLC could be a critical tool to enable the University to achieve these ambitious goals. Since the
world of digital libraries is so new, much research potential still exists.
The model of digital libraries proposed in this research was formulated based on the general literature
on digital libraries. The model comprising the components that made up the digital library and factors
that impacted on its environment. Originally, it was considered that all components were equally
applicable to all libraries, as the literature on the topic did not provide any guidance as to the relative
importance or utility of each activity. On this basis, Internet and Intranets, electronic publications,
electronic document delivery and end-user services comprise the core digital library components, while
integrated access to information, digitization of materials, resource sharing and library cooperation are
optional.
However, the basic model was developed from digital library literature drawn from all library sectors,
and wishing to develop digital libraries suitable for Department of Public Administration , University of
Dhaka .

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References :
1. Magnussen , Amanda , 2000 , Creating Digital Libraries : A Model for Digital Library
Development , Canberra , Australia
2. Greenstein , Daniel and Thorin, Suzanne E. , 2002 , The Digital Library: A Biography ,
Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, D.C.
3. McCray , Alexa T. and Gallagher, Marie E., 2001, Principles for Digital Library
Development
4. Saracevic , Tefko , 2000 , Evaluation of digital libraries: An overview , New Brunswick, NJ
USA
5. Rothman , David H., 2001 , A Proposal for Creating a National Digital Library System in
the Public Mode
6. Bergman , Lawrence D. ; Castelli, Vittorio ; Li, Chung-Sheng and Smith , John R. , 1999 ,
Advanced techniques for digital libraries , NY, USA
7. Wayne State College , .., Using Library
8. Bainbridge, David ; Don, Katherine J. and Barr , Malcolm I. ,.., Dynamic digital library
construction and configuration , Hamilton, New Zealand