TEMPERATURE.pdf for all health care givers.
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Body temperature is regulated by the balance of heat produced and heat lost. There are two types of temperature - core temperature which remains constant, and surface temperature which fluctuates in response to the environment. Normal body temperature for adults ranges from 36-38°C (96.8-100°F) when measured orally. Alterations in body temperature include pyrexia (fever) when temperature is above normal, and hypothermia when temperature is below normal. Different sites can be used to measure temperature including oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic membrane and temporal artery. Thermometers contain mercury which expands uniformly with temperature changes, making it sensitive for measuring small variations.
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VITAL SIGNS.pdf
This document discusses vital signs, specifically temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines vital signs and describes the physiological concepts and normal ranges for temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Factors that affect vital signs are discussed. Methods for measuring temperature, pulse, and blood pressure are presented along with important assessment points and safety precautions. [END SUMMARY]
Vital signs
Vital signs are key physiological measurements that include body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. They provide basic information about the functioning of major organ systems and can help detect medical issues. Normal ranges vary with age, but body temperature typically ranges from 36-37°C, pulse from 60-100 beats/minute, respiration from 12-20 breaths/minute, and blood pressure from 90/60 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg for adults. Abnormal vital signs can indicate conditions like fever, infection, shock, or hypotension and should be monitored closely.
vital signs.pptx
vital signs
physiological concept of temperature respiration and blood pressure
types of body temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a measurement of heat or cold expressed on a scale, with the most common scales being Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Celsius uses 0°C as the freezing point of water and 100°C as the boiling point. Fahrenheit uses 32°F and 212°F as these points. Kelvin uses 0K as absolute zero. Normal human body temperature is around 37°C or 98.6°F measured orally. Temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus and can be influenced by factors like exercise, age, and menstruation. Elevated temperature is a fever while lowered temperature is hypothermia.
Temperature.ppt.
Body temperature is regulated by balancing heat production and heat loss. The normal human body temperature ranges from 97-99°F orally and 36.1-37.2°C rectally. Temperature is precisely controlled through neural, vascular, behavioral and other physiological mechanisms. Fever is defined as a temperature above the normal range due to infection, illness or other causes, while hypothermia is a temperature below 35°C due to cold exposure or other factors. Nursing care focuses on monitoring temperature, providing supportive care and rewarming or cooling interventions as needed to maintain a normal temperature range.
Altered body temperature
Temperature is the balance between the heat production and heat loss.
A brief outline of diffrent aspects regarding body temperature is discussed here under following headings
*Normal body temperature regulation
*Fever of unknown origin
*Hyperthermia
*Hypothermia
*Frost bite
Vital signs revised_final_compatibility_mode_
Vital signs include temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. They provide important information about the body's physiological status. Temperature is maintained by the thermoregulatory system and can be abnormality increased or decreased. Pulse represents the heartbeat and is assessed by rate, rhythm, volume, and quality. Respiration supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the respiratory system which is regulated by the respiratory center. Abnormal respiratory patterns include dyspnea, tachypnea, and bradypnea. Regular vital sign monitoring helps establish treatment goals and assess treatment effectiveness.
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VITAL SIGNS.pdf
This document discusses vital signs, specifically temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines vital signs and describes the physiological concepts and normal ranges for temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Factors that affect vital signs are discussed. Methods for measuring temperature, pulse, and blood pressure are presented along with important assessment points and safety precautions. [END SUMMARY]
Vital signs
Vital signs are key physiological measurements that include body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. They provide basic information about the functioning of major organ systems and can help detect medical issues. Normal ranges vary with age, but body temperature typically ranges from 36-37°C, pulse from 60-100 beats/minute, respiration from 12-20 breaths/minute, and blood pressure from 90/60 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg for adults. Abnormal vital signs can indicate conditions like fever, infection, shock, or hypotension and should be monitored closely.
vital signs.pptx
vital signs
physiological concept of temperature respiration and blood pressure
types of body temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a measurement of heat or cold expressed on a scale, with the most common scales being Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Celsius uses 0°C as the freezing point of water and 100°C as the boiling point. Fahrenheit uses 32°F and 212°F as these points. Kelvin uses 0K as absolute zero. Normal human body temperature is around 37°C or 98.6°F measured orally. Temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus and can be influenced by factors like exercise, age, and menstruation. Elevated temperature is a fever while lowered temperature is hypothermia.
Temperature.ppt.
Body temperature is regulated by balancing heat production and heat loss. The normal human body temperature ranges from 97-99°F orally and 36.1-37.2°C rectally. Temperature is precisely controlled through neural, vascular, behavioral and other physiological mechanisms. Fever is defined as a temperature above the normal range due to infection, illness or other causes, while hypothermia is a temperature below 35°C due to cold exposure or other factors. Nursing care focuses on monitoring temperature, providing supportive care and rewarming or cooling interventions as needed to maintain a normal temperature range.
Altered body temperature
Temperature is the balance between the heat production and heat loss.
A brief outline of diffrent aspects regarding body temperature is discussed here under following headings
*Normal body temperature regulation
*Fever of unknown origin
*Hyperthermia
*Hypothermia
*Frost bite
Vital signs revised_final_compatibility_mode_
Vital signs include temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. They provide important information about the body's physiological status. Temperature is maintained by the thermoregulatory system and can be abnormality increased or decreased. Pulse represents the heartbeat and is assessed by rate, rhythm, volume, and quality. Respiration supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the respiratory system which is regulated by the respiratory center. Abnormal respiratory patterns include dyspnea, tachypnea, and bradypnea. Regular vital sign monitoring helps establish treatment goals and assess treatment effectiveness.
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This document provides information on assessing and interpreting vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. The procedures for measuring each vital sign are outlined, including the appropriate equipment and sites on the body. Reasons for routinely measuring vital signs and guidelines for documentation are also discussed.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperature
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your body’s ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95°F (35°C) or lower, you have “hypothermia.” This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6°F (42 °C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your body’s temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
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Fever
This document discusses body temperature regulation and fevers. It defines key terms like core temperature, surface temperature, and fever. Fever is caused by the hypothalamus setting a higher temperature set point in response to infections or other stimuli. Types of fevers include intermittent, remittent, sustained, and relapsing. Treatment involves antipyretics and addressing the underlying cause. Hyperthermia is an unintentional elevated temperature while hypothermia is a subnormal temperature. Frostbite results from freezing of tissues, especially the extremities. Proper first aid involves slowly rewarming while avoiding further injury.
Body temerature (3)
Body temperature is measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and normally ranges from 36-37.4°C orally. There are core and surface temperatures, with core being more constant near 37°C. Factors like basal metabolic rate, activity, and hormones influence heat production, while radiation, conduction, convection, and vaporization cause heat loss. Fever is a raised temperature over 37.5°C often caused by pyrogens like bacteria. Hypothermia is a lowered temperature below 35°C caused by exposure to cold. Nursing care for temperature issues focuses on monitoring, hydration, comfort measures, and antipyretic administration.
Fever
A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from person to person, but it is usually around 98.6 F. A fever is not a disease. It is usually a sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection. Infections cause most fevers
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1. Thermoregulation and maintaining normal body temperature is important for physiological functions. Anesthesia can impair this control.
2. Mild hypothermia during surgery can triple complications like infections and prolong recovery. Understanding normal and anesthetic-influenced thermoregulation helps prevent issues.
3. The body regulates temperature through thermoreceptors, the hypothalamus controlling effectors like vasoconstriction and sweating, and behaviors. Anesthesia can disrupt these homeostatic mechanisms.
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The document discusses the mechanism of temperature regulation in the human body. It explains that the hypothalamus contains heat gain and heat loss centers that regulate body temperature around 37°C. When temperature rises, the heat loss center promotes sweating and vasodilation to cool the body. When temperature falls, the heat gain center triggers shivering and increases metabolism through hormones to produce heat and warm the body. Precise regulation of heat loss and gain mechanisms maintains a stable core temperature.
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The document summarizes the mechanisms that regulate human body temperature. It discusses how the hypothalamus acts as the thermostat to maintain a normal temperature around 98.6°F by balancing heat production and heat loss. When core body temperature rises above or falls below this set point, the hypothalamus triggers responses like sweating or shivering to bring temperature back to normal. Fever results when pyrogens activate the hypothalamus to raise the set point in response to infection or inflammation. Heat stroke occurs when high temperatures overwhelm the body's ability to cool itself.
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1 body temperature
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The document discusses thermoregulation and the implications of hyperthermia and hypothermia during anesthesia. It covers topics such as the body's normal mechanisms for regulating temperature, how anesthesia can impair these mechanisms, different methods for monitoring body temperature, and various methods used to control body temperature during anesthesia. Maintaining normothermia is important as hypothermia can have deleterious effects and increase complications.
Temperature
Normal human body temperature varies throughout the day and depending on location of measurement. It averages 37°C but can fluctuate between 36.4-37.5°C. Temperature is lowest in the morning and highest in the late afternoon/evening, and also depends on activity, hunger, sleepiness and external temperature. Temperature is typically measured rectally, orally, axillary or tympanically. Hypothermia occurs when core temperature drops below 35°C and can be caused by prolonged cold exposure, while heat-related illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke happen when core temperature rises above normal due to exertion in hot weather.
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Temperature regulation
The document discusses temperature regulation in the human body. It notes that the core, which includes internal organs, is normally maintained at 37°C, while the shell of skin and limbs can vary depending on the environment. Several factors like time of day, exercise, emotions, and metabolism can cause small variations in core temperature. The hypothalamus contains heat- and cold-sensitive neurons that regulate temperature-adjusting mechanisms like sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation in response to temperature changes to maintain the core temperature set point near 37°C.
Temperature regulation
The document discusses temperature regulation in the human body. It notes that the core, which includes internal organs, maintains a normal temperature of around 37°C, while the shell, which includes skin and limbs, varies with the environmental temperature. It describes physiological variations in body temperature related to factors like time of day, exercise, ovulation, pregnancy, and age. The body maintains heat balance through mechanisms of heat production like metabolism and heat loss through radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction. Key temperature regulating centers are located in the hypothalamus and activate responses like sweating and shivering to maintain the set point temperature near 37°C. Fever occurs when pyrogens temporarily raise the hypothalamic set point
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the process by which organisms regulate internal conditions to maintain a stable and constant environment. Negative feedback loops play an important role in homeostasis, as the response works to remove or reduce the stimulus to bring the regulated factor back to its normal range. Thermoregulation, the ability to maintain a stable body temperature, is an important example of homeostasis that allows for optimal biological functioning across different temperatures. Both behavioral and physiological mechanisms enable endothermic and ectothermic organisms to regulate their body temperatures.
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The document discusses vital signs and taking body temperature measurements. It defines vital signs as body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure, which reflect the body's vital functions. Taking accurate vital sign measurements is important for assessing a patient's health status, planning care, understanding treatment effectiveness, and modifying treatment as needed. The document provides details on different methods and sites for measuring body temperature, factors that influence temperature regulation, and guidelines for properly taking and documenting temperature readings.
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Vital Sign-Tissymol Thomas.ppt
This document provides information on assessing and interpreting vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. The procedures for measuring each vital sign are outlined, including the appropriate equipment and sites on the body. Reasons for routinely measuring vital signs and guidelines for documentation are also discussed.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperature
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your body’s ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95°F (35°C) or lower, you have “hypothermia.” This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6°F (42 °C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your body’s temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
Vital sign
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
Fever
This document discusses body temperature regulation and fevers. It defines key terms like core temperature, surface temperature, and fever. Fever is caused by the hypothalamus setting a higher temperature set point in response to infections or other stimuli. Types of fevers include intermittent, remittent, sustained, and relapsing. Treatment involves antipyretics and addressing the underlying cause. Hyperthermia is an unintentional elevated temperature while hypothermia is a subnormal temperature. Frostbite results from freezing of tissues, especially the extremities. Proper first aid involves slowly rewarming while avoiding further injury.
Body temerature (3)
Body temperature is measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and normally ranges from 36-37.4°C orally. There are core and surface temperatures, with core being more constant near 37°C. Factors like basal metabolic rate, activity, and hormones influence heat production, while radiation, conduction, convection, and vaporization cause heat loss. Fever is a raised temperature over 37.5°C often caused by pyrogens like bacteria. Hypothermia is a lowered temperature below 35°C caused by exposure to cold. Nursing care for temperature issues focuses on monitoring, hydration, comfort measures, and antipyretic administration.
Fever
A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from person to person, but it is usually around 98.6 F. A fever is not a disease. It is usually a sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection. Infections cause most fevers
Thermoregulation: Implications of Hypothermia & Hyperthermia in Anaesthesia
1. Thermoregulation and maintaining normal body temperature is important for physiological functions. Anesthesia can impair this control.
2. Mild hypothermia during surgery can triple complications like infections and prolong recovery. Understanding normal and anesthetic-influenced thermoregulation helps prevent issues.
3. The body regulates temperature through thermoreceptors, the hypothalamus controlling effectors like vasoconstriction and sweating, and behaviors. Anesthesia can disrupt these homeostatic mechanisms.
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The document discusses the mechanism of temperature regulation in the human body. It explains that the hypothalamus contains heat gain and heat loss centers that regulate body temperature around 37°C. When temperature rises, the heat loss center promotes sweating and vasodilation to cool the body. When temperature falls, the heat gain center triggers shivering and increases metabolism through hormones to produce heat and warm the body. Precise regulation of heat loss and gain mechanisms maintains a stable core temperature.
Mechanism of body temperature
The document summarizes the mechanisms that regulate human body temperature. It discusses how the hypothalamus acts as the thermostat to maintain a normal temperature around 98.6°F by balancing heat production and heat loss. When core body temperature rises above or falls below this set point, the hypothalamus triggers responses like sweating or shivering to bring temperature back to normal. Fever results when pyrogens activate the hypothalamus to raise the set point in response to infection or inflammation. Heat stroke occurs when high temperatures overwhelm the body's ability to cool itself.
Vital Sign-SCTE.ppt
Vital signs include temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain. Procedures for accurately assessing each vital sign are described along with common factors that can influence readings. Key equipment for taking vital signs includes a thermometer, stethoscope, sphygmomanometer, watch, and recording sheet. Vital signs are usually taken on admission, with changes in condition, before/after certain medications or procedures, and according to hospital policy in order to monitor a patient's health status and detect any deviations from normal ranges.
1 body temperature
The document discusses body temperature measurement and fever in animals. It defines normal body temperatures for various animals and describes methods of measuring rectal temperature. It explains that mammals and birds are warm-blooded while others are cold-blooded. Fever is defined as an elevated core temperature above normal due to infection or inflammation. The stages of fever - increment, fastigium, and decrement - are outlined. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause with antimicrobials while antipyretics may help reduce discomfort from high temperatures.
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The document discusses thermoregulation and the implications of hyperthermia and hypothermia during anesthesia. It covers topics such as the body's normal mechanisms for regulating temperature, how anesthesia can impair these mechanisms, different methods for monitoring body temperature, and various methods used to control body temperature during anesthesia. Maintaining normothermia is important as hypothermia can have deleterious effects and increase complications.
Temperature
Normal human body temperature varies throughout the day and depending on location of measurement. It averages 37°C but can fluctuate between 36.4-37.5°C. Temperature is lowest in the morning and highest in the late afternoon/evening, and also depends on activity, hunger, sleepiness and external temperature. Temperature is typically measured rectally, orally, axillary or tympanically. Hypothermia occurs when core temperature drops below 35°C and can be caused by prolonged cold exposure, while heat-related illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke happen when core temperature rises above normal due to exertion in hot weather.
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The document discusses temperature regulation in the human body. It notes that the core, which includes internal organs, is normally maintained at 37°C, while the shell of skin and limbs can vary depending on the environment. Several factors like time of day, exercise, emotions, and metabolism can cause small variations in core temperature. The hypothalamus contains heat- and cold-sensitive neurons that regulate temperature-adjusting mechanisms like sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation in response to temperature changes to maintain the core temperature set point near 37°C.
Temperature regulation
The document discusses temperature regulation in the human body. It notes that the core, which includes internal organs, maintains a normal temperature of around 37°C, while the shell, which includes skin and limbs, varies with the environmental temperature. It describes physiological variations in body temperature related to factors like time of day, exercise, ovulation, pregnancy, and age. The body maintains heat balance through mechanisms of heat production like metabolism and heat loss through radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction. Key temperature regulating centers are located in the hypothalamus and activate responses like sweating and shivering to maintain the set point temperature near 37°C. Fever occurs when pyrogens temporarily raise the hypothalamic set point
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the process by which organisms regulate internal conditions to maintain a stable and constant environment. Negative feedback loops play an important role in homeostasis, as the response works to remove or reduce the stimulus to bring the regulated factor back to its normal range. Thermoregulation, the ability to maintain a stable body temperature, is an important example of homeostasis that allows for optimal biological functioning across different temperatures. Both behavioral and physiological mechanisms enable endothermic and ectothermic organisms to regulate their body temperatures.
Vital Signs.pptx
The document discusses vital signs and taking body temperature measurements. It defines vital signs as body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure, which reflect the body's vital functions. Taking accurate vital sign measurements is important for assessing a patient's health status, planning care, understanding treatment effectiveness, and modifying treatment as needed. The document provides details on different methods and sites for measuring body temperature, factors that influence temperature regulation, and guidelines for properly taking and documenting temperature readings.
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Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperature
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperature
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Thermoregulation: Implications of Hypothermia & Hyperthermia in Anaesthesia
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- 1. TEMPERATURE
- 2. TEMPERATURE Body Temperature: It is the hotness or coldness of the body. Heat produced – Heat lost = Body temperature Types: There are two kinds of temperature.. 1. Core Temperature 2. Surface Temperature Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 3. Temperature Purposes: To obtain a base line data for subsequent evaluation To determine changes in body temperature in response to specific therapies To monitor patient at risk for elevated temperature Equipment: Thermometer
- 4. TEMPERATURE Core Temperature: is the temperature of the deep tissues of the body. It remains constant and varies very little as + 1 F except when a person has a fever. We measure it with a thermometer. Surface Temperature: by contrast the temperature of the surface or skin, fluctuate (rises or fall) in response to the environment. Normal body temperature: is not an exact point on a scale but a range of temperatures. When measured orally for an adult, on an average it is between 36-38 C (96.8 – 100 F). Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 5. Normal range of body temperature (Adults) Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 6. ALTERATION IN BODY TEMPERATURE Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 7. ALTERATION IN BODY TEMPERATURE The normal range for adults is considered to be between 36°C and 37.5°C (96.8°F to 99.5°F). There are two primary alterations in body temperature: 1. Pyrexia or Hyperthermia 2. Hypothermia. 1. Pyrexia A body temperature above the usual range is called pyrexia, hyperthermia, or (in lay terms) fever. A very high fever, such as 41°C (105.8°F), is called hyperpyrexia. Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 8. Pyrexia 1. Low Pyrexia: The fever does not rise more than 99 to 100 F 2. Moderate Pyrexia: Body temperature remain between 100-103 degree F 3. High Pyrexia: Body temperature remain between 103- 105 degree F 4. Hyperpyrexia: Temperature above 105 degree F Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 10. Hypothermia Hypothermia is a core body temperature below the lower limit of normal i.e. 95 F or 35 C. The three physiological mechanisms of hypothermia are (a) Excessive heat loss, (b) Inadequate heat production to counteract heat loss, (c) Impaired hypothalamic thermoregulation If skin and underlying tissues are damaged by freezing cold, this results in frostbite. Frostbite most commonly occurs in hands, feet, nose, and ears in which ice crystal forms inside the cell and damage it. Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 11. Sites to Measure Temperature Oral Rectal Axillary Tympanic membrane Temporal artery Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 12. Types Of Thermometer Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 14. Thermometer Two parts of thermometer-bulb and stem • Blub is fragile part, containing mercury, sensitive to temperature. • Stem is hollow tube in which mercury can rise. There are two scales, Fahrenheit and Celsius Mercury, a liquid metal, with silvery appearance is used in thermometers, because it is very sensitive to a small changes in temperature, expansion of mercury is uniform, easily visible. Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 15. Temperature: Safety Precautions • Hold rectal and axillary thermometers in place • Stay with resident when taking temperature • Prior to use, shake liquid in glass down • Shake thermometer away from resident and hard objects • Wipe from end to tip of thermometer prior to reading • Delay taking oral temperature for 10 - 15 minutes if resident has been smoking, eating or drinking hot/cold liquids. Insta ; husain.z.kmu
- 16. Conti… • Oral – most common, most convenient • Rectal – registers one degree Fahrenheit higher than oral, most accurate • Axillary – least accurate; registers one degree Fahrenheit lower than oral • Tympanic – probe inserted into the ear canal Insta ; husain.z.kmu