Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res ...
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Quality Of Life, Spirituality and Social Support among Caregivers of Cancer P...iosrjce
Caregiving can be both rewarding and challenging. Literature suggests that family caregivers may
experience increased symptoms of psychological and social malfunctioning. However, it may also provide one
with opportunities to renew relationships or feel connected to a higher power. The current study is an attempt to
investigate how caregiving influences a person’s general wellbeing. The sample consisted of 25 caregivers of
cancer patients and 25 appropriately matched control.World Health Organization- QOL (1991),
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet, et al (1988) and Spiritual Perspective Scale by
Reed (1986) were used to asses QOL, Social support and spirituality respectively. The obtained data was
analyzed in SPSS using independent sample t-test. Results indicated a significant difference between Caregivers
and the control group on QOL, spirituality and social support.
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
AbstractThree hundred and four participants in the Lothian Bir.docxannetnash8266
Abstract
Three hundred and four participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study took a validated IQ-type test at age 11 years and a battery of cognitive tests at age 70 years. Three tests of health literacy were completed at age 72 years; the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Participants who had a lower childhood IQ exhibited poorer performance on all three tests of health literacy taken in older adulthood. Relative cognitive change from age 11 to 70 and education were also important factors influencing performance on health literacy tasks, independent of childhood cognitive ability. It is important to understand the determinants of low health literacy in order to support individuals in managing their own health.
Research highlights
► Childhood IQ, relative cognitive change (age 11 to 70) & education were measured. ► Participants with lower childhood IQ had poorer health literacy scores at 72 years. ► Cognitive change & education influenced health literacy independent of childhood IQ. ► Understanding predictors of health literacy, could improve self-management of health.
Keywords
Health literacy;
IQ;
Cognition;
Health outcomes;
Cognitive change;
Old age
1. Introduction
Increasingly, individuals are expected to manage their health and partake in behaviors to either prevent or self-manage disease. For those who lack the cognitive or financial resources, health knowledge, or access to healthcare services, meeting these expectations can be difficult. Health literacy, “the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions” (Ratzan & Parker, 2000) has been pinpointed as one key resource that individuals use to promote, protect, and manage their health. Recently, several brief assessment tools to measure health literacy skills have been developed and considered for clinical use. There is a well-established association between lower scores on these measures and an increased likelihood of adverse health outcomes (DeWalt, Berkman, Sheridan, Lohr, & Pignone, 2004), such as higher risk of hospital admission (Baker et al., 2002 and Baker et al., 1998), poor self reported health (Baker et al., 1997 and Wolf et al., 2005), pursuing poor health behaviors (Von Wagner, Knight, Steptoe, & Wardle, 2007), lack of knowledge about preventive healthcare (Scott, Gazmararian, Williams, & Baker, 2002), and higher mortality (Baker et al., 2007 and Sudore et al., 2006). Individuals with poor health literacy may not fully understand or appropriately apply health-related knowledge to manage their health. Therefore, health service providers are obliged to consider health literacy an important issue.
General cognitive ability (intelligence) – the capacity to learn and reason well, spot and solve problems, and use abstract ideas (Gottfredson, 2008) – has also been associated wit.
Persistent link httpssearch-proquest-com.library.capella.edu.docxkarlhennesey
Persistent link
https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1985859541/fulltextPDF/F5256BEE3BF74331PQ/1?accountid=27965
This is the reference for this article:
Johnson, E. T., Kaseroff, A., Flowers, S., Sung, C., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., . . . Catalano, D. (2017). Psychosocial mechanisms explaining the association between spirituality and happiness in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 83(4), 34-42.
Abstract
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The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
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Headnote
The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
At the onset of a traumatic disability, such as a spinal cord injury (SCI), a person's spiritual beliefs may provide a mechanism for healing and coping with stress (Marini & Glover-Graf, ...
Health Psychology Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Lossijtsrd
This article discusses the psychological adjustment of adults to severe or incurable diseases or other loss. The stress that results from a diagnosis of illness or loss depends on many factors, such as the beliefs of each individual and the social context. Considering the diversity of human perceptions, feelings and behaviors, it was considered important for the present study to include a theory of stress and treatment related to physical illness. At the center of attention are end stage individuals, not their organic problems but mainly their psychological state and that of their families. Reference is then made to the loss of loved one and the period of mourning. As regards the disease response, there is a difference between the immediate reaction to loss, what we call mourning, and the adaptation to a new way of life without the loved one. Finally, the role of therapeutic communication between patients and their families and mental health professionals, as well as the need to maintain psychological balance, is also described. Agathi Argyriadi | Alexandros Argyriadis ""Health Psychology: Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Loss"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23200.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/23200/health-psychology-psychological-adjustment-to-the-disease-disability-and-loss/agathi-argyriadi
CHAPTER CONTENTSCultural Differences in the Definition of Health.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Cultural Differences in the Definition of Health
Comparison Across Cultures
Comparison Within Cultures
Three Indicators of Health World Wide
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
Subjective Well-Being
Genetic Influences on Physical Health and Disease
Psychosocial Influences on Physical Health and Disease
Social Isolation and Mortality
Sociocultural Influences on Physical Health and Disease
Cultural Dimensions and Diseases
Cultural Discrepancies and Physical Health
Culture, Body Shape, and Eating Disorders
Culture and Obesity
Culture and Suicide
Acculturation and the Immigrant Paradox
Summary
Differences in Health Care and Medical Delivery Systems
A Model of Cultural Influences on Physical Health: Putting It All Together
Exploration and Discovery
Why Does This Matter to Me?
Suggestions for Further Exploration
Glossary
One major role of psychology is to improve the lives of the people we touch. Whether through research, service, or provision of primary or secondary health care, we look forward to the day when we can adequately prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, and foster positive states of being in balance with others and the environment. This is not an easy task; a multitude of forces influences our health and the development of diseases.
As we strive to meet this challenge, the important role of culture in contributing to the maintenance of health and the etiology and treatment of disease has become increasingly clear. Although our goals of maintaining health and preventing and treating diseases may be the same across cultures, cultures vary in their perceptions of illness and their definitions of what is considered healthy and what is considered a disease. From anthropological and sociological perspectives, disease refers to a “malfunctioning or maladaptation of biologic and psychophysiologic processes in the individual” and illness refers to the “personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease or discomfort” (Kleinman, Eisenberg, & Good, 2006; p. 141). Thus, how we view health, disease, and illness, is strongly shaped by culture.
This chapter explores how cultural factors sway physical health and disease processes, and investigates our attempts to treat both psychological and sociological influences. We begin with an examination of cultural differences in the definition of health and present three indicators of health worldwide: life expectancy, infant mortality, and subjective well-being. We will then review the considerable amount of research concerning the relationship between culture and heart disease, other physical disease processes, eating disorders, obesity, and suicide. Next, we will explore differences in health care systems across countries. Finally, we will summarize the research in the form of a model of cultural influences on health.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH
Comparison Across Cultures
Before we look at how culture influences health and disease processes, we need to examine ex ...
Towards a Critical Health Equity Research Stance: Why Epistemology and Method...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Qualitative methods are not intrinsically progressive. Methods are simply tools to conduct research. Epistemology, the justification of knowledge, shapes methodology and methods, and thus is a vital starting point for a critical health equity research stance, regardless of whether the methods are qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. In line with this premise, I address four themes in this commentary. First, I criticize the ubiquitous and uncritical use of the term health disparities in U.S. public health. Next, I advocate for the increased use of qualitative methodologies—namely, photovoice and critical ethnography— that, pursuant to critical approaches, prioritize dismantling social–structural inequities as a prerequisite to health equity. Thereafter, I discuss epistemological stance and its influence on all aspects of the research process. Finally, I highlight my critical discourse analysis HIV prevention research based on individual interviews and focus groups with Black men, as an example of a critical health equity research approach.
EMPIRICAL STUDYThe meaning of learning to live with medica.docxSALU18
EMPIRICAL STUDY
The meaning of learning to live with medically
unexplained symptoms as narrated by patients in primary
care: A phenomenological�hermeneutic study
EVA LIDÉN, PhD1, ELISABETH BJÖRK-BRÄMBERG, PhD2 &
STAFFAN SVENSSON, MD3
1Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden, and 3Angered Family Medicine Unit, Angered, Sweden
Abstract
Background: Although research about medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is extensive, problems still affect a
large group of primary care patients. Most research seems to address the topic from a problem-oriented, medical
perspective, and there is a lack of research addressing the topic from a perspective viewing the patient as a capable person
with potential and resources to manage daily life. The aim of the present study is to describe and interpret the experiences of
learning to live with MUS as narrated by patients in primary health-care settings.
Methods: A phenomenological�hermeneutic method was used. Narrative interviews were performed with ten patients
suffering from MUS aged 24�61 years. Data were analysed in three steps: naive reading, structural analysis, and
comprehensive understanding.
Findings: The findings revealed a learning process that is presented in two themes. The first, feeling that the symptoms
overwhelm life, involved becoming restricted and dependent in daily life and losing the sense of self. The second, gaining
insights and moving on, was based on subthemes describing the patients’ search for explanations, learning to take care of
oneself, as well as learning to accept and becoming mindful. The findings were reflected against Antonovsky’s theory of sense
of coherence and Kelly’s personal construct theory. Possibilities and obstacles, on an individual as well as a structural level,
for promoting patients’ capacity and learning were illuminated.
Conclusions: Patients suffering from MUS constantly engage in a reflective process involving reasoning about and
interpretation of their symptoms. Their efforts to describe their symptoms to healthcare professionals are part of this
reflection and search for meaning. The role of healthcare professionals in the interpretative process should be acknowledged
as a conventional and necessary care activity.
Key words: MUS, primary care, person centred care, phenomenological-hermeneutics
(Accepted: 19 March 2015; Published: 16 April 2015)
Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is a condi-
tion that affects a large but heterogeneous group
of people. The health services have so far been
unsuccessful in addressing the healthcare needs of
these people, partly because of outdated theories and
diagnostic systems that fail to encompass the com-
plexity of the patients’ health problems (Fink &
Rosendal, 2008). The lack of a medical explanation
and cure leaves patients and healthcare professionals
in a ...
One major role of psychology is to improve the lives of the people.docxcherishwinsland
One major role of psychology is to improve the lives of the people we touch. Whether through research, service, or provision of primary or secondary health care, we look forward to the day when we can adequately prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, and foster positive states of being in balance with others and the environment. This is not an easy task; a multitude of forces influences our health and the development of diseases.
As we strive to meet this challenge, the important role of culture in contributing to the maintenance of health and the etiology and treatment of disease has become increasingly clear. Although our goals of maintaining health and preventing and treating diseases may be the same across cultures, cultures vary in their perceptions of illness and their definitions of what is considered healthy and what is considered a disease. From anthropological and sociological perspectives, disease refers to a “malfunctioning or maladaptation of biologic and psychophysiologic processes in the individual” and illness refers to the “personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease or discomfort” (Kleinman, Eisenberg, & Good, 2006; p. 141). Thus, how we view health, disease, and illness, is strongly shaped by culture.
This chapter explores how cultural factors sway physical health and disease processes, and investigates our attempts to treat both psychological and sociological influences. We begin with an examination of cultural differences in the definition of health and present three indicators of health worldwide: life expectancy, infant mortality, and subjective well-being. We will then review the considerable amount of research concerning the relationship between culture and heart disease, other physical disease processes, eating disorders, obesity, and suicide. Next, we will explore differences in health care systems across countries. Finally, we will summarize the research in the form of a model of cultural influences on health.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH
Comparison Across Cultures
Before we look at how culture influences health and disease processes, we need to examine exactly what we mean by health. More than 60 years ago, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a definition at the International Health Conference, at which 61 countries were represented. They defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” The WHO definition goes on further to say that “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs or economic and social conditions” (World Health Organization, 1948). This definition of health is still used by the WHO today.
In the United States, our views of health have been heavily influenced by what many call the biomedical model of health and disease (Kleinman et al., 2006). Trad.
Activity: Week 2 SWOT PowerPoint
Due Week 2 and worth 200 points
Dr. John Bradley is an Emergency Room physician. He worked a 24-hour shift due to a staff shortage. As a result, he had a patient that died because he failed to provide a duty of care, he breached his duty, and caused an injury. A prima facie case of negligence was established when Dr. Bradley failed to provide appropriate medical care. Liability was also based on ‘res ipsa loguitor’ (the thing speaks for itself). The incident is considered a Sentinel Event and must be reported to The Joint Commission (a non-profit hospital regulatory agency).
After a trend analysis of several Sentinel Events, “We Care Hospital” fired the Health Care Administrator. As a result, you were hired as the new Health Care Administrator. You have reviewed the Sentinel Event with Dr. John Bradley and discovered several factors that showed the hospital was negligent. The three basic forms for negligence are malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance. Your first task is to rationalize your answers by using any applicable legal precedents.
Then, prepare a Microsoft PowerPoint 10-slide narrative using a SWOT Analysis. A SWOT Analysis identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a situation. Review the video: Strategic Planning and SWOT Analysis. To help you prepare the narrative PowerPoint using Microsoft 365 and older versions, review the video: Record a slide show with narration and slide timings.
Your 10-slide SWOT PowerPoint should follow this format:
1. Slide 1: Cover Page
a. Include the title of your presentation, the course number and course title, your name, your professor’s name, and the date.
2. Slide 2: Background / Executive Summary
a. Describe the details of the situation. Use bullets with short sentences. The title of this slide should be Executive Summary.
3. Slide 3: Thesis Statement
a. Identify the focus of your research. The title of this slide should be Thesis Statement.
4. Slides 4-9: Support
a. Support your thesis statement following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. (An overview of using Sublevel 1 and Sublevel 2 headings is provided in the following video: APA Style - Formatting the Title Page, Abstract, and Body).
b. You should include at least three court cases and related peer-reviewed articles from within the past five years. In-text citations should be in the American Psychological Association (APA) format.
5. Slides 10: References
a. Use APA format for your Reference slide. (To help you with APA in-text citations and your Reference list, some students use Citation Machine.
Note: Writing Resources are available from Strayer University’s Writing Center, Tutor.com, and Grammarly.com.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Examine the various applications of the law within the health care system.
· Analyze how such various applications of the law affect decisions in the development and operation of a heal ...
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept in determining the adding of life to years. The quality of
life is influenced by social, economic, psychological domains which influence and are significant to older
people. These domains vary according to the individual’s life characteristics including social and personal
circumstances. The aim of this article is to be informative and to provide a view on how health problems of
elderly affect the quality of life.
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Living in a Sustainable WorldImagine a future in which human bei.docxmanningchassidy
Living in a Sustainable World
Imagine a future in which human beings have achieved environmental sustainability on a global scale. In this second part of your final assignment, you will be describing what a sustainable Earth will look like in the future, providing examples throughout to support your descriptions.
You will be including all the terms that you have researched during Week 1 through 4 of this class, underlining each term as you include it. In your paper, use grammar and spell-checking programs to insure clarity.
1. Food web
2.Composting
3. (did not complete)
4. Nuclear Energy
Your paper will consist of seven paragraphs: an introduction, a conclusion, and one paragraph relating to each week’s topic. In your paper, use this format to address the following elements with the assumption that environmental sustainability has been achieved:
Introduction:
Describe how our relationship to nature will be different from what it is at present.
Examine how we will cope differently with the ways that natural phenomena affect our lives.
Week 1:
Describe what Earth’s biodiversity and ecosystems will look like.
Week 2:
Examine how agricultural production will be different in the future.
Week 3:
Differentiate between how we will manage our water resources in the future compared to how we do so right now.
Week 4:
Examine how we will meet our energy needs in the future in a way that will enable us to maintain a habitable atmosphere and climate.
Week 5:
Describe how waste management will be different in the future.
Conclusion:
Summarize some of the major social, economic, political, and ecological choices and tradeoffs that will need to be overcome for this sustainable future to arrive.
The Part 2 of the Journey to Sustainability paper
Must be 7 paragraphs in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s
APA Style resource (Links to an external site.)
.
Must incorporate all four of your previously selected terms.
Must utilize academic voice. See the
Academic Voice (Links to an external site.)
resource for additional guidance.
Can include, as an option, credible and/or scholarly sources in addition to the course text for each term covered.
The
Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.)
table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
Must document any information used from sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s
Citing Within Your Paper guide (Links to an external site.)
.
(Links to an external site.)
Can include, as an option, a separate references list that i.
LO Analyze Culture and SocialDiscuss the concepts in this c.docxmanningchassidy
LO: Analyze Culture and Social
Discuss the concepts in this chapter as they relate to
American Idol
. Consider the cultural implications of the
Idol
contest in other countries, such as Norway, South Africa, Poland, the Philippines, and the Arab World. For example, in developing nations, what percentage of the population has television, cell phones, and the Internet? Can one genre of music or type of artist possibly represent the tastes of citizens throughout a whole country? Consider whether popular culture is universal; what it means that the idol winners in other nations may or may not find rags-to-riches stories, depending on the infrastructure of their society; and why it is significant to identify winners as "idols" of an entire country.
Here is the Wikipedia on World Idol:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Idol
.
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Quality Of Life, Spirituality and Social Support among Caregivers of Cancer P...iosrjce
Caregiving can be both rewarding and challenging. Literature suggests that family caregivers may
experience increased symptoms of psychological and social malfunctioning. However, it may also provide one
with opportunities to renew relationships or feel connected to a higher power. The current study is an attempt to
investigate how caregiving influences a person’s general wellbeing. The sample consisted of 25 caregivers of
cancer patients and 25 appropriately matched control.World Health Organization- QOL (1991),
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet, et al (1988) and Spiritual Perspective Scale by
Reed (1986) were used to asses QOL, Social support and spirituality respectively. The obtained data was
analyzed in SPSS using independent sample t-test. Results indicated a significant difference between Caregivers
and the control group on QOL, spirituality and social support.
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
AbstractThree hundred and four participants in the Lothian Bir.docxannetnash8266
Abstract
Three hundred and four participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study took a validated IQ-type test at age 11 years and a battery of cognitive tests at age 70 years. Three tests of health literacy were completed at age 72 years; the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Participants who had a lower childhood IQ exhibited poorer performance on all three tests of health literacy taken in older adulthood. Relative cognitive change from age 11 to 70 and education were also important factors influencing performance on health literacy tasks, independent of childhood cognitive ability. It is important to understand the determinants of low health literacy in order to support individuals in managing their own health.
Research highlights
► Childhood IQ, relative cognitive change (age 11 to 70) & education were measured. ► Participants with lower childhood IQ had poorer health literacy scores at 72 years. ► Cognitive change & education influenced health literacy independent of childhood IQ. ► Understanding predictors of health literacy, could improve self-management of health.
Keywords
Health literacy;
IQ;
Cognition;
Health outcomes;
Cognitive change;
Old age
1. Introduction
Increasingly, individuals are expected to manage their health and partake in behaviors to either prevent or self-manage disease. For those who lack the cognitive or financial resources, health knowledge, or access to healthcare services, meeting these expectations can be difficult. Health literacy, “the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions” (Ratzan & Parker, 2000) has been pinpointed as one key resource that individuals use to promote, protect, and manage their health. Recently, several brief assessment tools to measure health literacy skills have been developed and considered for clinical use. There is a well-established association between lower scores on these measures and an increased likelihood of adverse health outcomes (DeWalt, Berkman, Sheridan, Lohr, & Pignone, 2004), such as higher risk of hospital admission (Baker et al., 2002 and Baker et al., 1998), poor self reported health (Baker et al., 1997 and Wolf et al., 2005), pursuing poor health behaviors (Von Wagner, Knight, Steptoe, & Wardle, 2007), lack of knowledge about preventive healthcare (Scott, Gazmararian, Williams, & Baker, 2002), and higher mortality (Baker et al., 2007 and Sudore et al., 2006). Individuals with poor health literacy may not fully understand or appropriately apply health-related knowledge to manage their health. Therefore, health service providers are obliged to consider health literacy an important issue.
General cognitive ability (intelligence) – the capacity to learn and reason well, spot and solve problems, and use abstract ideas (Gottfredson, 2008) – has also been associated wit.
Persistent link httpssearch-proquest-com.library.capella.edu.docxkarlhennesey
Persistent link
https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1985859541/fulltextPDF/F5256BEE3BF74331PQ/1?accountid=27965
This is the reference for this article:
Johnson, E. T., Kaseroff, A., Flowers, S., Sung, C., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., . . . Catalano, D. (2017). Psychosocial mechanisms explaining the association between spirituality and happiness in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 83(4), 34-42.
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The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
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Headnote
The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
At the onset of a traumatic disability, such as a spinal cord injury (SCI), a person's spiritual beliefs may provide a mechanism for healing and coping with stress (Marini & Glover-Graf, ...
Health Psychology Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Lossijtsrd
This article discusses the psychological adjustment of adults to severe or incurable diseases or other loss. The stress that results from a diagnosis of illness or loss depends on many factors, such as the beliefs of each individual and the social context. Considering the diversity of human perceptions, feelings and behaviors, it was considered important for the present study to include a theory of stress and treatment related to physical illness. At the center of attention are end stage individuals, not their organic problems but mainly their psychological state and that of their families. Reference is then made to the loss of loved one and the period of mourning. As regards the disease response, there is a difference between the immediate reaction to loss, what we call mourning, and the adaptation to a new way of life without the loved one. Finally, the role of therapeutic communication between patients and their families and mental health professionals, as well as the need to maintain psychological balance, is also described. Agathi Argyriadi | Alexandros Argyriadis ""Health Psychology: Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Loss"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23200.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/23200/health-psychology-psychological-adjustment-to-the-disease-disability-and-loss/agathi-argyriadi
CHAPTER CONTENTSCultural Differences in the Definition of Health.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Cultural Differences in the Definition of Health
Comparison Across Cultures
Comparison Within Cultures
Three Indicators of Health World Wide
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
Subjective Well-Being
Genetic Influences on Physical Health and Disease
Psychosocial Influences on Physical Health and Disease
Social Isolation and Mortality
Sociocultural Influences on Physical Health and Disease
Cultural Dimensions and Diseases
Cultural Discrepancies and Physical Health
Culture, Body Shape, and Eating Disorders
Culture and Obesity
Culture and Suicide
Acculturation and the Immigrant Paradox
Summary
Differences in Health Care and Medical Delivery Systems
A Model of Cultural Influences on Physical Health: Putting It All Together
Exploration and Discovery
Why Does This Matter to Me?
Suggestions for Further Exploration
Glossary
One major role of psychology is to improve the lives of the people we touch. Whether through research, service, or provision of primary or secondary health care, we look forward to the day when we can adequately prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, and foster positive states of being in balance with others and the environment. This is not an easy task; a multitude of forces influences our health and the development of diseases.
As we strive to meet this challenge, the important role of culture in contributing to the maintenance of health and the etiology and treatment of disease has become increasingly clear. Although our goals of maintaining health and preventing and treating diseases may be the same across cultures, cultures vary in their perceptions of illness and their definitions of what is considered healthy and what is considered a disease. From anthropological and sociological perspectives, disease refers to a “malfunctioning or maladaptation of biologic and psychophysiologic processes in the individual” and illness refers to the “personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease or discomfort” (Kleinman, Eisenberg, & Good, 2006; p. 141). Thus, how we view health, disease, and illness, is strongly shaped by culture.
This chapter explores how cultural factors sway physical health and disease processes, and investigates our attempts to treat both psychological and sociological influences. We begin with an examination of cultural differences in the definition of health and present three indicators of health worldwide: life expectancy, infant mortality, and subjective well-being. We will then review the considerable amount of research concerning the relationship between culture and heart disease, other physical disease processes, eating disorders, obesity, and suicide. Next, we will explore differences in health care systems across countries. Finally, we will summarize the research in the form of a model of cultural influences on health.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH
Comparison Across Cultures
Before we look at how culture influences health and disease processes, we need to examine ex ...
Towards a Critical Health Equity Research Stance: Why Epistemology and Method...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Qualitative methods are not intrinsically progressive. Methods are simply tools to conduct research. Epistemology, the justification of knowledge, shapes methodology and methods, and thus is a vital starting point for a critical health equity research stance, regardless of whether the methods are qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. In line with this premise, I address four themes in this commentary. First, I criticize the ubiquitous and uncritical use of the term health disparities in U.S. public health. Next, I advocate for the increased use of qualitative methodologies—namely, photovoice and critical ethnography— that, pursuant to critical approaches, prioritize dismantling social–structural inequities as a prerequisite to health equity. Thereafter, I discuss epistemological stance and its influence on all aspects of the research process. Finally, I highlight my critical discourse analysis HIV prevention research based on individual interviews and focus groups with Black men, as an example of a critical health equity research approach.
EMPIRICAL STUDYThe meaning of learning to live with medica.docxSALU18
EMPIRICAL STUDY
The meaning of learning to live with medically
unexplained symptoms as narrated by patients in primary
care: A phenomenological�hermeneutic study
EVA LIDÉN, PhD1, ELISABETH BJÖRK-BRÄMBERG, PhD2 &
STAFFAN SVENSSON, MD3
1Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden, and 3Angered Family Medicine Unit, Angered, Sweden
Abstract
Background: Although research about medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is extensive, problems still affect a
large group of primary care patients. Most research seems to address the topic from a problem-oriented, medical
perspective, and there is a lack of research addressing the topic from a perspective viewing the patient as a capable person
with potential and resources to manage daily life. The aim of the present study is to describe and interpret the experiences of
learning to live with MUS as narrated by patients in primary health-care settings.
Methods: A phenomenological�hermeneutic method was used. Narrative interviews were performed with ten patients
suffering from MUS aged 24�61 years. Data were analysed in three steps: naive reading, structural analysis, and
comprehensive understanding.
Findings: The findings revealed a learning process that is presented in two themes. The first, feeling that the symptoms
overwhelm life, involved becoming restricted and dependent in daily life and losing the sense of self. The second, gaining
insights and moving on, was based on subthemes describing the patients’ search for explanations, learning to take care of
oneself, as well as learning to accept and becoming mindful. The findings were reflected against Antonovsky’s theory of sense
of coherence and Kelly’s personal construct theory. Possibilities and obstacles, on an individual as well as a structural level,
for promoting patients’ capacity and learning were illuminated.
Conclusions: Patients suffering from MUS constantly engage in a reflective process involving reasoning about and
interpretation of their symptoms. Their efforts to describe their symptoms to healthcare professionals are part of this
reflection and search for meaning. The role of healthcare professionals in the interpretative process should be acknowledged
as a conventional and necessary care activity.
Key words: MUS, primary care, person centred care, phenomenological-hermeneutics
(Accepted: 19 March 2015; Published: 16 April 2015)
Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is a condi-
tion that affects a large but heterogeneous group
of people. The health services have so far been
unsuccessful in addressing the healthcare needs of
these people, partly because of outdated theories and
diagnostic systems that fail to encompass the com-
plexity of the patients’ health problems (Fink &
Rosendal, 2008). The lack of a medical explanation
and cure leaves patients and healthcare professionals
in a ...
One major role of psychology is to improve the lives of the people.docxcherishwinsland
One major role of psychology is to improve the lives of the people we touch. Whether through research, service, or provision of primary or secondary health care, we look forward to the day when we can adequately prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, and foster positive states of being in balance with others and the environment. This is not an easy task; a multitude of forces influences our health and the development of diseases.
As we strive to meet this challenge, the important role of culture in contributing to the maintenance of health and the etiology and treatment of disease has become increasingly clear. Although our goals of maintaining health and preventing and treating diseases may be the same across cultures, cultures vary in their perceptions of illness and their definitions of what is considered healthy and what is considered a disease. From anthropological and sociological perspectives, disease refers to a “malfunctioning or maladaptation of biologic and psychophysiologic processes in the individual” and illness refers to the “personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease or discomfort” (Kleinman, Eisenberg, & Good, 2006; p. 141). Thus, how we view health, disease, and illness, is strongly shaped by culture.
This chapter explores how cultural factors sway physical health and disease processes, and investigates our attempts to treat both psychological and sociological influences. We begin with an examination of cultural differences in the definition of health and present three indicators of health worldwide: life expectancy, infant mortality, and subjective well-being. We will then review the considerable amount of research concerning the relationship between culture and heart disease, other physical disease processes, eating disorders, obesity, and suicide. Next, we will explore differences in health care systems across countries. Finally, we will summarize the research in the form of a model of cultural influences on health.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH
Comparison Across Cultures
Before we look at how culture influences health and disease processes, we need to examine exactly what we mean by health. More than 60 years ago, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a definition at the International Health Conference, at which 61 countries were represented. They defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” The WHO definition goes on further to say that “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs or economic and social conditions” (World Health Organization, 1948). This definition of health is still used by the WHO today.
In the United States, our views of health have been heavily influenced by what many call the biomedical model of health and disease (Kleinman et al., 2006). Trad.
Activity: Week 2 SWOT PowerPoint
Due Week 2 and worth 200 points
Dr. John Bradley is an Emergency Room physician. He worked a 24-hour shift due to a staff shortage. As a result, he had a patient that died because he failed to provide a duty of care, he breached his duty, and caused an injury. A prima facie case of negligence was established when Dr. Bradley failed to provide appropriate medical care. Liability was also based on ‘res ipsa loguitor’ (the thing speaks for itself). The incident is considered a Sentinel Event and must be reported to The Joint Commission (a non-profit hospital regulatory agency).
After a trend analysis of several Sentinel Events, “We Care Hospital” fired the Health Care Administrator. As a result, you were hired as the new Health Care Administrator. You have reviewed the Sentinel Event with Dr. John Bradley and discovered several factors that showed the hospital was negligent. The three basic forms for negligence are malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance. Your first task is to rationalize your answers by using any applicable legal precedents.
Then, prepare a Microsoft PowerPoint 10-slide narrative using a SWOT Analysis. A SWOT Analysis identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a situation. Review the video: Strategic Planning and SWOT Analysis. To help you prepare the narrative PowerPoint using Microsoft 365 and older versions, review the video: Record a slide show with narration and slide timings.
Your 10-slide SWOT PowerPoint should follow this format:
1. Slide 1: Cover Page
a. Include the title of your presentation, the course number and course title, your name, your professor’s name, and the date.
2. Slide 2: Background / Executive Summary
a. Describe the details of the situation. Use bullets with short sentences. The title of this slide should be Executive Summary.
3. Slide 3: Thesis Statement
a. Identify the focus of your research. The title of this slide should be Thesis Statement.
4. Slides 4-9: Support
a. Support your thesis statement following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. (An overview of using Sublevel 1 and Sublevel 2 headings is provided in the following video: APA Style - Formatting the Title Page, Abstract, and Body).
b. You should include at least three court cases and related peer-reviewed articles from within the past five years. In-text citations should be in the American Psychological Association (APA) format.
5. Slides 10: References
a. Use APA format for your Reference slide. (To help you with APA in-text citations and your Reference list, some students use Citation Machine.
Note: Writing Resources are available from Strayer University’s Writing Center, Tutor.com, and Grammarly.com.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Examine the various applications of the law within the health care system.
· Analyze how such various applications of the law affect decisions in the development and operation of a heal ...
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept in determining the adding of life to years. The quality of
life is influenced by social, economic, psychological domains which influence and are significant to older
people. These domains vary according to the individual’s life characteristics including social and personal
circumstances. The aim of this article is to be informative and to provide a view on how health problems of
elderly affect the quality of life.
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: https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
HOẶC
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Similar to Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docx (20)
Living in a Sustainable WorldImagine a future in which human bei.docxmanningchassidy
Living in a Sustainable World
Imagine a future in which human beings have achieved environmental sustainability on a global scale. In this second part of your final assignment, you will be describing what a sustainable Earth will look like in the future, providing examples throughout to support your descriptions.
You will be including all the terms that you have researched during Week 1 through 4 of this class, underlining each term as you include it. In your paper, use grammar and spell-checking programs to insure clarity.
1. Food web
2.Composting
3. (did not complete)
4. Nuclear Energy
Your paper will consist of seven paragraphs: an introduction, a conclusion, and one paragraph relating to each week’s topic. In your paper, use this format to address the following elements with the assumption that environmental sustainability has been achieved:
Introduction:
Describe how our relationship to nature will be different from what it is at present.
Examine how we will cope differently with the ways that natural phenomena affect our lives.
Week 1:
Describe what Earth’s biodiversity and ecosystems will look like.
Week 2:
Examine how agricultural production will be different in the future.
Week 3:
Differentiate between how we will manage our water resources in the future compared to how we do so right now.
Week 4:
Examine how we will meet our energy needs in the future in a way that will enable us to maintain a habitable atmosphere and climate.
Week 5:
Describe how waste management will be different in the future.
Conclusion:
Summarize some of the major social, economic, political, and ecological choices and tradeoffs that will need to be overcome for this sustainable future to arrive.
The Part 2 of the Journey to Sustainability paper
Must be 7 paragraphs in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s
APA Style resource (Links to an external site.)
.
Must incorporate all four of your previously selected terms.
Must utilize academic voice. See the
Academic Voice (Links to an external site.)
resource for additional guidance.
Can include, as an option, credible and/or scholarly sources in addition to the course text for each term covered.
The
Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.)
table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
Must document any information used from sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s
Citing Within Your Paper guide (Links to an external site.)
.
(Links to an external site.)
Can include, as an option, a separate references list that i.
LO Analyze Culture and SocialDiscuss the concepts in this c.docxmanningchassidy
LO: Analyze Culture and Social
Discuss the concepts in this chapter as they relate to
American Idol
. Consider the cultural implications of the
Idol
contest in other countries, such as Norway, South Africa, Poland, the Philippines, and the Arab World. For example, in developing nations, what percentage of the population has television, cell phones, and the Internet? Can one genre of music or type of artist possibly represent the tastes of citizens throughout a whole country? Consider whether popular culture is universal; what it means that the idol winners in other nations may or may not find rags-to-riches stories, depending on the infrastructure of their society; and why it is significant to identify winners as "idols" of an entire country.
Here is the Wikipedia on World Idol:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Idol
.
Literature Review Project.Assignment must comply with APA 7th ed.docxmanningchassidy
Literature Review Project.
Assignment must comply with APA 7th edition written standards:
(Times new roman, font #12 and double space)
In addition, please add the following to the First page:
-Tittle: Selective Mutism disorder
-Class: Human and growth and development
-Professor: Rafael Ramos, MS
-School: Florida National University
-Date (November 2020)
The following pages please include:
- Abstract
-Selective Mutism Disorder
-Symptoms
-Diagnostic criteria
-Treatment plans
-Prevention and tips
-Prognosis
-Conclusion
-References
.
lobal Commodity Chains & Negative Externalities
The worldwide network of social relations and labor activities involved in the creation, distribution, consumption, and disposal of a commodity (as defined in Appadurai, p. 3)
Social relations:
labor, capitalists, nation-states, and consumers; society/nature
Labor activities:
product design and financing; capture/extraction/cultivation of raw materials; processing; transportation; distribution/sale; purchase/consumption; and disposal
Impacts:
socioeconomic, political, environmental
Questions
Culture of capitalism/global commodity chains
Karl Polanyi’s Paradox (
as defined in GPCC
)
Negative externalities
Internalizing negative externalities
Example: “The
coffee commodity chain
is the linked sequence of activities involved in growing
coffee
, processing it, shipping it, roasting it, … selling it to consumers” (John Talbot) and disposing it.
Video example: Coffee
https://u.osu.edu/commoditychain2015/ (Links to an external site.)
Assignment
Choose either a specific commodity or some aspect of a commodity chain (such as its labor and/or ownership/control conditions; social, economic, environmental, and/or health consequences; political violence/wars; etc.).
Emphasize relationships and activities of labor, capitalists, nation-states, consumers, and the natural environment.
Global culture of capitalism
Global commodity chains
Negative externalities
Karl Polanyi’s Paradox (
as defined in GPCC;
not Michael Polanyi’s Paradox)
Challenges of internalizing externalities (more or less = “sustainability”)
1000 or more words of narrative text (no maximum word count); college standards of writing
;
single spaced 11 or 12-point Times New Roman font; in-text citations; references section; Chicago, MLA, or APA format.
If you want to focus on Covid-19 (or any other “signature” disease):
Covid-19
Briefly describe and explain the principal relationships within the global culture of capitalism, including global commodity chains.
What are "negative externalities"?
What is "Karl Polanyi's Paradox" (
as defined in GPCC;
not Michael Polanyi’s Paradox)?
What are the basic questions to ask about patterns of disease at any point in time and space?
What defines a “signature disease” of a specific historical time and pattern of geographic connections?
Describe the possible cause and transmission of Covid-19 in terms of the relationships between (1) culture and disease; (2) cities and disease; (3) environmental change and disease; and (4) human ecology and disease.
Within this framework, how is Covid-19 a “signature disease”? And how does it reflect negative externalities and Karl Polanyi’s Paradox?
What are arguments for healthcare as a global public good (and as a human right), as opposed to healthcare as an individual, commodified choice?
.
LMP1 IO and Filesystems=========================Welcome .docxmanningchassidy
LMP1: I/O and Filesystems
=========================
Welcome to LMP1, the first long MP. LMP1 is the first stage of a project aimed
at creating a simple yet functional networked filesystem. In this MP, you will
learn about and use POSIX file system calls, while subsequent LMPs will
introduce memory management, messaging, and networking functionality. If you
implement all parts of this MP correctly, you will be able to reuse your code
for future MPs.
This first LMP concentrates on the file I/O portion of the project.
Specifically, you will implement a custom filesystem and test its performance
using a filesystem benchmark. A benchmark is an application used to test the
performance of some aspect of the system. We will be using Bonnie, a real
filesystem benchmark, to test various performance aspects of the filesystem we
implement.
LMP1 consists of four steps:
1. Read the code; run the Bonnie benchmark and the LMP1 test suite.
2. Implement Test Suite 1 functionality, encompassing basic file I/O operations.
3. Implement Test Suite 2-4 functionality (directory operations, file
creation/deletion, and recursive checksumming).
4. Modify Bonnie to use your client-server file I/O methods.
Code structure
--------------
The code for this project is structured according to the client-server
model. The client code (filesystem benchmark) will interact with the
server (filesystem) only through interface functions defined in
fileio.h:
int file_read(char *path, int offset, void *buffer, size_t bufbytes);
int file_info(char *path, void *buffer, size_t bufbytes);
int file_write(char *path, int offset, void *buffer, size_t bufbytes);
int file_create(char *path,char *pattern, int repeatcount);
int file_remove(char *path);
int dir_create(char *path);
int dir_list(char *path,void *buffer, size_t bufbytes);
int file_checksum(char *path);
int dir_checksum(char *path);
These functions represent a simple interface to our filesystem. In Steps 2 and
3 of this MP, you will write the code for functions implementing this interface,
replacing the stub code in fileio.c. In Step 4, you will modify a Bonnie method
to use this interface, rather than calling the normal POSIX I/O functions
directly. The purpose of Step 4 is to help test our implementation.
Step 1: Understanding the code
------------------------------
1. Compile the project, execute Bonnie and the test framework.
Note: you may need to add execute permissions to the .sh files using
the command "chmod +x *.sh".
Try the following:
make
./lmp1
(this runs the Bonnie benchmark - it may take a little while)
./lmp1 -test suite1
(run Test Suite 1 - this has to work for stage1)
make test
(run all tests - this has to work for stage2)
2. Read through the provided .c and .h files and understand how this
project is organized:
bonnie.c - a version of the filesystem benchmark
fileio.c - file I/O functions to be implemented
fileio.h - declaration o.
Livy, History of Rome 3.44-55 44. [What is Appius plot t.docxmanningchassidy
Livy, History of Rome 3.44-55
44. [What is Appius' plot to get access to Verginia?]
This [episode in which the decemviri plotted the murder of Siccius, a military
commander who had been encouraging resistance to the decemviri] was followed by
a second atrocity, the result of brutal lust, which occurred in the City and led to
consequences no less tragic than the outrage and death of Lucretia, which had
brought about the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus. Not only was the end of the
decemvirs the same as that of the kings, but the cause of their losing their power
was the same in each case. [2] Appius Claudius had conceived a guilty passion
for a girl of plebeian birth. The girl's father, L. Verginius, held a high rank in the
army on Algidus; he was a man of exemplary character both at home and in the field.
[3] His wife had been brought up on equally high principles, and their children were
being brought up in the same way. He had betrothed his daughter to Lucius Icilius,
who had been tribune, an active and energetic man whose courage had been proved
in his battles for the plebs. [4] This girl, now in the bloom of her youth and beauty,
excited Appius' passions, and he tried to prevail on her by presents and promises.
When he found that her virtue was proof against all temptation, he had recourse to
unscrupulous and brutal violence. [5] He commissioned a client, Marcus
Claudius, to claim the girl as his slave, and to bar any claim on the part of her
friends to retain possession of her till the case was tried, as he thought that the
father's absence afforded a good opportunity for this illegal action. [in Roman law at
this time the person was presumed to be free until the claim of slavery was proved in
court] [6] As the girl was going to her school in the Forum —the grammar schools
were held in booths there —the decemvir's pander [minister libidinis, literally
'assistant of lust'] laid his hand upon her, declaring that she was the daughter of a
slave of his, and a slave herself. [7] He then ordered her to follow him, and
threatened, if she hesitated, to carry her off by force. While the girl was stupefied
with terror, her maid's shrieks, invoking ‘the protection of the Quirites,’ [=
'assemblymen of Rome, citizens, supposedly from the roots co+vir men together]
drew a crowd together. The names of her father Verginius and her betrothed lover,
Icilius, were held in universal respect. [8] Regard for them brought their friends,
feelings of indignation brought the crowd to the maiden's support. She was now safe
from violence; the man who claimed her said that he was proceeding according to
law, not by violence, there was no need for any excited gathering. [9] He summoned
the girl into court. Her supporters advised her to follow him; they came before the
tribunal of Appius. The claimant repeated a story already perfectly familiar to the
judge as he was the author of the plot, how the girl had been born.
Liu Zhao 1
Liu Zhao 4
Liu Zhao
Professor Ms. Williams
AAS 271
11 April 2020
Rough draft - Afrocentricity
Also known as Afrocentric, Afrocentricity is the study of the history of the world that focuses on the history of the current African descent. Afrocentricity refers to an African initiative culture that attempts to bring Africa to the center of the whole thing. This is regarding everything that began in Africa yet comprehensively; they are said to be Africa-American based. Furthermore, Afrocentricity has been employed significantly to scholarly work where Africans need acknowledgment as they are the ones putting effort on the works coming from Africa. Similarly, the fact that they have a broad scope of masterminds who are capable and have had the option to think of scholarly work, Afrocentricity at its most straightforward attempts to put Africa as a continent at the focal point, all things considered, attempts to put African history within proper context rather than Europe assuming the acknowledgment in what it has not done and accomplished. In this manner, this point of view ought not to be viewed as attempting to put African at any predominance but the way that Africa's source, culture, and conduct ought to be valued (Ince). (I would follow up with explaining the significance of this reference) (unclear thesis) Comment by Claire E Logan: I would use a different definition--afrocentricity is a framework, not an actual study Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing--would scrap the whole sentence Comment by Claire E Logan: confusing-- re-word
The exponents of Afrocentrism support the statement that the contributions made by black African people have been discredited as part of the history of colonialism and the pathology of slavery, more so in the act writing Africans out of history. Afrocentricity has its own critics, some of the critics such as Mary Lefkowitz, term who describe Afrocentricity to be obstinately therapeutic as well as pseudohistory (reference needed). Other critics, like Kwame Appiah, view Afrocentricity as a strategy to disrupt the history of the world by trying to replace Eurocentricity with a curriculum that is hierarchical and ethnocentric (reference needed). The critics in support of this approach also claim that Afrocentricity negatively portrays the culture of Europe and people of European descent. (I would take a stance here by disproving these critiques in a way that addresses your thesis)
Afrocentricity is followed back to the African-American who was brought up in Europe after Africa nations were colonized, and some were sold as captives to the European countries (unclear sentence). Afrocentricity is dated back to the 19th century and the early 20th century. It is believed to be the work of intellectuals of Africans in Africa and those in the diaspora as well (a. It was a reform brought about by social reforms in Africa and the United States of America after the end o.
Literature, Culture & Society
Lecture 4: Solitary reading
Dr C. Harrison
1
Last week…
We considered the role of the implied reader in the reception of literature;
We explored the crossover/ young adult fiction genres – their content and readership;
We thought about the role of/ debates surrounding censorship in contemporary fiction;
Seminars
We explored the textual representation of the implied reader.
This week…
We will think about what is meant by the term ‘solitary reading’ and how it might be analysed;
We will consider the Costa-award winning experimental novel The Shock of the Fall as a case study;
Seminars
We will explore the ideas of identification and observation/distancing through a close analysis of particular language (stylistic) choices in the text and in reader reviews.
2
Solitary reading
& text analysis
In solitary reading ‘the written literary text is the substance of the discourse; it is the language which cues text-worlds in the readers’ minds’ (Peplow et al. 2016: 37);
The language of the text determines which schemas readers need to draw on in order to comprehend the text;
The purpose of (cognitive) stylistic approaches to literature ‘is to explicate how the interplay between written text and reader results in a particular interpretation or emotional response to the extract under discussion’ (Peplow et al. 2016: 38; emphasis added).
3
Reading as an emotional experience:
The Shock of the Fall
Costa award for best first novel
Experimental text: manipulates text and images
Central themes: grief, mental illness
Matt Homes, a 19-year-old schizophrenic struggling within the mental health system, is conducting his own writing therapy, urgently bashing out his thoughts on an old typewriter and interspersing them with letters, doodles and sketches. [The novel] is beautifully packaged, with drawings, varying typefaces and typographical tricks representing Matt's swelling bundle of papers. It is a gripping, exhilarating read.
(Feay 2014; Guardian review)
Nathan Filer was a mental health nurse
4
Experimental fiction
Destabilize the real world
Subvert a sense of the normal
Introduce debates about the status of the text and the act of writing
Present different world views
Have free playing voices none of which is privileged
Engage with the moving play of signifiers to construct endless cycles of meaning
Employ intrusion into the text by the narrator and/or author
Experiment with form and typography
Develop new ways of seeing
Apply multiple discourses
Mix and/ or subvert genres
Provoke the reader to consider new ideas and concepts
Imagine alternative realities
Use metaphoric qualities
Engage the reader on an intellectual/philosophical level
Deny closure (Armstrong 2014: 5)
5
‘Typographical tricks’
6
‘Typographical tricks’
7
‘Typographical tricks’
Also the PLEASE STOP READING OVER MY SHOULDER examples
8
Reading experience
How do these ‘experiments with form and typography’ impact on.
Live Your MissionDescribe how your organizations mission st.docxmanningchassidy
"Live Your Mission"
Describe how your organization's mission statement and values are implemented in the marketing, operations, technology, management, and social responsibility sections of your business plan.
1. State your company's mission statement in quotation marks. (see attachment)
2. Outline your company's values.
3. Explain how the mission and values are reflected in what you do at your NAB business in each of these areas: marketing, technology, management, and social responsibility.
Remark: Write clearly, concisely, use proper grammar and writing mechanics. You must use APA format and cite (2) references.
(see attachments for additional information)
.
Literature ReviewYou are to write a 1200 word literature revie.docxmanningchassidy
Literature Review
You are to write a
1200 word literature review
(in addition to the title page and references page) on the articles you selected for Week 2, synthesizing the findings in the articles that you found on your topic. You may incorporate other articles or references to support your discussion, as needed. Use APA citation and reference guidelines.
What is a literature review?
A literature review is a synthesis and critique of the published research in a given area of research. Your focus is on the findings of the studies you are exploring – their methods, approach, results, and implications – rather than the broad topic overall. It should synthesize findings in specific areas. Thus, you should look for themes in the range of articles and write about them as you group common themes.
Synthesize the material you found. In other words, find connected themes in the different areas you cover. Occasionally you might discuss individual articles, but only if the article is very unique and no other article has similar findings. The synthesis should focus strictly on existing, published research.
What else should you include besides a synthesis of research?
Be sure to include in your review other potential areas that still need to be explored. What unanswered questions are there? What holes are in the research that you have not yet found answers to? What contradictions are in the research will you seek to explore?
Examples of Synthesized Findings for Literature Review:
College students were found to have a large number of conflicts with roommates (Darsey, 2003; Smith, 2001; Yarmouth, 2005). Researchers also found that roommate conflicts were most frequent during the first semester of college (Lotspiech, 2004; Nominskee, 2001; Zackarov, 2000). Morissey (2004) found a reduction of roommate conflicts continued as students progressed from freshman to seniors, with seniors having the fewest roommate conflicts. However, Ellensworth (2001) found no correlation with year in school and frequency of roommate conflict. The contradiction between Ellensworth’s and Morissey’s findings suggest that additional research is needed in this area.
Ellensworth’s (2001) research was strictly quantitative, lacking a full picture of the contexts or reasons for the specific conflicts. It asked people to mark the frequency of their conflicts and types of people with whom they typically disputed. Morissey (2004) conducted interviews that allowed participants to provide an explanation for the reasons for the conflicts, and the contexts (dorm roommates, apartment roommates, house roommates, etc.). However, she interviewed far fewer people than Ellensworth surveyed.
Combining Ellensworth’s surveys with Morissey’s interview questions and utilizing a research team to increase the number of interviews could provide more details about the conflicts and contexts, and allow us to further look into the question of year in school and conflict behavior.
DeSoto (2005) a.
Literature Evaluation TableStudent Name Vanessa NoaChange.docxmanningchassidy
Literature Evaluation Table
Student Name: Vanessa Noa
Change Topic (2-3 sentences): Patient safety is one of the pertinent issues in nursing home health care. The literature evaluation table summarizes the strength and relevance of eight peer-reviewed articles on the role of nurse education on fall prevention.
Criteria
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Author: Howard Katrina
Journal: MEDSURG Nursing
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Improving+Fall+Rates+Using+Bedside+Debriefings+and+Reflective+Emails%3A...-a0568974192
Authors: Jang and Lee
Journal: Educational Gerontology
Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2015.1033219
Authors: Kuhlenschmidt et al.
Journal: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
Link: https://doi.org/10.1188/16.CJON.84-89
Authors: Minnier et al.
Journal: Creative Nursing
Link: https://doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.25.2.169
Article Title and Year Published
Title: Improving Fall Rates Using Bedside Debriefings and Reflective Emails: One Unit’s Success Story
Year: 2018
Title: The Effects of an Education Program on Home Renovation for Fall Prevention of Korean Older People
Year: 2015
Title: Tailoring Education to Perceived Fall Risk in Hospitalized Patients With Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Year: 2016
Title: Four Smart Steps: Fall Prevention for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Year: 2019
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study
RQs: Why falls remain a challenging and complex problem
What innovative measures can reduce patient falls
Quantitative research
Aim/purpose: To discuss a project that seeks to implement innovative measures that help decrease patient falls
RQs: Does an education program on home renovation reduce falls among older people?
Quantitative study
Hypothesis: Appropriate education is crucial for fall prevention
Aim/Purpose: To verify the impacts of an education program on home renovation for preventing falls among older adults
RQs: Are there evidence-based interventions tailored to the perception of falls risk
Quantitative study
Aim/Purpose: To determine the effects of tailored, nurse-delivered interventions
RQs: Do guides for fall prevention enhance older adults’ knowledge and awareness of fall risks.
Quality improvement project
Aim/Purpose: To implement a simple, author-designed guide for fall prevention among older adults dwelling in the community
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Survey
Quasi-experimental
Randomized, controlled design
Narrative model
Setting/Sample
A team of clinical staff and leaders
51 participants
91 patient participants
Senior center
Methods: Intervention/Instruments
Open discussions to enable clinical staff to discuss concerns and provide feedback
In-depth interviews and survey
A two-group, controlled design. This design helped to test interventions in the bone marrow plantation unit
The prevention program dubbed Fou.
LITERATURE ANALYSIS TOPIC IDENTIFICATION & BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE.docxmanningchassidy
LITERATURE ANALYSIS: TOPIC IDENTIFICATION & BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE
Social Media Use Policy
Proposed Topic:
The developments in technology are invaluable resources that help law enforcement officer in performance of their duties, nonetheless, technologies such as social media platforms have constructive and destructive effects.
Proposed Thesis Statement:
Graduate writing cannot be "A" quality without a thesis statement. The thesis statement provides the destination of the paper. The topic/title of the paper will tell the reader which direction the essay is heading (N, S, E, or W) and a transition statement tells the reader the steps that will be taken to get to the destination. A strong conclusion cannot be written without a strong thesis statement. The thesis drives the conclusion. If you know beforehand what you are trying to accomplish, then in your conclusion you can tell if you have accomplished this goal or not.
Preliminary Bibliography (minimum of six sources in APA format):
Example:
Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the 21st Century (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall.
Annotated Bibliography
Summarize each article or text you are going to use in this paper (at least 6 sources need to be included in this portion of the assignment). Each summary needs to be about a paragraph in length. At the end of this annotated summary you will need to write a one paragraph summary regarding how these sources connect to the topic at hand and how you plan on using these sources to justify your conclusion.
.
Literature ReviewThis paper requires the student to conduct a sc.docxmanningchassidy
Literature Review
This paper requires the student to conduct a scholarly literature review on the subject of evidence-based policing. Students will write a 5-page literature review analyzing various qualitative studies on this topic. Students will keep the context within the framework of evidence-based policing, and how it can be beneficial to the criminal justice field.
.
literary Research paper12 paragraph paper central argument.docxmanningchassidy
literary Research paper
12 paragraph paper
central argument: clear central argument or focus that frames and solidifies the purpose of the essay
Critical thinking- consistent demonstration of complex thinking & reasoning abilities; clearly written for the appropriate audience, purpose, and context
revelant & specific evidence
Purposeful Organization- Essay is well organized with purposeful connections between ideas progresses clearly from beginning to end.
citation & documentation- Consistent MLA citation of sources, including works cited page
Editing, Mechanics, and Correctness- few errors in mechanics sentences are clear and well
Requirements: 3 Galileo Sources
.
Literature Review about Infection prevention in ICU with CVC lines a.docxmanningchassidy
Literature Review about Infection prevention in ICU with CVC lines and Foleys. And Using HCG bath on patient with lines (CVC, PICC, MIDLINE, PORTS ETC) in ICU. Please also add how screening for medical necesity of lines a nurse can advocate for discontinuance of these to prevent infection.
More instructions Below
Write a literature review of the ABOVE MENTIONED TOPICS, uusing peer-reviewed articles and books, as well as non-research literature such as evidence-based guidelines, toolkits, and standardized procedures. Identify and cite all sources of data according to APA guidelines. The goal is to review and critique the most current research; this research will help drive the focus of your research. Summarize the key findings and provide a transition to the methods, intervention, or clinical protocol section of your final paper. Describe any gaps in knowledge that you found and the effects this may have on nursing practice. The literature review should be a synthesis of how each article relates to a project on infection prevention with invasive lines, Example (CVC, PICCs, Midlines, ports, Foleys, ect). Also, when writing your literature review, remember to include subtopics to your main topic and gather data on these areas as well. For example, if you are doing a project about preventing CVC lines infection and HCG bath to patients with lines, then subtopics for these treatments should be included.
Your integrative literature review should be at least 5 pages in length, not including the cover or reference pages, and must contain a minimum of 10 scholarly articles, published within the past 5 years.
.
Literature Evaluation You did a great job on your PICOT and .docxmanningchassidy
Literature Evaluation
You did a great job on your PICOT and completing this assignment. I look forward to reading your papers regarding hospital acquired infections!! You just need to work on proper formatting of your references.
Thank you,
June
Summary of Clinical Issue
The clinical issue, in this case, is patient infections. Hospitals have always been a place of refuge for patients but there is a worrying fact about infections in hospitals. Some of the patients are taken to the hospital to get better but they leave with more infections than they came in with. The issue of infections in hospitals is motivated by two major factors. The first factor is associated with medical errors. Most of the infections which occur in hospitals affect people who have gone through surgeries are people who are receiving blood, water, and food through tubes. It, therefore, means that in most cases, doctors are responsible for infections. When the inner body organs are exposed to the environment, they get exposed to germs and germs increase the chances of infections. The second factor that supports infections is hygiene in the hospital. A hospital is a sensitive place and therefore, there is a dire need to make sure that it is hygienically fit for patients. Dirt has the ability to increase high exposure to infections. Contaminated foods and drinks increase the chances of infections. It is essential to note that the cleanliness of the water and other equipment that is used in hospitals is imperative.
PICOT Question:
In hospital infections, can improved hospital hygiene reduces the number of hospital infections among patients of all ages in the next twelve months
?
Criteria
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink
Saint, S. (2017). Can intersectional innovations reduce hospital infection?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 95(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.11.013
Starr, J. B., Tirschwell, D. L., & Becker, K. J. (2017). Labetalol use is associated with increased in-hospital infection compared with nicardipine use in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 48(10), 2693-2698.
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017230
Van Kleef, E., Luangasanatip, N., Bonten, M. J., & Cooper, B. S. (2017). Why sensitive bacteria are resistant to hospital infection control. Wellcome open research, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721567/
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question?
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)
It is qualitative research because it has employed a qualitative design.
It is quantitative research because it has employed a quantitative design.
It is quantitative research because it has employed a quantitative design.
Purpose Statement
To know the role that innovations play in reducing infections in hospitals
The purpose of the article is to know the fac.
Literature Evaluation Table In nursing practice, accurate identi.docxmanningchassidy
Literature Evaluation Table
In nursing practice, accurate identification and application of research is essential to achieving successful outcomes. Being able to articulate the information and successfully summarize relevant peer-reviewed articles in a scholarly fashion helps to support the student's ability and confidence to further develop and synthesize the progressively more complex assignments that constitute the components of the course change proposal capstone project.
For this assignment, the student will provide a synopsis of eight peer-reviewed articles from nursing journals using an evaluation table that determines the level and strength of evidence for each of the eight articles. The articles should be current within the last 5 years and closely relate to the PICOT statement developed earlier in this course. The articles may include quantitative research, descriptive analyses, longitudinal studies, or meta-analysis articles. A systematic review may be used to provide background information for the purpose or problem identified in the proposed capstone project. Use the "Literature Evaluation Table" resource to complete this assignment.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
Attachments
NRS-490-RS-LiteratureEvaluationTable.docx
RUBRIC
Attempt Start Date:
16-Dec-2019 at 12:00:00 AM
Due Date:
22-Dec-2019 at 11:59:59 PM
Maximum Points:
75.0
Literature Evaluation Table - Rubric
No of Criteria: 13 Achievement Levels: 5
CriteriaAchievement LevelsDescriptionPercentageUnsatisfactory 0-71%0.00 %Less Than Satisfactory 72-75%75.00 %Satisfactory 76-79%79.00 %Good 80-89%89.00 %Excellent 90-100%100.00 %Article Selection100.0
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article5.0Author, journal (peer-reviewed), and permalink or working link to access article section is not included.Author, journal (peer-reviewed), and permalink or working link to access article section is present, but it lacks detail or is incomplete.Author, journal (peer-reviewed), and permalink or working link to access article section is present.Author, journal (peer-reviewed), and permalink or working link to access article section is clearly provided and well developed.Author, journal (peer-reviewed), and permalink or working link to access article section is comprehensive and thoroughly developed with supporting details.Article Title and Year Published 5.0Article title and year published section is not included.Article title and year published section is present, but it lacks.
Listen to the following; (1st movement of the Ravel)Ravel Pi.docxmanningchassidy
Listen to the following; (1st movement of the Ravel)
Ravel Piano Concerto In G Major Argerich Dutoit Orchestre National De France Frankfurt 9 9 1990 (Links to an external site.)
Aaron Copland - Simple Gifts (Links to an external site.)
Alexander Nevsky - "The Battle of the Ice" (Links to an external site.)
2001: A Space Odyssey - The Dawn of Man (Links to an external site.)
2. Write a brief paragraph for each clip, describing what you hear. The Ravel, Copland and Prokofiev examples have analysis in the text. The 4th is from Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey. For the last, discuss why Kubrick picked the sounds and visuals he did. ( the music was composed by Georgy Ligeti and Richard Strauss.)
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Listen perceptively to the Kyrie from Missa O Magnum Mysteri.docxmanningchassidy
Listen perceptively to the "Kyrie" from
Missa O Magnum Mysterium
by the Renaissance Spanish composer Tomás Luis de Victoria.
Play
play
stop
mute
max volume
00:0004:27
No audio loaded.
In 5 short paragraphs (in the same order as the instructions), describe the attributes of the musical selection, according to the following critical criteria:
1. RECOGNIZE AND DESCRIBE:
At least THREE examples of the following seven musical elements : Rhythm, tempo, melody, harmony, timbre, texture, and form that are present in this particular composition, using specific musical terms learned in the course. Refresh your memory (if you have to) by rereading the lectures that cover these particular elements.
2. DEVELOP:
A
conclusion
about what the composer was trying to represent. [Might a fast tempo represent an attempt to escape from danger or dancing at a celebration? This is just an example. Please use your own description]
3. INTERPRET:
The composition's
emotional value
, using language that describes emotional states. Does the music express joy, fear, pleasure, optimism, sadness, or something else? Please specify an emotion, and why the music might express that specific emotion.
4. EVALUATE:
The composition's
creative quality
: What makes this composition a valuable work of art?
5. ANALYZE:
Its personal effect on you. How does this work express aspects of the human condition? Does the music suggest a philosophy for living? If so, what do you think it is?
Submission Instructions
Click "Add Submission"
Use the text entry box and/or upload a file to add your assignment.
Click "Save Changes." You will have the option to "Edit Submission" after you have saved your changes to continue working on your assignment.
Click "Submit Assignment" when you are ready to submit your assignment to your instructor.
Click "Continue" at the prompt "
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Literary Analysis on Mending Wall” by Robert Frost The .docxmanningchassidy
Literary Analysis on “Mending Wall” by Robert Frost
The poem,”Mending Wall”, was written by Robert Frost, an American poet. The poem
was created according to rural New England’s setting, where Frost lived at that time. The poem
adapted the characteristics of the characteristics and rituals of the country. The poem describes a
ritual where the speaker and a neighbor met to rebuild a wall made of stone between their
properties, “And on a day we meet to walk the line and set the wall between us once again”
(Frost, 1914). The ritual brings out the main idea of the poem, which is the value of boundaries
between people and the importance of human labor.
Robert Frost wrote “Mending Wall” during a period in the 19th century characterized by
literary modernism. It reacts to the rapid urbanization and industrialization in the 19h century,
and in the upcoming modern world. Frost in his poem tries to bring out the excitement of
literature while cultivating innovation. The writer makes use of symbols in form of literature to
describe the poem. “The frozen ground swell”, (Frost, 1914) as he says, describes the frost,
which is an unsettling force in “Mending Wall”, acts as a damaging object which knocks out
large parts of the wall. The frost is described to be strange, as the writer says, “No one has seen
them made or heard them made.”(Frost, 1914) The strange force behind the frost carries a
significant meaning in the poem. The frost and its strange force signify nature and its effect on
humans. In other terms, things created by human beings are temporary as opposed to nature
which is pulled by its own natural forces.
The spring, traditionally used to refer to rebirth, is used in the poem to symbolize
renewal: “But at spring mending-time we find them there.” (Frost, 1914) Renewal is
demonstrated when the speaker and the neighbor take part in rebuilding the wall. Additionally,
the poem elaborates the value of human work, which creates a feeling of renewal, just as the wall
in the poem is rebuilt every spring. The fence in the poem not only symbolizes the border
between two properties, but also divisions that exist between humans. The poem raises questions
whether borders separate people with existing relationships or whether creating boundaries is
important in establishing a peaceful coexistence. The cows carry an important meaning in the
poem,”Mending Wall.” The speaker explains something wider and deeper when he announces,
“Where there are cows? But here there are no cows”. (Frost, 1914) The lack of cows signify the
absence of conflict; the speaker and the neighbor use their properties for different purposes but
do not conflict over resources, meaning that there is no need of fear. They can live peacefully
with or without a wall between them.
The poem “Mending Wall has its heart at explaining about borders, the struggle to
maintain them and its impact on human beings. Throughout the poem,.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docx
1. Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior
in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily
symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early
life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a)
childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors,
independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s
associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control
family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983).
Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e.,
somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30).
2. Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent
education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent
illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses
revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted
higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially
mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results
suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping
illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on
reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links
between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life
illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness,
young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per
capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the
delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words,
3. what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people
seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness
behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions,
evalu-
ations, and responses to symptoms that signify illness
(Mechanic,
1962)—provides a framework for examining who is more likely
to
react to bodily sensations, and under what circumstances.
Illness behaviors are associated with individual health outcomes
such as reported pain levels, disease functioning (Schüssler,
1992;
This article was published Online First May 23, 2019.
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor, Department of Psychology, University
of
California, Riverside; Robin P. Corley, Institute for Behavioral
Genetics,
University of Colorado, Boulder; Michael C. Stallings, Institute
for Be-
havioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and
Neuroscience, Uni-
versity of Colorado, Boulder; Sally J. Wadsworth, Institute for
Behavioral
Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Chandra A.
Reynolds, Depart-
ment of Psychology, University of California, Riverside.
This research was supported by the National Institutes of
Health, includ-
4. ing HD010333 (Sally J. Wadsworth) and AG046938 (Chandra
A. Reyn-
olds and Sally J. Wadsworth). Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor was
partly sup-
ported by a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service
Award (NRSA)
award, F31AG052273, funded by the National Institute on
Aging of the
National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the
responsibility of the
authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of
the National
Institutes of Health. The authors gratefully acknowledge the
dedicated
research staff and the generosity of the CAP families
participating in the
study across several years.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Brittany
L. Sisco-Taylor, who is now at Department of Population Health
Sciences,
University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Room
1S112,
Salt Lake City, UT 84108. E-mail: [email protected]
T
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10. behav-
ior is not only a function of biological risks, but it is also influ-
enced by psychosocial factors. Access to health care, cultural
norms, prior experiences, social support, and personality, along
with symptom qualities (e.g., ambiguity, visibility), account for
variability in illness behaviors (e.g., Egan & Beaton, 1987;
Hagger
& Orbell, 2003; Mechanic, 1995; Shannon, 1977). Most studies
on
illness behavior, however, have examined one aspect at a time
(e.g., symptom reports, health utilization) and have considered
cross-sectional or short-term associations with psychosocial
fac-
tors in adulthood (Sirri, Fava, & Sonino, 2013). Furthermore,
although prior longitudinal work has examined associations of
childhood personality and illness with adults’ self-rated
(Hampson,
Goldberg, Vogt, & Dubanoski, 2007) and objective health
(Kubzansky, Martin, & Buka, 2009), these early life factors’
associations with adult illness behaviors as a unifying,
multivariate
construct has received little empirical attention. The present
study
examined middle-childhood illness burden and temperament as
antecedents of a latent illness behavior factor in early
adulthood, as
well as mediation by adult temperament traits.
Personality Development and Illness Behavior
The four most common amplifiers of bodily symptoms—
attention,
mood, beliefs, and social circumstances (e.g., interpersonal con-
flict, stress)—are entirely psychosocial in nature (Barsky,
1988).
Because the construct of personality theoretically encompasses
11. stable individual differences in the attention, mood, and beliefs
that shape behavior, it represents a promising target for research
on
illness behavior development. In particular, the Big Five trait of
neuroticism is posited to influence the ways that symptoms are
perceived and labeled (Costa & McCrae, 1987; Leventhal, Lev-
enthal, & Contrada, 1998), and these perceptions, in turn,
predict
illness responses. For example, greater neuroticism is associated
with an increased internal bodily focus (Costa & McCrae,
1987),
reduced internal locus of control in the face of health threats,
and
higher perceived vulnerability to disease (Gerend, Aiken, West,
&
Erchull, 2004). From this research, it follows that people who
score higher on neuroticism are more responsive to their symp-
toms. Conversely, the Big Five trait of extraversion might
decrease
illness behaviors, because highly extraverted individuals have
more difficulty shifting their attention from external to internal
stimuli (Pennebaker & Brittingham, 1982) and are less likely
than
introverts to accept illness-related restrictions on social
activity.
For example, individuals scoring high on extraversion are rela-
tively more likely to complain to others about pain, yet they
also
report less distress and pain sensitivity (Harkins, Price, &
Braith,
1989). Thus, extraverts might be more likely than introverts to
engage their support systems when ill, but less likely to notice
symptoms. Despite empirical support for concurrent
associations
of adult personality with a range of illness behaviors, the
12. emergent
relationships of these personality influences on illness behavior
are
not well understood (Crane & Martin, 2002; Schüssler, 1992).
No
studies to date have evaluated the predictive role of these traits
in
early life on adulthood illness behavior development.
The Present Study
To understand the role of personality in the development of
illness behavior, a life span approach is useful for examining
when, and to what extent, individuals’ traits contribute over
time.
Thus, the current study leverages prospective data from the Col-
orado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983) to
exam-
ine illness behavior as a developmental process, addressing the
emergence of middle childhood temperament traits and illnesses
as
predictors of early adult illness behavior. The temperament
traits
of emotionality and sociability are viewed as moderately
heritable,
stable precursors of neuroticism and extraversion (Buss &
Plomin,
2014; Goldsmith et al., 1987). Temperament more generally is
viewed as a key aspect of personality and encompasses the
afore-
mentioned symptom amplifiers of attention and mood. Although
personality traits are characterized by more specific beliefs and
values, temperament reliably predicts these cognitions (Rothbart
&
Bates, 2006). Empirical findings on the links between tempera-
ment and Big Five personality traits in adulthood suggest two
13. underlying common affective-motivational factors of
extraversion
and negative affect (Evans & Rothbart, 2007). Other
longitudinal
work predicting adult Big Five traits from middle childhood im-
pulsivity and inhibition found that these two dimensions
account
for more than 30% of variability in adult personality (Deal, Hal-
verson, Havill, & Martin, 2005). Thus, although this study
focuses
on temperament, it includes standard, reliable measures of two
traits with demonstrated concurrent and prospective links with
adult personality (Shiner & DeYoung, 2013). Furthermore, the
exploration of temperament in middle childhood is of particular
interest, as this is a time period in which children begin to
differ-
entiate themselves from others in terms of their psychological
traits (Harter, 2012).
Apart from childhood personality, a widespread literature also
shows that early childhood health has enduring associations
with
chronic disease and physical functioning in adolescence and
early
adulthood (Case, Fertig, & Paxson, 2005; Haas, 2008). These
results are underscored by a theoretical framework of
cumulative
risks or ‘insults’ (Kuh & Ben-Shlomo, 2004), which posits that
childhood biopsychosocial risk factors may accumulate across
the
life span to influence adult health and behavior; thus, the
current
study adjusted for parent reports of childhood illnesses to deter-
mine the extent to which child temperament associations
remained
after accounting for concurrently measured, objective health.
14. This
study’s hypotheses were as follows: (a) higher emotionality in
childhood would predict higher levels of adult illness behavior;
(b)
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649ILLNESS BEHAVIOR IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
childhood sociability would also predict illness behavior,
although
there was no hypothesis of directionality given the mixed
findings
in the literature; and (c) adult emotionality and sociability
would
partially mediate the relationship between childhood
temperament
and illness behavior in adulthood. Given the moderate stability
of
temperament across the life span (Buss & Plomin, 2014), the
strength of childhood temperaments’ associations was expected
to
decrease once proximal adult temperament traits were added to
the
predictive model. Finally, greater childhood illness burden was
19. expected to predict higher levels of adult illness behavior.
Method
Participants
Study participants were child members of adoptive families or
matched control families from the Colorado Adoption Project
(CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983), begun in 1977. The CAP is a
longitudinal, adoption study of genetic and environmental influ-
ences on behavioral development. The CAP provides rich, pro-
spective data on behavioral development and health across a key
developmental transition into early adulthood. Because clinical
studies on illness behavior may be biased toward clinic-based
samples who have already sought out health care (i.e., people
who
tend to fall along the higher extreme of the illness behavior
continuum), the CAP therefore represents a unique opportunity
to
examine the life span development of this construct within a
population-based sample of U.S. adults. CAP proband
participants
(adopted and matched control children) and their siblings were
assessed almost annually from infancy to approximately 21
years
of age (i.e., across CAP assessment years 1 to 21), with a more
recent (year 30) assessment completed in 2011 including a
subset
of participants between 30 and 35 years of age. In the present
study, the phrases “CAP assessment year” or “CAP year” refer
to
the measurement occasion, and do not necessarily reflect
partici-
pants’ actual ages. Across CAP years 7–15, all participants
com-
pleted assessments based on their current grade in school,
20. begin-
ning with first grade, such that all of the children were around
the
same age at a particular assessment year (i.e., in third grade at
assessment year 9). At CAP year 16, participants completed the
assessment as close to their 16th birthday as possible. Thus,
there
was not a wide range of ages at testing, and siblings were rarely
administered the same tests during a single visit. Of particular
relevance to this study, repeated measures of self-reported
temper-
ament were available across CAP assessment years 9 –16 and
21,
and illness behaviors were assessed at CAP assessment years 21
and 30.
The complete CAP sample consists of 493 families (247 adop-
tive; 246 control). Within adoptive families, there were both ad-
opted and biological children. Adoptive and control families
were
matched on the adopted or control child’s gender, number of
children, and the father’s age, education, and occupational
status
(see Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Adopted children were recruited
from local social services in Colorado and placed into their
adop-
tive homes, on average, 29 days after birth (range � 2 to 172
days). Prior to adoption, they received foster care (Rhea,
Bricker,
Corley, Defries, & Wadsworth, 2013). The majority of the CAP
sample self-identifies as Caucasian (95% control parents, 90%
adoptive parents) and the remaining as Hispanic/Latino or Asian
American. The sample was of slightly higher socioeconomic
status
compared to the U.S. average at the time the CAP was initiated;
21. however, its variability is comparable to U.S. norms (Rhea,
Bricker, Wadsworth, & Corley, 2013, 2013). Ethical approval
for
the CAP study was provided by the University of Colorado,
Boulder and University of California, Riverside Institutional
Re-
view Boards.
Within these families, 714 adopted and matched control
children
and their siblings were included in the analysis sample from
those
invited to participate in the childhood CAP assessments (53%
male; 350 from adoptive families and 364 controls).1 Of the 350
participants from adoptive families, 30 were biological children
and 320 were adopted. Participants were nested within 477
fami-
lies, each including up to three siblings (51% single-child).
Anal-
yses included all individuals with demographic data (e.g.,
family
type, age, sex), and substantive data (i.e., temperament, illness
behavior) at the CAP year 9, year 21 or year 30 assessments. Of
the 714 participants, 88% (n � 625) had data at the year 9
assessment, 77% (n � 551) had data at the year 21 assessment,
and
39% (n � 275) had data at the year 30 assessment. Of the 625
individuals with data at year 9, 80% (n � 501) also had longitu-
dinal data at year 21, and 40% (n � 247) had longitudinal data
at
year 30. Some of the missing data at the adulthood assessments
is
the result of attrition; however, there were some assessments in
which siblings of the original probands were not recruited to
participate (Rhea, Bricker, Wadsworth, et al., 2013). For the
year
22. 30 assessment, a smaller subset of participants was randomly
selected for recruitment due to funding constraints.
In terms of attrition analyses, those who participated at CAP
year 21 had parents with, on average, higher education (t(708)
�
2.57, p � .010) and occupational prestige (t(708) � 3.05, p �
.002).
Nonadopted participants and those from control families were
also
more likely to have data at year 21 (�2[1] � 5.84, p � .016,
and
�2[1] � 4.66, p � .031, N � 714, respectively). Data were
assumed to be missing at random (MAR), and maximum likeli-
hood estimation was applied which ensures the validity of
results
under this assumption. All predictive analyses were adjusted for
parent reports of their child’s past-year illnesses, doctor visits,
and
life events stress, parents’ highest reported education and
occupa-
tional status, as well as age, sex, family type, and adopted
status.
The emphasis for the current study was not to compare adoptees
and nonadoptees, and we did not have reason to expect illness
behaviors to substantially differ by adopted status.
Nevertheless,
we accounted for adopted status in statistical analyses to
improve
the accuracy of model parameters. We controlled for both
family
type and adopted status, because adoptive families also included
biological (nonadopted) children.
Measures
23. Temperament (CAP years 9, 21). Child temperament was
measured using the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory
(CCTI; Rowe & Plomin, 1977). The CCTI was derived from the
EAS survey (Buss & Plomin, 2014), and measures four key
temperament dimensions: Emotionality, Activity, Sociability,
and
Impulsivity (Plomin, Corley, Caspi, Fulker, & DeFries, 1998).
The
1 Two individuals were excluded from the analysis given a
complex
adoptive history.
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650 SISCO-TAYLOR ET AL.
present study included the Emotionality and Sociability CCTI
scales from CAP year 9. Repeated measures of child self-
reported
temperament, as measured with the CCTI, were included across
CAP years 9 –16. Year 9 was chosen because this was the first
middle childhood wave in which children provided self-reports
of
their temperament.2 Adult temperament was measured with the
28. Emotionality-Activity-Sociability Temperament/-Impulsivity
Sur-
vey (EAS-I; Buss & Plomin, 1975). The EAS-I further divides
emotionality into two subscales: Fearfulness and Anger. The
pres-
ent study included Emotionality-Anger, Emotionality-
Fearfulness,
and Sociability EASI scales from CAP year 21. Scales were
previously validated and show good reliabilities (CCTI
subscales,
median � � .80; EASI, median � � .72; see Hubert, Wachs,
Peters-Martin, & Gandour, 1982).
Illness behavior (CAP years 21, 30). All illness behavior
measures were gathered at CAP years 21 and 30 as part of a
larger
telephone-based questionnaire. Illness behavior was
operational-
ized as any measure reflecting participants’ evaluations and re-
sponses to bodily symptoms, regardless of whether these
physical
complaints were corroborated by an objective health measure.
This
contrasts with physical health, which refers to participants’
phys-
ical well-being, or the absence of bodily symptoms and any
acute
or chronic health conditions. Measures included in this study
are
discussed in detail below.
Somatic complaints. The first indicator of illness behavior
was a checklist of bodily symptoms, reflecting participants’ dis-
ease or symptom preoccupation (cf., Illness Behavior Question-
naire/IBQ; Pilowsky & Spence, 1975). In the current study, par-
ticipants indicated how often they experienced 9 common
29. symptoms with no definable diagnoses (e.g., dizziness, nausea,
stomachaches), each on a 6-point scale from never (1) to daily
(6).
A confirmatory factor analysis constrained loadings to be equal
across waves without loss of fit; this yielded an invariant
“somatic
complaint” factor (see online supplemental material).
Sick days. This item indexed participants’ investment in the
sick role, asking their “frequency of missed school/work due to
illness” on a 6-point scale from never (1) to daily (6).
Medication use. This self-report item assessed participants’
“frequency of taking medication for emotion/nerve problems”,
on
a 6-point scale from never (1) to daily (6). This item indexed
participants’ somatic (rather than psychological) orientation to-
ward illness, denial of life stresses, and affective disturbance
(general anxiety; cf., Illness Behavior Questionnaire/IBQ; Pi-
lowsky & Spence, 1975).
Control Variables
Parent-report data on participants’ past-year illness burden,
number of doctor visits, and life events stress from the CAP
year
9 assessment, the highest-reported parental education and
occupa-
tional prestige, as well as participants’ actual age at each CAP
assessment year (9, 21, 30), sex (�.50 � male; �.50 � female),
family type (�.50 � adoptive; �.50 � control), and adopted
status (0 � nonadoptee; 1 � adoptee), were examined as
potential
covariates. Illness burden was a composite of parents’ reports of
the total frequency of any health problems their children had
experienced in the past year: that is, sum of International
30. Classifica-
tion of Diseases and Related Health Problems symptom codes
(ICD-9; http://www.icd9data.com/2011/Volume1/default.htm),
each
multiplied by frequency of occurrence. Previous research
suggests
that parent report of children’s doctor visits and medical chart
reviews are generally in strong agreement (Craig, Cox, & Klein,
2002). Past-year life events stress was measured via the Social
Readjustment Rating Scale (SSRS; Coddington, 1972). Parents
indicated which of 33 life events had occurred during the
previous
year and how upsetting the event was for their child from 0 (not
at
all) to 3 (very much). These ratings were then summed. Partici-
pants’ exact age at each CAP assessment year were entered to
account for possible age effects and the distance between mea-
surement occasions. These variables were centered at ages 9,
21,
and 30 years, respectively. Two variables were created
reflecting
adoptive or control parents’ highest reported levels of education
and occupational attainment (National Opinion Research Center/
NORC scores) at CAP intake and year 7 assessments (i.e., the
highest scores between the two assessments, regardless of
whether
they came from the mother or father).
Statistical Procedures
Model-fitting was conducted using Mplus (Version 8, Muthén &
Muthén, 2012). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using
robust
weighted least squares estimation (WLSMV) was conducted to
test
31. and validate a factor indexed by somatic complaints, staying
home
from school or work due to illness, and medication use (see
online
supplemental material). All models accounted for data
dependency
(i.e., nesting within families). The final illness behavior factor
included somatic complaints (factor score), sick days, and medi-
cation use.
The primary analyses applied multilevel, latent path regres-
sion models using robust maximum likelihood estimation
(MLR). Full-information modeling of all data was applied to
reduce any possible attrition bias. Models were evaluated at
both adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 & 30). In the first
step (Model 1), illness behavior was regressed on year 9 emo-
tionality and sociability, adjusting for covariates, and the fit
was evaluated with a comparison model in which the two paths
between year 9 emotionality and sociability to adult illness
behavior were dropped, but otherwise identical to Model 1.
Next, we fitted a mediation model (Model 2) with year 21
emotionality and sociability traits added to Model 1 as media-
tors of child temperament traits on adult illness behavior (see
Figure 1), and compared its fit with three nested models, in
which (a) the two paths from year 9 temperament traits to adult
illness behavior were dropped; (b) the six paths from child to
adult temperament traits were dropped; and (c) the three paths
from adult temperament traits to illness behavior were dropped,
but all otherwise identical to Model 2. Nested models were
compared using the likelihood ratio test formula specified by
Muthén and Muthén (2010; http://www.statmodel.com/chidiffs
.html) for MLR estimation, and mediation was evaluated with
the MODEL CONSTRAINT command. Grand-mean centering
was used for all predictors, except life events stress and demo-
graphics. Age was treated as a covariate, where year 9 age was
regressed out of all outcomes (i.e., adult temperament, illness
32. 2 Models including Emotionality and Sociability CCTI
measures from
CAP year 10 were also evaluated, and results were similar to
year 9.
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651ILLNESS BEHAVIOR IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
http://www.icd9data.com/2011/Volume1/default.htm
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
http://www.statmodel.com/chidiffs.html
http://www.statmodel.com/chidiffs.html
behavior), and age at year 21 or year 30 was regressed out of
illness behavior (see Supplemental figure).
Results
Descriptive analyses are presented in Table 1. The average
age of participants across the three assessments was 9.48 years
at CAP year 9 (SD � 0.37), 21.54 years at CAP year 21 (SD �
0.74), and 31.86 years at CAP year 30 (SD � 1.28), respec-
37. tively. Natural logarithmic transformations were applied to
childhood doctor visits and illness burden variables to adjust for
significant positive skew and reported pairwise correlations
(see Table 2) were based on transformed values. Correlations
between child temperament and observed adult illness behavior
items were modest to small (rs ranged from �.12 to .12).
Notably, child emotionality was positively associated with year
21 somatic complaints (r(468) � .12, p � .008), whereas child
sociability was negatively associated (r(466) � �.12, p �
.010). Stronger associations emerged for the year 21 tempera-
ment dimensions (rs ranged from �.15 to .40). Higher
emotionality-fearfulness at year 21 was positively associated
with all three illness behavior indicators at CAP year 21 (n �
518 to 533; rs � .18 to .40, all ps � .001), and with somatic
complaints and medication use at CAP year 30 (r(258) � .19,
p � .002, and r(260) � .24, p � .001, respectively). Higher
emotionality-anger at year 21 was positively …
Who’s Addicted to the Smartphone and/or the Internet?
Bernd Lachmann
Ulm University
Éilish Duke
University of London
Rayna Sariyska
Ulm University
Christian Montag
Ulm University and University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China
38. Over the past few years, a growing amount of research has
considered the links between personality and
overuse (pathological use) of the Internet. Given the partial
overlap between problematic Internet and
smartphone use (PIU and PSU, respectively), the present study
seeks to investigate whether the same
personality traits can be linked to overuse of both platforms. A
total of 612 participants (177 males/435
females, mostly students) completed questionnaires assessing
both PIU and PSU, and the NEO Five
Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to measure the Five-Factor Model
of Personality and the Self-Directedness
scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results
indicate the existence of a common
personality structure linked to both PIU and PSU. Interestingly,
the associations between personality and
PIU were higher than those concerning PSU. Low Self-
Directedness appears to be the best predictor of
overuse on both digital platforms. Therefore, lower willpower
anchored in the personality trait Self-
Directedness may reflect the core of digital additive tendencies.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
The present study suggests the presence of a common
personality structure linked to both problematic
Internet use and problematic smartphone use. In this regard
especially, low Self-Directedness seems
to be the best predictor of problematic digital use.
Keywords: personality, Self-Directedness, Internet addiction,
smartphone addiction
The study of problematic smartphone use (PSU) is much
younger than that of its sibling, problematic Internet use (PIU;
among others, originating in the work of Young, 1998b). This is
39. understandable, as the first commercially successful smartphone
is
a relatively recent introduction, originating with the launch of
the
Apple iPhone in 2007 by Steve Jobs. Since then, the smartphone
has become a runaway success. Nearly 2 billion people
worldwide
currently own a smartphone (cited by Miller, 2012), and people
use this powerful technical device for many daily tasks
including
surfing the web, navigating a new city, communicating via
classic
phone calls, short message services, or newer communication
channels such as Whats-App and Facebook. Given the many
advantages of smartphones, it is important not to (over-)
patholo-
gize everyday life, including smartphone usage (e.g., see the
discussion of problematic Internet use by Kardefelt-Winther,
2014). Nevertheless, a growing body of research suggests the
existence of a dark side of smartphone usage (Lee, Chang, Lin,
&
Cheng, 2014; Montag, Kannen, et al., 2015), with some work
even
highlighting its potentially addictive nature (Duke & Montag,
2017a; Kwon, Kim, Cho, & Yang, 2013; Kwon, Lee, et al.,
2013;
Lin et al., 2015).
From this perspective, one can distinguish between generalized
(addictive behavior to the Internet in general) and specific (ad-
dicted to an application on the Internet) Internet addiction
(Brand,
2017). Davis (2001) points out that individuals suffering from
generalized Internet addiction could not have developed their
dysfunctional behavior (e.g., shopping, gambling, etc.) without
40. the
Internet, that is, the problematic Internet use itself determines
subsequent specific problem behaviors. On the other hand, indi-
viduals suffering from specific Internet addiction are using the
Internet only as instrument to satisfy their needs (e.g.,
shopping,
gambling, and gaming) but are not dependent on the Internet per
se. The same problematic behavior could exist in the real world,
outside of cyberspace. The phenomenon of social or peer
pressure
This article was published Online First November 20, 2017.
Bernd Lachmann, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm
Univer-
sity; Éilish Duke, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths,
University of
London; Rayna Sariyska, Institute of Psychology and Education,
Ulm
University; Christian Montag, Institute of Psychology and
Education, Ulm
University, and Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation/Center
for Informa-
tion in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology,
University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China.
The position of CM is funded by a Heisenberg grant, awarded to
him by
the German Research Foundation (DFG, MO2363/3-2).
Moreover, the
study is funded by a grant on computer and Internet gaming
awarded to
CM by the German Research Foundation (DFG, MO2363/2-1).
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
41. Christian
Montag, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University,
Helm-
holtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm. E-mail: [email protected]
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46. smartphone use (PSU) may also lead to a decrease in
productivity
(Montag & Walla, 2016). In some countries, law enforcement
has
banned smartphone use in situations such as driving a car,
owing
to the distraction of drivers from traffic and the potential for
creating dangerous situations (Coben & Zhu, 2013; Falkner,
2011).
Given that many users prolong their smartphone sessions even
when in the relative privacy of their bedrooms (Montag,
Kannen,
et al., 2015), it comes as no surprise that PSU is often
accompanied
by poor sleep quality (Yogesh, Abha, & Priyanka, 2014) and in
some cases, lower work engagement the next morning (Lanaj,
Johnson, & Barnes, 2014). In the context of well-being and
smart-
phone use, a relatively recent study highlights the importance of
including and assessing the motivation underlying people’s use
of
their smartphones (Ohly & Latour, 2014). Also related to well-
being a recent study finds evidence for an association between
PIU, life satisfaction, and commuting (during commuting the
Internet will be accessed mostly via portable devices like smart-
phones): A more negative attitude towards commuting was asso-
ciated with higher PIU and lower life satisfaction levels (Lach-
mann, Sariyska, Kannen, Stavrou, & Montag, 2017). This short
summary of current literature highlights the potential negative
effects of PSU in daily life and underlines the timeliness of the
current research.
Two theoretical models of Internet addiction have recently been
published. In their consideration of Internet gaming disorder,
Dong
and Potenza (2014), propose a model that emphasizes the
47. influence
of craving on the use of Internet games. Based on the work of
Davis (2001), a more general model of Internet addiction has
been
developed by Brand, Young, and Laier (2014), which has
become
the basis for the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-
Execution
(I-PACE) model (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza,
2016). In this model, the authors focus more on specific types
of
Internet addiction like shopping or gambling than generalized
Internet addiction (of note they use the term Internet use
disorder).
Generalized Internet addiction may be described as a situation
in
which an individual is addicted to the Internet in general rather
than to a specific application of the Internet (Brand, 2017). Of
relevance to the current study, a key predisposing factor for the
development of a generalized Internet addiction within this
model
is personality (Brand et al., 2016).
With respect to PIU, a large body of research has been con-
ducted, which demonstrates the importance of a number of per-
sonality dimensions in predicting PIU (see review by Montag &
Reuter, 2015)1. The study of personality is important because it
describes rather stable characteristics of a person, manifesting
in
typical emotional reactions, cognitive thinking patterns, and be-
havior in everyday life (Montag & Panksepp, 2017). Moreover,
personality is linked to important real-life variables, such as
health
behavior (Bogg & Roberts, 2004), longevity (Jackson,
Connolly,
Garrison, Leveille, & Connolly, 2015), and vulnerability for af-
48. fective disorders (Lahey, 2009). Among the studied (and often
highlighted) factors in the field of Internet addiction, high Self-
Directedness, a personality trait describing persons with high
will-
power and who are reasonably content with themselves, might
represent a resilience factor against PIU (Montag et al., 2011;
Montag, Jurkiewicz, & Reuter, 2010; Sariyska et al., 2014). Be-
yond these results, several other research findings indicate that
the
personality dimensions Neuroticism (positively linked; Hardie
&
Tee, 2007) and Conscientiousness (negatively linked; Montag et
al., 2010) must be mentioned to understand PIU and PSU.
Recently, a questionnaire has been published to assess smart-
phone addiction: Kwon, Kim, et al. (2013) and Kwon, Lee, et al.
(2013) have also demonstrated that there is an overlap between
Internet and smartphone addiction but that this overlap is far
from
perfect. In their questionnaire, several facets of PSU are consid-
ered, including daily life disturbance, positive anticipation of
smartphone usage, withdrawal symptoms in absence of the
smart-
phone, cyberspace-oriented relationships, and problematic use
of
smartphone and development of tolerance (see Kwon, Lee et al.,
2013, p. 5). Interestingly, in the Kwon study, it appeared that
the
overlap between PIU and PSU is about r � .40. Thus, 16% of
the
variance in both concepts overlaps (i.e., .402). Although this
over-
lap might not seem excessively high, it underlines a certain
resem-
blance between PIU and PSU (note: imagine a smartphone
49. without
access to the Internet; it virtually would be worthless). Given
the
high number of findings describing the association between PIU
and personality, one could ask the question if the cause for the
observed overlap possibly can manifest in a similar personality
structure of PIU and PSU.
Therefore, the question arises whether the personality traits
linked to Internet addiction are also linked to smartphone addic-
tion. To answer this question, we collected data on Internet
addic-
tion, smartphone addiction, and personality to search for similar
underlying correlation patterns. This enabled us to investigate
whether the same personality variables were associated with
both
PIU and PSU and also allowed us to examine the strength of
these
associations. Beyond that, the presence of similar patterns
between
personality variables and PIU/PSU implicated the existence of a
possible trait underlying both PIU and PSU. The personality
struc-
ture of this trait was further examined to see whether similar
patterns emerged between the personality variables and both
PIU
and PSU, as any such finding would support the assumption that
the same personality traits could be linked to both Internet and
smartphone addiction.
Based on previous research, we predicted that low Self-
Directedness, low Conscientiousness, and high Neuroticism
would
be linked to higher problematic Internet use. Given the partial
overlap between Internet and problematic smartphone use, we
expected that the same patterns would be visible between these
50. personality traits and PSU. Finally, we assumed a common
under-
lying trait for PIU and PSU that should be affected by the same
personality variables.
1 Please note, that there is some controversy in the research
over how
best to refer to problematic Internet use (PIU). We use the terms
PIU and
Internet addiction somewhat synonymously, given that the
inventory we
used to assess PIU is called the Internet Addiction Test (please
see method
section of the current paper). This controversy has not been
made easier by
the inclusion of a distinct form of PIU–Internet Gaming
Disorder—in
section III of DSM–5 (Petry & O’Brien, 2013; Pontes &
Griffiths, 2014).
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55. Method
Participants
In the present study, N � 612 (177 males and 435 females)
participants contributed data, whereof 572 (160 males and 412
females) owned a smartphone. All participants are part of the
Ulm
Gene Brain Behavior Project and part of the data has been pub-
lished in the context of an Affective Neuroscience Framework
earlier (Montag, Sindermann, Becker, & Panksepp, 2016; note
that
this paper deals with a different topic and only the smartphone
addiction scale (SAS) data have been presented with respect to
correlations of another questionnaire not of relevance for the
present study). The mean age of the sample was 23.55 years (SD
�
5.92). Participants were recruited in a university context, so
most
of the sample consists of students. All participants completed
several questionnaires dealing with personality and technology
use. For the purposes of the present study, participants provided
information on their problematic Internet and smartphone use
(questionnaires are described below). They also completed
several
questionnaires to assess personality (for more detail, see
below).
All participants provided written consent before participation in
the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee at
Ulm
University.
Questionnaires
All participants completed Young’s Internet Addiction Test
(IAT; Young, 1998a). This questionnaire consists of 20 items,
56. answered on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from rarely (1) to
always (5). Items used in the IAT are, for example, “How often
do
you try to hide how long you’ve been online?” or “How often do
you find that you stay online longer than you intended?” Our
German translation of the IAT has been used in several of
earlier
studies, such as Montag et al. (2011) or Sariyska et al. (2014),
Sariyska, Reuter, Lachmann, and Montag (2015). The internal
consistency of the questionnaire in the present sample was very
high (� � .88). Scoring the measure requires summing up of the
20 items. Higher scores indicate higher addictive tendencies to-
ward the Internet. The possible range of scores is between 20
and
100 points.
The SAS has been published by Kwon, Lee, et al. (2013) and
consists of 33 items, answered on a 6-point Likert scale,
ranging
from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (6). Items used
within
the questionnaire are, for example, “My life would be empty
without my smartphone.” The questionnaire has been translated
twice (forward- and back-translation): first from English to Ger-
man and second from German to English language by two inde-
pendent psychologists. The internal consistencies of our German
translation are very high (� � .98). Similar to the IAT, scoring
the
SAS requires summing the individual items, with higher scores
representing greater addictive tendencies toward the
smartphone.
The possible range of scores is between 33 and 198 points.
To assess the Five-Factor Model of personality, we
administered
the NEO Five-Factor Inventory by Costa and McCrae (1992) in
57. German, as translated by Borkenau and Ostendorf (1993). This
questionnaire consists of 60 items scored on a 5-point Likert
scale,
ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). The
Five-Factor Model of personality assesses Openness for Experi-
ence (Cronbach’s � � .75; sample item: “I am intrigued by the
patterns I find in art and nature”), Conscientiousness (� � .85;
“I
keep my belongings neat and clean”), Extraversion (� � .79; “I
like to have a lot of people around me”), Agreeableness (� �
.79;
“I try to be courteous to everyone I meet”), and Neuroticism (�
�
.86; “I often feel inferior to others”). Higher scores indicate
higher
scores on each dimension. Some items need to be recoded
before
the scores can be summed up.
Finally, given its relevance for a better understanding of
Internet
addiction (Sariyska et al., 2014), we asked participants to
answer
the items measuring Self-Directedness (e.g., “I usually am free
to
choose what I will do” or “My behavior is strongly guided by
certain goals that I have set for my life”) from the Temperament
and Character Inventory by Cloninger, Svrakic, and Przybeck
1993 (German translation by Cloninger & Richter, 1999). These
items are answered with either “yes” (1) or “no” (0). Internal
consistencies for the Self-Directedness scale were satisfying (�
�
.87). Higher scores indicate higher ratings on the dimension of
Self-Directedness. As with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory,
some
58. items required recoding before the scores were added.
Statistical Analyses
Owing to skewed distributions of IAT and SAS variables, we
used Spearman’s correlations to analyze the associations
between
the variables of interest. Gender effects were tested with Mann–
Whitney U tests. Although cut-off points for the distinction of
“problematic” or “addict” status have been mentioned in some
work (Widyanto & McMurran, 2004), we refrain from doing so
here. Debate remains over the precision of such cut-off values,
and
we understand the scores/diagnosis as a continuum. The correla-
tions between personality variables and PIU/PSU were further
investigated using Fisher’s z test. As the results indicated the
particular importance of the personality dimension Self-
Directedness, we conducted a hierarchical regression analysis,
which included the investigation of a composite trait called
prob-
lematic digital use, derived from a principal component analysis
(PCA). The extraction criterion for the PCA was, according to
Kaiser-Guttman, an Eigenvalue greater than 1. We also analyzed
the correlation patterns of the subdimensions of Self-
Directedness
in relation to PIU and PSU. All analyses have been computed in
SPSS 22.
Results
Data Inspection
Visual inspection revealed skewed distributions for the
variables
IAT and SAS. Because the variables were non-normally distrib-
uted, we decided to use nonparametric testing. The distributions
59. are depicted in Figure 1. We did not find any outliers on any
variables.
Age, Gender and IAT/SAS
Gender was significantly associated with IAT scores (U �
32978.50, p � .005) but not the SAS (U � 31976.00, p � .582).
On the IAT scale, males reported higher scores than females
(IAT:
males M � 32.45; SD � 10.20 vs. females M � 29.84; SD �
7.83;
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184 LACHMANN, DUKE, SARIYSKA, AND MONTAG
SAS: males M � 66.88; SD � 27.20 vs. females M � 64.58; SD
�
23.69). Age was associated with both IAT (rho � �.09, p �
.031)
and the SAS (rho � �.16, p � .001). Mean and median scores
for
the scales are as follows (SAS: M � 65.22, SD � 24.72 and
Median � 61.00; IAT: M � 30.59, SD � 8.66 and Median �
28.00).
64. Personality and IAT/SAS
First (and in line with the works by Kwon, Kim, et al., 2013;
Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013), a moderate association between the
SAS
and IAT was observed (rho � .53, p � .001). All other correla-
tions between personality and the two technology use variables
are
depicted in Table 1. Fishers’ z test was used to compare the
correlations between personality variables and IAT/SAS scores.
Significantly higher correlations for the IAT compared with the
SAS score were found for Extraversion (z � �2.4, p � .008),
Agreeableness (z � 1.8, p � .039), Conscientiousness (z � 2.1,
p � .023), and Self-Directedness (z � 1.8, p � .037). Openness
showed a significantly inverse correlation with the SAS and was
not related to the IAT score. Although some of the correlations
between SAS, IAT, and personality (Neuroticism,
Agreeableness,
Conscientiousness and Self-Directedness) are in the same direc-
tion, other correlations are unique (e.g., Extraversion and IAT).
For reasons of completeness, we also provide the correlation
patterns (including Fisher’s z tests) for males and females sepa-
rately in Table 2 though these patterns are largely similar for
both
genders. The strongest correlations appear between Self-
Directedness and both SAS (rho � �.33, p � .001) and IAT
(rho � �.41, p � .001).
Principal Component Analysis of IAT and SAS and
Regression Model
A (unrotated) PCA of IAT and SAS sum scores revealed one
underlying composite trait with an Eigenvalue of � � 1.55, ex-
plaining 77.6% of the variance of both addiction questionnaires
(no other Eigenvalue � 1). We call this composite trait
65. “problem-
atic digital use”. As a follow-up analysis, we inserted this trait
as
a dependent variable in a hierarchical regression model. As
inde-
pendent variables, we included demographic variables (age and
gender) in the first block, due to their significant associations
with
PIU and/or PSU and their general well-known role in both con-
structs. Given the robustness of the association between Self-
Directedness and PIU/PSU, this variable was entered in the
second
block. Big Five personality traits were inserted in the third
block.
Demographic variables alone explained 2.6% of the variance,
Self-Directedness added a further 15.6% to the model, and the
Big
Five variables an increment of 5.0% of problematic digital use.
The model that accounts for most of the variance (F(8,563) �
21.25,
p � .001), explains a total of 23.2% variance (Low). Self-
Directedness, (low) Conscientiousness, (low) Agreeableness,
(high) Extraversion, (low) Openness; and (high) Neuroticism
were
the predictors of the model, as age and gender did not achieve
significance in the final model (Table 3).
Self-Directedness and SAS/IAT:
A Close Look
The analysis in this results section demonstrates the importance
of (low) Self-Directedness for a better understanding of digital
Figure 1. Distibution of the Internet Addiction (left) and
Smartphone Addiction (right) Test scores are
presented. See the online article for the color version of this
66. figure.
Table 1
Common Personality Relationships to Internet Addiction Test
(IAT)/Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Scores
Sample Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness
Conscientiousness Self-Directedness
SAS N � 572 .21�� .01 �.14�� �.11�� �.23���
�.33���
Fisher’s z ns z � �2.4, p � .008 z � �2.9, p � .002 z � 1.8, p
�
.039
z � 2.1, p � .023 z � 1.8, p � .037
IAT N � 612 .26��� �.13�� .03 �.21��� �.34���
�.41���
Note. Spearman correlations are presented. Significant
associations common to both SAS and IAT are bold.
�� p � .01. ��� p � .001.
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71. 185PERSONALITY AND DIGITAL ADDICTIVE
TENDENCIES
overuse. As Self-Directedness is composed of several subdimen-
sions, we consider the subscales of this trait and their individual
associations with both IAT and SAS. The character trait Self-
Directedness is composed of the subscales Responsibility versus
Blaming (SD1), Purposefulness versus Lack of Goal Direction
(SD2), Resourcefulness versus Inertia (SD3), Self-Acceptance
ver-
sus Striving (SD4) and Congruent Second Nature versus Bad
Habits (SD5). For a more detailed discussion, please see the
work
by Kose (2003). As can be seen in Table 4, all subscales are
significantly associated with both forms of problematic digital
use.
Hence, no individual facet appears to be of special relevance,
rather the complete personality dimension of Self-Directedness
is
an important factor in problematic digital use.
Discussion
The present study investigated whether the same personality
traits are related to both PIU and PSU. This research question is
of
importance, because both PIU and PSU are moderately, though
not
perfectly, associated with each other. Therefore, we
investigated
whether one of the most prominent personality constructs linked
to
PIU—namely (low) Self-Directedness—would also predict
higher
72. PSU. Our study revealed that low Self-Directedness is indeed
associated with higher PSU and PIU, therefore, clearly
contribut-
ing toward the shared variance of both constructs. Furthermore,
we
extracted a common trait (problematic digital use) underlying
both
PIU and PSU. This trait was determined by the same personality
variables as PIU and PSU, especially by (low) Self-
Directedness.
People with lower Self-Directedness can be described as
dissatis-
fied with their personalities, not able to achieve their planned
goals
and have lower will-power. Given the importance of Self-
Directedness in the better understanding of PIU in previous
studies
(Montag et al., 2010, 2011 and Sariyska et al., 2014), the
present
study shows that these findings can also be extended to PSU.
Moreover, the frequently observed association between PIU and
Self-Directedness has been replicated again in a different
sample
in the present study.
Our findings highlight the importance of considering
personality
variables when investigating factors associated with Internet ad-
diction, as outlined in the I-PACE model of Internet addiction
(Brand et al., 2016). Although this model is theoretically
plausible,
it requires additional empirical support (Brand, 2017). With the
present study, we can contribute some empirical evidence (in
the
context of personality) toward the validity of this model.
73. As with the personality-addiction associations discussed above,
in the present study Fisher’s z test revealed that the associations
between personality and PSU are a bit weaker compared with
the
relationships with PIU, which may have something to do with
the
slightly different topics investigated: although a smartphone
with-
out an online connection is rather useless, it can be used in this
manner (and therefore only a moderate overlap with PIU can be
expected); generalized PIU assesses, in broad terms, one’s own
addictive tendencies, going beyond the rather small domain of
smartphone usage. These differences are mirrored in the results
of
our gender analysis. As the literature has provided evidence
(not
uniformly, but often) for a more “male Internet addict” (Ko,
Yen,
Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012; Lachmann, Sariyska, Kannen,
Cooper,
& Montag, 2016; Shaw & Black, 2008), the present study shows
that this may again only be true for the broad term of PIU, but
not
PSU, where we could not find significant gender differences in
our
sample. This ultimately may be related to some channels being
prominent on a smartphone, but not on desktop computer, such
as
the social communication channel WhatsApp. In a recent study,
we were able to show that these channels are used more
frequently
by females compared with males (Montag, Błaszkiewicz,
Sariyska,
et al., 2015). We do not want to follow this point further
because
74. it was not the main focus of the manuscript and we did not set
up
a hypothesis with respect to gender issues in digital overuse.
At this point in the discussion, we also want to highlight the
less
prominent, though still important, links between personality
traits
of the Five-Factor Model of personality and both PIU and PSU.
In
line with earlier studies (Hardie & Tee, 2007; Montag et al.,
2010,
Table 2
Personality and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT)/Smartphone
Addiction Scale (SAS) Scores Distinguished by Gender
Sample Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness …