This whitepaper is a blueprint for developing an Open RAN solution. It provides an overview of the main
technology elements that Telefónica is developing
in collaboration with selected partners in the Open
RAN ecosystem.
It describes the architectural elements, design
criteria, technology choices, and key chipsets
employed to build a complete portfolio of radio
units and baseband equipment capable of a full
4G/5G RAN rollout in any market of interest.
Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) technology assists operators to accelerate 5G deployment. Recently, GSMA and O-RAN Alliance have joined forces to hasten the adoption of O-RAN products and solutions. Here are the summary and initiatives of Open RAN.
Evolving to an open C-RAN Architecture for 5Gkinsleyaniston
This white paper provides an assesment of the emerging C-RAN architecture with a focus on the practical evolitionary path that will take mobile operators from the distributed RANs of today to the fully-virtualized and open cloud RANs of future. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/smart-xhaul-solutions/index.html
C-RAN was first proposed by China Mobile Research Institute in Beijing, China in April 2010, and is currently attracting attention in the United States to manage the expected exponential use of new 5G broadband.
The "C" in C-RAN can alternatively stand for centralized or cooperative.
C-RAN is a variety of cloud computing environments based on open hardware and interface cards, which can dynamically process fiber links and interconnections in stations. This architecture was developed to meet 5G challenges.
C-RAN (cloud radio access network) is a centralized, cloud computing-based architecture for radio access networks (RAN)
A C-RAN architecture has three primary components:
Centralized baseband unit (BBU) pool
Remote radio unit (RRU) networks
Transport network or fronthaul.
The BBU pool is usually located at a central site and acts as a cloud or data center.
On the other hand, the way the wireless RRU network connects to wireless devices is similar to the access point or transmission tower in a traditional cellular network.
C-RAN is considered to have many benefits, such as:
More cost and footprint effective due to less hardware
Produces higher spectrum efficiency
Has lower heating, cooling and power requirement
Uses cloud computing open platforms and real-time virtualization.
Has the ability to pool resources
Creates a more simplified, scalable and flexible network
C-RAN Training Course By Tonex
C-RAN is a novel mobile network architecture that can solve many challenges faced by operators when trying to meet the ever-increasing demands of end users. The main idea of C-RAN is to concentrate baseband units (BBUs) from multiple base stations into a centralized BBU pool to perform statistical multiplexing gains while shifting the burden to in-phase and quadrature (IQ) high-speed wired transmission data.
C-RAN Training covers
C-RAN principles
Architecture
Components
Planning and design of cloud-RAN applied to 4G and 5G mobile networks.
Learn about:
BU (Base Band Unit)
RRH (Remote Radio Head)
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) Link and Protocol
C-RAN vs. macro cells and DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
For more information, questions, comments:
Visit Course Link:
https://www.tonex.com/c-ran-training-classes-cloud-ran-training/
BUILDING AN OPEN RAN ECOSYSTEM FOR EUROPEDESMOND YUEN
Five companies—Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, and Vodafone—published a report outlining why they feel Europe as a whole is lagging behind other regions such as the U.S. and Japan in developing Open RAN. The companies point to both a lack of companies developing key components, notably silicon chips, for Open RAN technologies, as well as the need to get incumbent equipment vendors Ericsson and Nokia on board with Open RAN development.
O-RAN is an approach to making radio access networks more open and interoperable. It uses open source software, standardized interfaces, and general purpose hardware to allow for innovation and flexibility compared to traditional monolithic and proprietary systems. The high-level design involves splitting the network functions into different units like Distributed Units and Centralized Units that can be deployed in various locations like at the edge of the network or in centralized data centers. Key use cases focus on allowing telecom operators to innovate and improve their networks as well as enabling new applications that require low latency edge computing capabilities.
This report describes the 5G requirements, use cases and technologies which are modelling the transformation of the core network and a roadmap how the 3GPP Evolve Packet Core can be modified to become the core for the 5G networks.
Prof. Andy Sutton: 5G RAN Architecture Evolution - Jan 20193G4G
This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.
Presented by Professor Andy Sutton CEng FIET, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, BT Technology at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
The OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) technology assists operators to accelerate 5G deployment. Recently, GSMA and O-RAN Alliance have joined forces to hasten the adoption of O-RAN products and solutions. Here are the summary and initiatives of Open RAN.
Evolving to an open C-RAN Architecture for 5Gkinsleyaniston
This white paper provides an assesment of the emerging C-RAN architecture with a focus on the practical evolitionary path that will take mobile operators from the distributed RANs of today to the fully-virtualized and open cloud RANs of future. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/smart-xhaul-solutions/index.html
C-RAN was first proposed by China Mobile Research Institute in Beijing, China in April 2010, and is currently attracting attention in the United States to manage the expected exponential use of new 5G broadband.
The "C" in C-RAN can alternatively stand for centralized or cooperative.
C-RAN is a variety of cloud computing environments based on open hardware and interface cards, which can dynamically process fiber links and interconnections in stations. This architecture was developed to meet 5G challenges.
C-RAN (cloud radio access network) is a centralized, cloud computing-based architecture for radio access networks (RAN)
A C-RAN architecture has three primary components:
Centralized baseband unit (BBU) pool
Remote radio unit (RRU) networks
Transport network or fronthaul.
The BBU pool is usually located at a central site and acts as a cloud or data center.
On the other hand, the way the wireless RRU network connects to wireless devices is similar to the access point or transmission tower in a traditional cellular network.
C-RAN is considered to have many benefits, such as:
More cost and footprint effective due to less hardware
Produces higher spectrum efficiency
Has lower heating, cooling and power requirement
Uses cloud computing open platforms and real-time virtualization.
Has the ability to pool resources
Creates a more simplified, scalable and flexible network
C-RAN Training Course By Tonex
C-RAN is a novel mobile network architecture that can solve many challenges faced by operators when trying to meet the ever-increasing demands of end users. The main idea of C-RAN is to concentrate baseband units (BBUs) from multiple base stations into a centralized BBU pool to perform statistical multiplexing gains while shifting the burden to in-phase and quadrature (IQ) high-speed wired transmission data.
C-RAN Training covers
C-RAN principles
Architecture
Components
Planning and design of cloud-RAN applied to 4G and 5G mobile networks.
Learn about:
BU (Base Band Unit)
RRH (Remote Radio Head)
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) Link and Protocol
C-RAN vs. macro cells and DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
For more information, questions, comments:
Visit Course Link:
https://www.tonex.com/c-ran-training-classes-cloud-ran-training/
BUILDING AN OPEN RAN ECOSYSTEM FOR EUROPEDESMOND YUEN
Five companies—Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, and Vodafone—published a report outlining why they feel Europe as a whole is lagging behind other regions such as the U.S. and Japan in developing Open RAN. The companies point to both a lack of companies developing key components, notably silicon chips, for Open RAN technologies, as well as the need to get incumbent equipment vendors Ericsson and Nokia on board with Open RAN development.
O-RAN is an approach to making radio access networks more open and interoperable. It uses open source software, standardized interfaces, and general purpose hardware to allow for innovation and flexibility compared to traditional monolithic and proprietary systems. The high-level design involves splitting the network functions into different units like Distributed Units and Centralized Units that can be deployed in various locations like at the edge of the network or in centralized data centers. Key use cases focus on allowing telecom operators to innovate and improve their networks as well as enabling new applications that require low latency edge computing capabilities.
This report describes the 5G requirements, use cases and technologies which are modelling the transformation of the core network and a roadmap how the 3GPP Evolve Packet Core can be modified to become the core for the 5G networks.
Prof. Andy Sutton: 5G RAN Architecture Evolution - Jan 20193G4G
This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.
Presented by Professor Andy Sutton CEng FIET, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, BT Technology at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
The OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
White Paper: Dynamic TDD for LTE-a (eIMTA) and 5GEiko Seidel
LTE, which was originally designed with fixed FDD or TDD modes with little flexibility for varying the capacity split between uplink and downlink, is being augmented with features that allow for more flexible use of radio resources. One of these features is “enhanced Interference Mitigation and Traffic Adaptation” (eIMTA) which notably allows for very dynamic adaptation of the TDD pattern e.g. in response to varying capacity requirements in uplink and downlink. eIMTA was standardized in LTE-A Release 12 and eIMTA-like functionality is considered to be one of the key enablers for 5G technologies. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light on eIMTA, its main characteristics and capabilities and to illustrate its behaviour by means of system-level simulations.
The document discusses the open virtualized RAN (vRAN) ecosystem. It provides an overview of the ecosystem and its goals of accelerating adoption of open vRAN solutions. It describes traditional and evolving RAN architectures including centralized and virtualized RAN. It demonstrates early multi-vendor pre-5G and 5G SA proof of concept solutions using the open vRAN architecture. The demos show how the architecture enables new services through network slicing and edge computing. Finally, it discusses how the open vRAN ecosystem is accelerating the transition to software-defined mobile networks.
Open RAN uses functional splits to separate network functions and place them in different locations to optimize performance and costs. The document discusses:
1) Open RAN splits radio access network functions like the distributed unit (DU) and centralized unit (CU) from the proprietary baseband unit (BBU), allowing these functions to be placed flexibly.
2) The DU handles lower layer functions close to the radio unit (RU) for low latency, while the CU handles other functions and controls multiple DUs.
3) Functional splits allow optimizing where to place network functions based on considerations like transport availability, latency, and use case requirements.
C-RAN, Cloud RAN Training | Tonex TrainingBryan Len
C-RAN, sometimes referred to as Centralized-RAN, is an architecture for cellular networks.
C-RAN is a novel versatile network architecture that can address various challenges administrators face while attempting to help developing end-client's needs.
C-RAN (cloud radio access network) is a centralized, cloud computing-based architecture for radio access networks (RAN) that empowers
Enormous scale arrangement
Collaborative radio technology backing
And genuine time virtualization capabilities.
C-RAN benefits include :
The ability to pool resources
Reuse infrastructure
Simplify network operations and management
Support multiple technologies
Reduce energy consumption, lower capex and opex
Network becomes more heterogeneous and self-organizing.
Learn about:
BU (Base Band Unit)
RRH (Remote Radio Head)
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) Link and Protocol
C-RAN vs. macro cells and DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
Request more information.
Visit tonex.com for course and workshop detail
C-RAN Training | Cloud-RAN Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/c-ran-training-cloud-ran-training/
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
5G networks will require architectural changes to support new capabilities and use cases. Key changes include adopting a cloud-native architecture with network softwarization using NFV, SDN, and network slicing. This will allow the network to be controlled by software and separated into multiple virtual networks. The 5G radio access network architecture will also change with the introduction of cloud-RAN to replace distributed base stations and reduce small cell deployment costs. Network slicing will enable logical isolation of network resources to provide different services on the same physical network, such as enterprise, OTT, and MVNO services.
The document provides an overview of 4G technologies including WiMAX and LTE. It introduces Leonhard Korowajczuk who has over 40 years of experience in telecommunications and discusses CelPlan's expertise in wireless network design. The document outlines CelPlan's training courses on WiMAX, LTE, and wireless network design and discusses key aspects of deploying 4G networks, WiMAX, LTE, and their evolution over various standards releases.
The document discusses the need for 5G networks and technologies to meet exponentially growing mobile data traffic demands. It provides an overview of the Centre for Communication Systems Research (CCSR) at the University of Surrey and their newly established 5G Innovation Centre (5GIC). Key points include:
- Mobile data traffic is doubling every year but network capacity only doubles every 10 years, requiring new 5G technologies.
- 5G will need to provide 1000x capacity increase, 10+ Gbps area spectral efficiency, and sub-1ms latency.
- 5GIC was founded with £35M in funding to conduct 5G research towards developing 5G standards and technologies.
3GPP LTE-A Standardisation in Release 12 and Beyond - Jan 2013 Eiko Seidel, C...Eiko Seidel
Quite some time ago major improvements have been made to LTE with LTE-Advanced as part of 3GPP Release 10. Unquestionably, LTE-A will be the leading global 4G standard fulfilling the defined ITU-R requirements [1] on IMT-Advanced such as peak data rates beyond 1Gbps. While further enhancements to LTE-Advanced have just been completed in 3GPP Release 11, the new technology trends become visible to serve the continuously growing traffic demand. This White Paper, based on Nomor’s attendance of 3GPP, provides an outlook on 3GPP standardisation for the forthcoming years. Besides a summary of general trends and a projected release schedule, it includes an overview of the work and study items of Release 12 in the Radio Working Groups. New key technologies that Release 12 will address are: Small Cell Enhancements, a New Carrier Type, 3D-MIMO Beamforming, Machine-Type-Communication, LTE-WiFi Integration at radio level and Public Safety incl. Device-to-Device communication. While the completion of Release 12 is expected mid of 2014, deployments might be seen around the end of 2015 and later. NoMoR is active in different related research projects and offers consultancy services for related research, standardisation, simulation, early prototyping and technology training.
Getting to the Edge – Exploring 4G/5G Cloud-RAN Deployable SolutionsRadisys Corporation
View these slides, presented by Prakash Siva, VP, Technology & Strategy, hosted by Intel Network Builders, around the subject of Mobile Edge Computing.
This document discusses 5G and provides the following information:
1) 5G R&D activities are underway in several countries and regions to develop 5G technologies and standards prior to full standardization.
2) The timeline for 5G standardization and rollout is outlined, with the first 5G specifications expected in 2020, and large-scale commercial deployments planned from 2022 onwards.
3) 5G aims to enable speeds over 10Gbps, up to 1,000,000 connections per square kilometer, latency of 1ms, and new network architectures like network slicing to enable different virtual networks.
4G/5G RAN architecture: how a split can make the differenceEricsson
Current RAN architecture is undergoing a transformation to increase deployment flexibility and network dynamicity, so that networks will be able to meet the performance requirements demanded by applications such as extreme mobile broadband and long-range massive MTC. To stop total cost of ownership from soaring, the proposed architecture will be software-configurable and split between general-purpose and specialized hardware, in a way that enables ideal placement of networks functions.
How to build high performance 5G networks with vRAN and O-RANQualcomm Research
5G networks are poised to deliver an unprecedented amount of data from a richer set of use cases than we have ever seen. This makes efficient networking in terms of scalability, cost, and power critical for the sustainable growth of 5G. Cloud technologies such as virtualization, containerization and orchestration are now powering a surge of innovation in virtualized radio access network (vRAN) infrastructure with modular hardware and software components, and standardized interfaces. While commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware platforms provide the compute capacity for running vRAN software, hardware accelerators will also play a major role in offloading real-time and complex signal processing functions. Together, COTS platforms and hardware accelerators provide the foundation for building the intelligent 5G network and facilitate innovative new use cases with the intelligent wireless edge.
Understanding 5G: Perspectives on future technological advancements in mobilessk
This document discusses perspectives on 5G and its future technological advancements. There are currently two definitions of 5G - a service-led view that sees 5G as consolidating existing technologies to provide greater coverage/reliability, and a view driven by a step change in data speeds (>1Gbps) and latency (<1ms) requiring a true generational shift. Achieving sub-1ms latency across large networks presents a major technical challenge and will define 5G. At the same time, 4G networks will continue to evolve through technologies like NFV/SDN and increase adoption in many countries.
LTE is basically a transition from 3G to 4G mobile networks. This report covers various aspects related to telecommunication sector, LTE basics, working and its applications. Apart from this it also includes technologies such as MIMO, FREQUENCY and TIME DUPLEXING etc.
This document provides an overview of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications for 5G wireless networks, with a focus on propagation models. It discusses key concepts of 5G including the use of mmWave spectrum to provide multi-Gbps data rates. The document compares propagation parameters and channel models from various standardization bodies in the 0.5-100 GHz range. It summarizes recent work on measurements and models of path loss, penetration loss, and more for 5G mmWave channels across different scenarios.
Akraino Ike Alisson 6G Architecture Themes Sensing Netw Core RAN Conv Cell Fr...Ike Alisson
The document discusses several themes for 6G network architecture, including sensing networks using 3GPP PIoTs and ETSI SAREF standards, convergence of 6G RAN and core networks, and cell-free solutions. It also references visions and research from organizations like Nokia, Samsung, Ericsson, and 3GPP on technologies enabling 6G such as terahertz communications, AI, and edge computing through network slicing and 5G LADNs.
This document provides an overview of LTE, LTE-A, and 4G mobile technologies. It explains that while LTE is often marketed as 4G, it does not fully meet the technical specifications for 4G set by the ITU. LTE-Advanced was developed to meet these specifications by achieving peak data rates of 1 Gbps download and 500 Mbps upload through the use of carrier aggregation and other enhancements to LTE. The document outlines some of the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, such as carrier aggregation, relays, and coordinated multipoint, and how they help LTE-Advanced achieve the goals of 4G networks including higher speeds, lower latency, and better coverage.
3GPP Overview
TSG Plenary Status for 5G
New Services and Markets Technology Enablers
Architecture for Next Generation System
Next Generation Radio Access Technology
TSG Plenary Status for LTE-Advanced Pro
References
This document discusses the intersection of 5G networks and open reference platforms. Open reference platforms using disaggregated RAN architectures and open interfaces can offer new user experiences through edge computing and adaptive analytics. Challenges include developing principles for graph abstraction of radio networks and understanding service layers and multi-tenancy in open and democratized architectures. Open source communities and standards bodies are collaborating on initiatives like O-RAN and ONAP to define open interfaces and platforms that enable a more programmable radio access network.
The document discusses various industry organization initiatives related to 5G network convergence and orchestration, including:
- The Broadband Forum's work on 5G Fixed Mobile Convergence, including study documents and specifications.
- The Open Networking Foundation's Converged Multi-Access and Core project, which aims to deliver services over both mobile and broadband networks using a disaggregated architecture.
- The Linux Foundation's Edge initiative and its projects like Akraino and EdgeX Foundry that are working on edge computing frameworks and platforms.
- The TM Forum's Business Operating System reference implementation which aims to provide an interoperable software framework for digital services and ecosystems.
- The ETSI's work on
O-RAN is an open architecture for radio access networks that defines interfaces between network functions and promotes interoperability. The document discusses:
- The O-RAN logical architecture including the SMO, non-RT RIC, near-RT RIC, and interfaces like A1, E2, and open fronthaul.
- Implementation options for O-RAN like centralized/distributed near-RT RIC and shared cell deployment modes.
- The work groups developing O-RAN specifications for areas like architecture, interfaces, cloudification, and hardware.
- Details of the O-RAN fronthaul protocol stack supporting control, user, and synchronization planes over Ethernet.
- The reference
White Paper: Dynamic TDD for LTE-a (eIMTA) and 5GEiko Seidel
LTE, which was originally designed with fixed FDD or TDD modes with little flexibility for varying the capacity split between uplink and downlink, is being augmented with features that allow for more flexible use of radio resources. One of these features is “enhanced Interference Mitigation and Traffic Adaptation” (eIMTA) which notably allows for very dynamic adaptation of the TDD pattern e.g. in response to varying capacity requirements in uplink and downlink. eIMTA was standardized in LTE-A Release 12 and eIMTA-like functionality is considered to be one of the key enablers for 5G technologies. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light on eIMTA, its main characteristics and capabilities and to illustrate its behaviour by means of system-level simulations.
The document discusses the open virtualized RAN (vRAN) ecosystem. It provides an overview of the ecosystem and its goals of accelerating adoption of open vRAN solutions. It describes traditional and evolving RAN architectures including centralized and virtualized RAN. It demonstrates early multi-vendor pre-5G and 5G SA proof of concept solutions using the open vRAN architecture. The demos show how the architecture enables new services through network slicing and edge computing. Finally, it discusses how the open vRAN ecosystem is accelerating the transition to software-defined mobile networks.
Open RAN uses functional splits to separate network functions and place them in different locations to optimize performance and costs. The document discusses:
1) Open RAN splits radio access network functions like the distributed unit (DU) and centralized unit (CU) from the proprietary baseband unit (BBU), allowing these functions to be placed flexibly.
2) The DU handles lower layer functions close to the radio unit (RU) for low latency, while the CU handles other functions and controls multiple DUs.
3) Functional splits allow optimizing where to place network functions based on considerations like transport availability, latency, and use case requirements.
C-RAN, Cloud RAN Training | Tonex TrainingBryan Len
C-RAN, sometimes referred to as Centralized-RAN, is an architecture for cellular networks.
C-RAN is a novel versatile network architecture that can address various challenges administrators face while attempting to help developing end-client's needs.
C-RAN (cloud radio access network) is a centralized, cloud computing-based architecture for radio access networks (RAN) that empowers
Enormous scale arrangement
Collaborative radio technology backing
And genuine time virtualization capabilities.
C-RAN benefits include :
The ability to pool resources
Reuse infrastructure
Simplify network operations and management
Support multiple technologies
Reduce energy consumption, lower capex and opex
Network becomes more heterogeneous and self-organizing.
Learn about:
BU (Base Band Unit)
RRH (Remote Radio Head)
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) Link and Protocol
C-RAN vs. macro cells and DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
Request more information.
Visit tonex.com for course and workshop detail
C-RAN Training | Cloud-RAN Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/c-ran-training-cloud-ran-training/
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
5G networks will require architectural changes to support new capabilities and use cases. Key changes include adopting a cloud-native architecture with network softwarization using NFV, SDN, and network slicing. This will allow the network to be controlled by software and separated into multiple virtual networks. The 5G radio access network architecture will also change with the introduction of cloud-RAN to replace distributed base stations and reduce small cell deployment costs. Network slicing will enable logical isolation of network resources to provide different services on the same physical network, such as enterprise, OTT, and MVNO services.
The document provides an overview of 4G technologies including WiMAX and LTE. It introduces Leonhard Korowajczuk who has over 40 years of experience in telecommunications and discusses CelPlan's expertise in wireless network design. The document outlines CelPlan's training courses on WiMAX, LTE, and wireless network design and discusses key aspects of deploying 4G networks, WiMAX, LTE, and their evolution over various standards releases.
The document discusses the need for 5G networks and technologies to meet exponentially growing mobile data traffic demands. It provides an overview of the Centre for Communication Systems Research (CCSR) at the University of Surrey and their newly established 5G Innovation Centre (5GIC). Key points include:
- Mobile data traffic is doubling every year but network capacity only doubles every 10 years, requiring new 5G technologies.
- 5G will need to provide 1000x capacity increase, 10+ Gbps area spectral efficiency, and sub-1ms latency.
- 5GIC was founded with £35M in funding to conduct 5G research towards developing 5G standards and technologies.
3GPP LTE-A Standardisation in Release 12 and Beyond - Jan 2013 Eiko Seidel, C...Eiko Seidel
Quite some time ago major improvements have been made to LTE with LTE-Advanced as part of 3GPP Release 10. Unquestionably, LTE-A will be the leading global 4G standard fulfilling the defined ITU-R requirements [1] on IMT-Advanced such as peak data rates beyond 1Gbps. While further enhancements to LTE-Advanced have just been completed in 3GPP Release 11, the new technology trends become visible to serve the continuously growing traffic demand. This White Paper, based on Nomor’s attendance of 3GPP, provides an outlook on 3GPP standardisation for the forthcoming years. Besides a summary of general trends and a projected release schedule, it includes an overview of the work and study items of Release 12 in the Radio Working Groups. New key technologies that Release 12 will address are: Small Cell Enhancements, a New Carrier Type, 3D-MIMO Beamforming, Machine-Type-Communication, LTE-WiFi Integration at radio level and Public Safety incl. Device-to-Device communication. While the completion of Release 12 is expected mid of 2014, deployments might be seen around the end of 2015 and later. NoMoR is active in different related research projects and offers consultancy services for related research, standardisation, simulation, early prototyping and technology training.
Getting to the Edge – Exploring 4G/5G Cloud-RAN Deployable SolutionsRadisys Corporation
View these slides, presented by Prakash Siva, VP, Technology & Strategy, hosted by Intel Network Builders, around the subject of Mobile Edge Computing.
This document discusses 5G and provides the following information:
1) 5G R&D activities are underway in several countries and regions to develop 5G technologies and standards prior to full standardization.
2) The timeline for 5G standardization and rollout is outlined, with the first 5G specifications expected in 2020, and large-scale commercial deployments planned from 2022 onwards.
3) 5G aims to enable speeds over 10Gbps, up to 1,000,000 connections per square kilometer, latency of 1ms, and new network architectures like network slicing to enable different virtual networks.
4G/5G RAN architecture: how a split can make the differenceEricsson
Current RAN architecture is undergoing a transformation to increase deployment flexibility and network dynamicity, so that networks will be able to meet the performance requirements demanded by applications such as extreme mobile broadband and long-range massive MTC. To stop total cost of ownership from soaring, the proposed architecture will be software-configurable and split between general-purpose and specialized hardware, in a way that enables ideal placement of networks functions.
How to build high performance 5G networks with vRAN and O-RANQualcomm Research
5G networks are poised to deliver an unprecedented amount of data from a richer set of use cases than we have ever seen. This makes efficient networking in terms of scalability, cost, and power critical for the sustainable growth of 5G. Cloud technologies such as virtualization, containerization and orchestration are now powering a surge of innovation in virtualized radio access network (vRAN) infrastructure with modular hardware and software components, and standardized interfaces. While commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware platforms provide the compute capacity for running vRAN software, hardware accelerators will also play a major role in offloading real-time and complex signal processing functions. Together, COTS platforms and hardware accelerators provide the foundation for building the intelligent 5G network and facilitate innovative new use cases with the intelligent wireless edge.
Understanding 5G: Perspectives on future technological advancements in mobilessk
This document discusses perspectives on 5G and its future technological advancements. There are currently two definitions of 5G - a service-led view that sees 5G as consolidating existing technologies to provide greater coverage/reliability, and a view driven by a step change in data speeds (>1Gbps) and latency (<1ms) requiring a true generational shift. Achieving sub-1ms latency across large networks presents a major technical challenge and will define 5G. At the same time, 4G networks will continue to evolve through technologies like NFV/SDN and increase adoption in many countries.
LTE is basically a transition from 3G to 4G mobile networks. This report covers various aspects related to telecommunication sector, LTE basics, working and its applications. Apart from this it also includes technologies such as MIMO, FREQUENCY and TIME DUPLEXING etc.
This document provides an overview of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications for 5G wireless networks, with a focus on propagation models. It discusses key concepts of 5G including the use of mmWave spectrum to provide multi-Gbps data rates. The document compares propagation parameters and channel models from various standardization bodies in the 0.5-100 GHz range. It summarizes recent work on measurements and models of path loss, penetration loss, and more for 5G mmWave channels across different scenarios.
Akraino Ike Alisson 6G Architecture Themes Sensing Netw Core RAN Conv Cell Fr...Ike Alisson
The document discusses several themes for 6G network architecture, including sensing networks using 3GPP PIoTs and ETSI SAREF standards, convergence of 6G RAN and core networks, and cell-free solutions. It also references visions and research from organizations like Nokia, Samsung, Ericsson, and 3GPP on technologies enabling 6G such as terahertz communications, AI, and edge computing through network slicing and 5G LADNs.
This document provides an overview of LTE, LTE-A, and 4G mobile technologies. It explains that while LTE is often marketed as 4G, it does not fully meet the technical specifications for 4G set by the ITU. LTE-Advanced was developed to meet these specifications by achieving peak data rates of 1 Gbps download and 500 Mbps upload through the use of carrier aggregation and other enhancements to LTE. The document outlines some of the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, such as carrier aggregation, relays, and coordinated multipoint, and how they help LTE-Advanced achieve the goals of 4G networks including higher speeds, lower latency, and better coverage.
3GPP Overview
TSG Plenary Status for 5G
New Services and Markets Technology Enablers
Architecture for Next Generation System
Next Generation Radio Access Technology
TSG Plenary Status for LTE-Advanced Pro
References
This document discusses the intersection of 5G networks and open reference platforms. Open reference platforms using disaggregated RAN architectures and open interfaces can offer new user experiences through edge computing and adaptive analytics. Challenges include developing principles for graph abstraction of radio networks and understanding service layers and multi-tenancy in open and democratized architectures. Open source communities and standards bodies are collaborating on initiatives like O-RAN and ONAP to define open interfaces and platforms that enable a more programmable radio access network.
The document discusses various industry organization initiatives related to 5G network convergence and orchestration, including:
- The Broadband Forum's work on 5G Fixed Mobile Convergence, including study documents and specifications.
- The Open Networking Foundation's Converged Multi-Access and Core project, which aims to deliver services over both mobile and broadband networks using a disaggregated architecture.
- The Linux Foundation's Edge initiative and its projects like Akraino and EdgeX Foundry that are working on edge computing frameworks and platforms.
- The TM Forum's Business Operating System reference implementation which aims to provide an interoperable software framework for digital services and ecosystems.
- The ETSI's work on
O-RAN is an open architecture for radio access networks that defines interfaces between network functions and promotes interoperability. The document discusses:
- The O-RAN logical architecture including the SMO, non-RT RIC, near-RT RIC, and interfaces like A1, E2, and open fronthaul.
- Implementation options for O-RAN like centralized/distributed near-RT RIC and shared cell deployment modes.
- The work groups developing O-RAN specifications for areas like architecture, interfaces, cloudification, and hardware.
- Details of the O-RAN fronthaul protocol stack supporting control, user, and synchronization planes over Ethernet.
- The reference
The document analyzes options for introducing a 3GPP 5G network while migrating from an existing 4G network. It describes 5G deployment options involving standalone (SA) or non-standalone (NSA) architectures using the new 5G core or existing EPC. NSA leverages existing LTE but provides limited 5G capabilities initially, while SA enables full 5G functionality but requires deploying the new radio and core. The document then analyzes several migration paths between these options and considers feasibility of use cases, deployment factors, device/network impacts, and voice service continuity for each path. It recommends collaborative actions to ensure interoperability, services, and roaming across different operator deployment strategies.
The document discusses various options for migrating mobile networks from 4G to 5G standards over multiple steps. It analyzes pathways such as moving directly from 4G to standalone 5G, or transitioning first to a non-standalone 5G system that leverages existing 4G infrastructure. The analysis considers factors like the ability to support new 5G use cases, deployment feasibility given current technology, impact on devices and networks, and maintaining voice service continuity during the migration. The document provides mobile operators with guidance to determine the optimal transition strategy for their own networks and circumstances.
- 5G networks will utilize both Non-Standalone (NSA) and Standalone (SA) architectures. NSA uses existing 4G infrastructure for control plane functions while SA uses the new 5G Next Generation Core.
- 3GPP has identified pioneer spectrum bands for 5G including 700MHz, 3.4-3.8GHz, and 24.25-27.5GHz bands. The 3.4-3.6GHz band will be the first new spectrum available for 5G.
- The 5G network architecture consists of control plane functions like the AMF and user plane functions like the UPF. It can be represented through logical interfaces or through the new Service Based Architecture using concepts like network
In the past, we’ve seen a regular 10 year technology refresh with 2G, 3G and 4G each being added incrementally. Some believe that 5G will follow in the same cycle, although at the moment it remains vague and unpredictable. Others point out that the benefits of each new generation – mainly increasing spectral efficiency and releasing new spectrum – are reaching their full potential. This has been a key argument for small cell deployment, which increases capacity through frequency reuse without the need for additional spectrum or spectral efficiencies.
The transport network for 5G is much more than just backhaul; it’s the critical backbone connecting the core network all the way to the service layer at the edge via the midhaul and fronthaul. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/
This document introduces Simu5G, a new system-level simulator for 5G networks based on OMNeT++. Simu5G models the protocol layers and entities of 5G networks in accordance with 3GPP standards and allows simulation of scenarios involving both radio access networks and end-to-end communication with applications like MEC. Simulation results show Simu5G can efficiently evaluate 5G resource allocation schemes and assess the performance and feasibility of new 5G services.
Ericsson Technology Review: Simplifying the 5G ecosystem by reducing architec...Ericsson
One critical aspect of a successful 5G deployment is the mobile network operator’s ability to support user equipment, radio network, core network and management products that are manufactured by a multitude of device and network equipment vendors. The multiple connectivity options in 3GPP architecture for 5G have created several possible deployment alternatives.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article argues that there is a significant risk of ecosystem fragmentation if too many different connectivity options are deployed. After considering all the options, the authors conclude that a deployment approach based on options 3 and 2 will reduce network upgrade cost and time, simplify interoperability between networks and devices, and enable a faster scaling of the 5G ecosystem.
Global Telecom Equipment market update 19_9.pptxAnkitBhatt97
The document provides an in-depth analysis of the global telecom network infrastructure market across various product segments and geographies. It examines the evolving industry structure, particularly for the RAN market, and evaluates major players and strategies. The objectives are to size the market opportunity, understand the industry landscape, and provide recommendations to assess investment and growth opportunities for TCS, including a feasibility study for setting up a manufacturing unit in India.
Last update: Feb 7, 2021
5G broadband began to be promoted throughout the United States, it not only brought users a faster Internet, but also brought a new technical architecture designed to further support 5G networks.
As operators around the world are looking for solutions to cope with the growing demand for mobile data, it is necessary to develop 5G technology.
One of those architectures is named device-to-device (D2D) communications, which refers to the communication between devices, which may be cellphones or vehicles. this system opens new device-centric communication that always requires no direct communication with the network infrastructure.
This is good because D2D architecture is predicted to unravel a minimum of a part of the network capacity issue as 5G promises more devices to be connected in faster, more reliable networks.
To understand the new 5G technology, the important point is that it does not only involve faster smartphones. In fact, technologists now call 5G the post-smartphone era.
Higher speeds and lower latency will enable new experiences that require continuous communication between augmented reality and virtual reality, connected cars, smart homes, and machines without lag.
Tonex provided 5G Network Architecture, Planning and Design
Tonex training introduced 5G technology, architecture and protocols. Also discussed 5G air interface and core network technologies and solutions. The course includes investigations of traffic cases and solutions, deployments and products. Covers 3GPP and IMT-2020 methods.
Learning Targets:
Explain the key 5G Principles, Services and Technical aspects
Explain the aim of implementing 5G within the existing mobile ecosystem
Describe a number of the 5G Use Cases and Applications: 3GPP and ITU 5G Use Cases (eMBB, URLLC and mMTC)
List 5G Network Features including: functions, nodes and elements, interfaces, reference points, basic operational procedures and architectural choices
Describe the overall 5G specification
Compare and contrast 5G system with traditional LTE, LTE-A and LTE-A Pro systems (3GPP version)
List and explain 5G RAN and core network architecture
Explain 5G access
Describe the 5G system engineering (access network, 5G core) method
Describe the use of NFV/SDN and network slicing in 5G systems
Learn about 5G radio access networks including 5G New Radio (NR)
Audience:
Engineers
Managers
Marketing and operation personnel
Anyone who want to learn 5G systems including 5G Radio Access Network (RAN), 5G New Radio (NR), 5G core and integration with LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro
Course Outline:
Introduction to 5G Mobile Communication
Key Principles of 5G Systems
5G System Architecture
3GPP 5G System Architecture
5G New Radio (NR)
For More Information:
https://www.tonex.com/5g-training-education-5g-wireless/
Single RAN Advanced is an evolving technology that simplifies radio access networks by operating different radio technologies on a single multi-purpose hardware platform. Key benefits of Single RAN include more efficient use of spectrum through re-farming, efficient shared use of hardware, lower energy consumption, and simplified network architecture and management. Single RAN capabilities will continue to evolve to help operators meet increasing capacity demands and enable technologies like advanced re-farming, common network management, and improved resource sharing. Modular design is a key enabler of Single RAN, allowing capacity to scale up over time as demands increase.
For more details on our products and services, please feel free to visit us at: 5G Software, Cloud Software for 5G, 5G Cloud Native Software Provider, EnterPrise 5G Wireless & Cloud Software for 5G.
This document describes a project to provide LTE coverage for forest surveillance over mountainous rural areas in Greece. The technical requests include checking for temperature/gas/fire alerts and video confirmations, using an all-in-one board architecture with autonomous solar or PoE power. The solution will connect sensor probes through LTE TDD at 3.6 GHz to a main server using a C-RAN architecture with Huawei equipment. TTI bundling will be activated to improve performance at the cell edge.
IoT technologies are mainly in the areas of communication and sensors. This article is about IoT technology NB-IoT vs LoRa technology.
What is the classification of IoT communication technology?
There are many wireless communication technologies for IoT, mainly divided into two categories: one is Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, and other short-range communication technologies; the other is LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network), i.e. wide-area network communication technology.
LPWAN can be further divided into two categories: one is LoRa, SigFox, and other technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum; the other is 2G/3G/4G cellular communication technologies working in licensed spectrum and supported by 3GPP, such as EC-GSM, LTE Cat-m, NB-IoT, etc.
IoT technologies are mainly in the areas of communication and sensors. This article is about IoT technology NB-IoT vs LoRa technology.
What is the classification of IoT communication technology?
There are many wireless communication technologies for IoT, mainly divided into two categories: one is Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, and other short-range communication technologies; the other is LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network), i.e. wide-area network communication technology.
LPWAN can be further divided into two categories: one is LoRa, SigFox, and other technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum; the other is 2G/3G/4G cellular communication technologies working in licensed spectrum and supported by 3GPP, such as EC-GSM, LTE Cat-m, NB-IoT, etc.
Progression of Radio Access Network towards Open-RANIRJET Journal
The document discusses the progression of radio access networks towards Open-RAN architectures. It describes how Open-RAN aims to reshape the communications sector through an innovative architecture that emphasizes openness, interoperability, and virtualization. Open-RAN separates hardware components and enables adaptable, scalable network functions to dismantle vendor lock-in and foster collaboration. It also discusses how traditional radio access network models fall short for modern needs and drivers ORAN's evolution.
For more details on our products and services, please feel free to visit us at: 5G Software, Cloud Software for 5G, 5G Cloud Native Software Provider, EnterPrise 5G Wireless & Cloud Software for 5G.
This whitepaper provides an overview of WLAN offload in LTE networks. It describes the integration of WLAN access methods into 3GPP networks, as well as IP mobility solutions like IP Flow Mobility (IFOM). The paper also covers network discovery and selection functions, including the Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) and the Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP).
Similar to Telefónica views on the design, architecture, and technology of 4G/5G Open RAN networks (20)
The AI Index is an independent initiative at the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), led by the AI Index Steering Committee, an interdisciplinary group of experts from across academia and industry. The annual report tracks, collates, distills, and visualizes data relating to artificial intelligence, enabling decision-makers to take meaningful action to advance AI responsibly and ethically with humans in mind.
The document discusses the history of hardware acceleration for cryptography through new processor instructions. It notes that starting in 2010, Intel launched processors with AES-NI instructions to accelerate AES encryption. In 2013, SHA instructions were added to accelerate hash functions. Additional instructions like ADX in 2014 helped accelerate public key cryptography. The document outlines Intel's approach of using new cryptography instructions in processors along with hardware accelerators and optimized software libraries to improve the performance of encryption and decryption workloads.
The Intel Blockscale ASIC is a custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed for cryptocurrency mining and blockchain proof-of-work applications. It provides up to 580 gigahashes per second of hashing power while consuming between 4.8 and 22.7 watts of power, resulting in an efficiency of up to 26 joules per terahash. The ASIC features on-chip temperature and voltage sensors and supports a range of operating frequencies and up to 256 chips per chain. It is supported by reference hardware and software to simplify system development for customized and energy-efficient cryptocurrency mining solutions.
Cryptography Processing with 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable ProcessorsDESMOND YUEN
- The document discusses new capabilities in 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable processors to enhance cryptographic operations, known as Intel Crypto Acceleration. It includes new instructions that help improve performance of encryption algorithms and enable stronger encryption with larger keys.
- Performance test results on workloads like NGINX, HAProxy, and TLS show speedups of up to 3x when utilizing the new crypto instructions compared to software encryption. This is achieved while maintaining high frequencies for the majority of workload cycles.
- The document dives into details of how the new crypto instructions map to different frequency levels, and how 3rd Gen Xeon Scalable processors have reduced frequency impacts compared to previous generations when executing these instructions.
At Intel, security comes first both in the way we work and in what we work on. Our culture and practices guide everything we build, with the goal of delivering the highest performance and optimal protections. As with previous reports, the 2021 Intel Product Security Report demonstrates our Security First Pledge and our endless efforts to proactively seek out and mitigate security issues.
How can regulation keep up as transformation races ahead? 2022 Global regulat...DESMOND YUEN
As the pandemic drags into its third year, financial services firms face a range of challenges, from increased operational complexity and an evolving regulatory directive to address environmental and social issues to new forms of competition
and evolving technologies, such as digital assets and cryptocurrencies. Banks, insurers, asset managers and other financial services firms (collectively referred to as “firms” in
the rest of this document) must innovate more effectively — and rapidly — to keep up with the pace of change while still identifying emerging risks and building appropriate governance and controls.
NASA Spinoffs Help Fight Coronavirus, Clean Pollution, Grow Food, MoreDESMOND YUEN
NASA's mission of exploration requires new technologies, software, and research – which show up in daily life. The agency’s Spinoff 2022 publication tells the stories of companies, start-ups, and entrepreneurs transforming these innovations into cutting-edge products and services that boost the economy, protect the planet, and save lives.
“The value of NASA is not confined to the cosmos but realized throughout our country – from hundreds of thousands of well-paying jobs to world-leading climate science, understanding the universe and our place within it, to technology transfers that make life easier for folks around the world,” NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said. “As we combat the coronavirus pandemic and promote environmental justice and sustainability, NASA technology is essential to address humanity’s greatest challenges.”
Spinoff 2022 features more than 45 companies using NASA technology to advance manufacturing techniques, detoxify polluted soil, improve weather forecasting, and even clean the air to slow the spread of viruses, including coronavirus.
"NASA's technology portfolio contains many innovations that not only enable exploration but also address challenges and improve life here at home," said Jim Reuter, associate administrator of the agency’s Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) in Washington. "We’ve captured these examples of successful commercialization of NASA technology and research, not only to share the benefits of the space program with the public, but to inspire the next generation of entrepreneurs."
This year in Spinoff, readers will learn more about:
How companies use information from NASA’s vertical farm to sustainably grow fresh produce
New ways that technology developed for insulation in space keeps people warm in the great outdoors
How a system created for growing plants in space now helps improve indoor air quality and reduces the spread of airborne viruses like coronavirus
How phase-change materials – originally developed to help astronauts wearing spacesuits – absorb, hold, and release heat to help keep race car drivers cool
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Edge Computing-Assisted Internet o...DESMOND YUEN
Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative paradigm
envisioned to provide massive applications that are now part of
our daily lives. Millions of smart devices are deployed within
complex networks to provide vibrant functionalities including
communications, monitoring, and controlling of critical infrastructures. However, this massive growth of IoT devices and the corresponding huge data traffic generated at the edge of the network created additional burdens on the state-of-the-art
centralized cloud computing paradigm due to the bandwidth and
resources scarcity. Hence, edge computing (EC) is emerging as
an innovative strategy that brings data processing and storage
near to the end users, leading to what is called EC-assisted IoT.
Although this paradigm provides unique features and enhanced
quality of service (QoS), it also introduces huge risks in data security and privacy aspects. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on security and privacy issues in the context of EC-assisted IoT. In particular, we first present an overview of EC-assisted IoT including definitions, applications, architecture, advantages, and challenges. Second, we define security and privacy in the context of EC-assisted IoT. Then, we extensively discuss the major classifications of attacks in EC-assisted IoT and provide possible solutions and countermeasures along with the related research efforts. After that, we further classify some security and privacy issues as discussed in the literature based on security services and based on security objectives and functions. Finally, several open challenges and future research directions for secure EC-assisted IoT paradigm are also extensively provided.
PUTTING PEOPLE FIRST: ITS IS SMART COMMUNITIES AND CITIESDESMOND YUEN
The document summarizes the ITS America Annual Conference, which focuses on putting people first through smart communities and cities. It provides an introduction from panelists at the US Department of Transportation and discusses moving forward by putting people first with smart cities and communities. It then covers topics like defining smart cities and communities, their benefits, the US DOT's role in supporting them, and success factors. Finally, it discusses how smart cities and communities are tackling transportation challenges and provides information on the ITS Joint Program Office and their research programs.
An Introduction to Semiconductors and IntelDESMOND YUEN
Did you know that...
The average American adult spends over 12 hours a day engaged with electronics — computers, mobile devices, TVs, cars, to name just a few — powered by semiconductors.
A common chip the size of your smallest fingernail is only about 1-millimeter thick but contains roughly 30 different layers of components and wires (called interconnects) that make up its complex circuitry.
Intel owns nearly 70,000 active patents worldwide. Its first — “Resistor for Integrated Circuit,” #3,631,313 — was granted to Gordon Moore on Dec. 28, 1971.
Those are a few fun facts in a high-level presentation that provides an easy-to-understand look at the world of semiconductors, why they matter and the role Intel plays in their creation.
Changing demographics and economic growth bloomDESMOND YUEN
This document discusses key trends in global demographics and their implications. It notes that while population growth rates have declined globally, absolute numbers continue to rise significantly each decade. Less developed regions now encompass most of the world's population and will continue to see the vast majority of population increases. Mortality declines and fertility declines have driven major shifts in population age structures. Younger populations in places like Africa and South Asia may benefit economic growth if policies support labor force participation and human capital development, while aging societies globally face challenges supporting retirees that policies aim to address.
Intel Corporation (“Intel”) designs and manufactures
advanced integrated digital technology platforms that power
an increasingly connected world. A platform consists of
a microprocessor and chipset, and may be enhanced by
additional hardware, software, and services. The platforms
are used in a wide range of applications, such as PCs, laptops,
servers, tablets, smartphones, automobiles, automated
factory systems, and medical devices. Intel is also in the midst
of a corporate transformation that has seen its data-centric
businesses capture an increasing share of its revenue.
This report provides economic impact estimates for Intel in terms of employment, labor income, and gross domestic product (“GDP”) for the most recent historical year, 2019.1
Discover how private 5G networks can give enterprises options to enhance services and deliver new use cases with the level of control and investment they want.
Transforming the Modern City with the Intel-based 5G Smart City Road Side Uni...DESMOND YUEN
The document discusses Capgemini Engineering's 5G Smart Road Side Unit solution which uses the ENSCONCE Edge Computing Platform and cloud-native architecture to enable intelligent transportation applications through visual computing and 5G connectivity. The solution places computing capabilities at the network edge using an all-weather Intel-based device to support applications like traffic management and connected vehicles with low latency. It addresses challenges of legacy infrastructure and complexity by providing an integrated platform for edge applications.
Tackle more data science challenges than ever before without the need for discrete acceleration with the 3rd Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable processors. Learn about the built-in AI acceleration and performance optimizations for popular AI libraries, tools and models.
The document describes how the latest Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions 512 (Intel® AVX-512) instructions and Intel® Advanced Encryption Standard New Instructions (Intel® AES-NI) enabled in the latest Intel® 3rd Generation Xeon® Scalable Processor are used to significantly increase and achieve 1 Tb of IPsec throughput.
"Life and Learning After One-Hundred Years: Trust Is The Coin Of The Realm."DESMOND YUEN
This document summarizes George Shultz's reflections on trust and relationships after turning 100 years old. Some of the key lessons he learned over his century-long life are that trust is essential for positive outcomes, as seen through his experiences with family, teachers, colleagues, and in the military and government. He discusses how earning trust through integrity, competence, caring about others, and enabling participation helped him succeed in challenging situations over his career.
The field of machine programming — the automation of the development of software — is making notable research advances. This is, in part, due to the emergence of a wide range of novel techniques in machine learning. In today’s technological landscape, software is integrated into almost everything we do, but maintaining software is a time-consuming and error-prone process. When fully realized, machine programming will enable everyone to express their creativity and develop their own software without writing a single line of code. Intel realizes the pioneering promise of machine programming, which is why it created the Machine Programming Research (MPR) team in Intel Labs. The MPR team’s goal is to create a society where everyone can create software, but machines will handle the “programming” part.
Early Benchmarking Results for Neuromorphic ComputingDESMOND YUEN
This document summarizes early benchmarking results for neuromorphic computing using Intel's Loihi chip. It finds that Loihi provides orders of magnitude gains over CPUs and GPUs for certain workloads that are directly trained on the chip or use novel bio-inspired algorithms. These include online learning, adaptive control, event-based vision and tactile sensing, constraint satisfaction problems, and nearest neighbor search. Larger networks and problems tend to provide greater performance gains with Loihi.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Telefónica views on the design, architecture, and technology of 4G/5G Open RAN networks
1. January 2021
Telefónica views on
the design, architecture,
and technology of 4G/5G
Open RAN networks
FranciscoJavierLorcaHernando,ElenaSernaSantiago,MaiteAparicioPeña,
AlexanderChassaigneRicciulli,JoseLuisEspláGutiérrez
2. Open RAN White Paper
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the main
technologyelementsthatTelefónicaisdeveloping
incollaborationwithselectedpartnersintheOpen
RANecosystem.
It describes the architectural elements, design
criteria, technology choices and key chipsets
employed to build a complete portfolio of radio
units and baseband equipment capable of a full
4G/5GRANrolloutinanymarketofinterest.
3. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
5. Cloud Architecture
6. Site Integration aspects
7. Summary and Conclusions
8. References
9. Glossary
5.1. Open RAN virtualized solution
5.2. vCU and vEMS
4.3.1. IOT Fronthaul profiles
4.2. FPGA selection criteria for the RRU
4.3. O-RAN Fronthaul interface
4.4. Radio units for 4G/5G low and mid bands (up to 3.5 GHz)
4.3.2. Implementation of O-RAN Fronthaul in an O-RU
4.3.2.1. O-RU “Category A”
4.3.2.2. O-RU “Category B”
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1. Introduction
2. Targeted 4G/5G sites based on Telefónica needs
3. DU design details
3.1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3.2. Hardware Acceleration Card
3.3. Time, Phase and Frequency Synchronization
3.4. Time Sync NIC Card
3.5. Memory Channel Interfaces
3.6. External Interface Ports
4. RRU design details
4.1. Remote Radio Unit Reference Architecture
4.1.1. Synchronization and Fronthaul Transport Function Block
4.1.2. Lower PHY Baseband Processing
4.1.3. Digital Front End (DFE)
4.1.4. RF Front End (RFFE)
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Table of Contents
4. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
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Figure 4: Integration of Silicom’s Hardware
Acceleration Card ACC100 into a FlexRAN-based system platform
Figure 1: Types of sites typically found in 4G/5G RAN deployments
Table 2: External Port List
Table 1: Memory Channel Feature List
Figure 2: 3GPP split 2 and split 7 architecture
Table 3: Radio units for 4G/5G low bands (below 3 GHz)
Figure 3: Example of main components that can be identified in an Open RAN DU server
Table 4: Radio Units for 5G mid band (3.5 GHz)
Figure 5: Internal architecture of a Time Sync NIC card based on Columbiaville
Figure 7: Reference architecture of an Open RAN RRU
Figure 8: O-RAN Fronthaul interface protocol structure
Figure 9: Functional basic block diagram of fronthaul interface in O-RU
Figure 10: O-RU “Category A”. Blocks above the O-RAN FH line are
executed at the O-DU, whereas those below it are executed at the O-RU
Figure 11: O-RU “Category B”. Blocks above the O-RAN FH line are
executed at the O-DU, whereas those below it are executed at the O-RU
Figure 13: Schematic illustration of the main
interfacesand network elements in a 5G Open vRAN architectur
Figure 15: Example of the interconnection of two Open RAN DUs and a 2G/3G BBU
in a 2G/3G/4G/5G site where the time and phase references are provided by the network
Figure 14: Interconnection of Open RAN DUs for the main four 4G/5G
site types, where time and phase references are provided by a GNSS receiver
Figure 12: Illustration of a Telco Cloud Open RAN architecture
Figure 6: While former Open RAN implementations rely on fronthaul switches for connec-
tion of RUs to the DU, Time-Sync NIC cards allow direct connection for improved reliability
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Open RAN represents a giant step forward in
Radio Access Network (RAN) evolution. It cons-
titutes a radical transformation of the RAN
technology, from the design stage to the com-
plete operation of the network. The whole radio
ecosystem is evolving in this direction by giving
risetoaricherlandscapeofvendorpartners,and
network operators are also evolving to encom-
pass such transformation.
Telefónica believes that mobile networks are
evolvingtowardsanOpenRANvirtualisedmodel,
built on off-the-shelf hardware and cloud-based
softwareinamultivendorenvironmentwithopen
interfacesbetweennetworkelements.Thisnew
architecturewillhaveasignificantimpactonthe
telecomsindustry.Itwillallowtheentryanddis-
ruption of new entrants, enable faster software
innovation,allowmorenetworkflexibility,andfa-
cilitatenetworkexposuretothird-partyMulti-ac-
cessEdgeComputing(MEC)applicationsthrough
openApplicationProgrammingInterfaces(APIs).
5G can strongly benefit from the introduction of
the open network paradigm. Current RAN pro-
viders and many smaller suppliers are putting
strong efforts in developing Open RAN efficient
andinnovativehardwareandsoftware.However,
Telefónicaisafirmbelieverthatoperatorsarethe
oneswhomustreallypavethewayinthisendea-
vor. Operators should clearly set the needs and
1. Introduction
List of Figures
List of Tables
take the leadership in Open RAN development,
testing,integration,rollout,andend-to-endope-
ration. That is why Telefónica has been an early
adopter and is playing a very active role in open
networks.Telefónica is writing a new chapter
in RAN history by leading this transformation
among the traditional network operators. Other
disruptive 5G operators, like Dish, Rakuten, and
Reliance Jio, are already challenging their peers
in the countries where they operate. Traditional
cable and satellite content providers are also ac-
quiring spectrum and becoming operators. The
result is a new dynamic RAN economy in which
operators, software suppliers, IT and radio hard-
ware vendors, and system integrators will take
part.
OpenRANtechnologyisalreadygainingmomen-
tum. The transition from the lab to a technically
demanding dense urban scenario is being aided
by the works in industrial associations like the
O-RAN Alliance, the Open RAN Policy Coalition,
the Telecom Infra Project (TIP), the GSMA, the
Broadband Forum or the Open RAN G4, to name
afew.OpenRANisalsopartoftheagendaofthe
European Commission to be incorporated in the
nextJointUndertakingprogramofpublic/private
partnershipstofosternetworkresearch.Allpublic
and private stakeholders recognize the strategic
importanceofstreamliningtheadoptionofOpen
RAN in all the relevant markets.
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5. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
8 9
Sites within Telefónica footprint can be broadly classified into four types, from low/medium
capacity4Gtohigh/densecapacity4G+5G,asillustratedinFigure1.Eachofthosetypescorrespond
to a particular arrangement of DUs and RRUs whose design and dimensioning represents a key
milestone that must be achieved prior to any further development. Representative frequency
bands are just shown for illustration purposes, as well the number of cells that can be typically
found in each site type.
In all cases, dimensioning must ensure that Open RAN fulfils all 4G/5G essential features
including massive MIMO, Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS), NB-IoT or RAN sharing (to name a
few), while complying with an extensive list of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) aimed to
verify that performance is on par with traditional RAN.
ThepresentpaperdescribesthemaindesignconsiderationsofthekeyOpenRANhardwareelements
that Telefónica, in collaboration with key technology partners, has developed to be prepared for
deploymentsoffull-fledged4G/5GnetworksbasedinOpenRAN.
3GPP defined a new architectural model in Release 15, where the gNB is logically split into three
entities denoted as CU, DU and RRU. The RAN functions that correspond to each of the three
entities are determined by the so-called split points. After a thorough analysis of the potential
splitoptions,3GPPdecidedtofocusonjusttwosplitpoints:so-calledsplit2andsplit7,although,
only the former one was finally standardized. The resulting partitioning of network functions is
shown in Figure 2.
2. Targeted 4G/5G sites based on Telefónica needs
3. DU design details
Figure 1: Types of sites typically found in 4G/5G RAN deployments.
Thispaperprovidesanoverviewofthemaintech-
nologyelements thatTelefónicais developing in
collaboration with selected partners in the Open
RAN ecosystem. It describes the architectural
elements, design criteria, technology choices
and key chipsets employed to build a complete
portfolioofradiounitsandbasebandequipment
capableofafull4G/5GRANrolloutinanymarket
of interest.
Theremainingsectionsinthispaperarestructu-
red as follows. Section 2 summarizes the main
site types found in most 4G/5G deployments,
that constitute the basis for the targeted confi-
gurationsoftheDUandRRU.Section3highlights
the DU design details, with strong emphasis on
thecasewheretheDUisphysicallylocatedatthe
site. Section 4 illustrates key design considera-
tions for remote radio units and active antenna
units.Section5describestheelementsofaTelco
cloudarchitecturethatcomprisestheCUandthe
virtualization environment. Section 6 is devoted
to the site integration aspects in a fully-fledged
2G/3G/4G/5G network, and finally Section 7 is
devoted to the conclusions.
RRU: Remote Radio Unit DU: Distributed Unit
6. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
10 11
The CU (Centralized Unit) hosts the RAN functions above split 2; the DU (Distributed Unit) runs
those below split 2 and above split 7; and the RRU hosts the functions below split 7 as well as
all the RF processing.
The O-RAN Alliance further specified a multi-vendor fronthaul interface between the
RRU and DU, by introducing a specific category of split 7 called split 7-2x, whose control, data,
management,andsynchronizationplanesareperfectlydefined.Themidhaulinterfacebetween
CUandDUisalsospecifiedby3GPPandfurtherupgradedbytheO-RANAlliancetoworkinmulti-
vendor scenarios.
The CU and DU can be co-located with the RRU (Remote Radio Unit) in purely distributed
scenarios. However, the real benefit of the split architecture comes from the possibility to
centralize the CU, and sometimes also the DU, in suitable data centers where all RAN functions
can be fully virtualized and therefore run on suitable servers.
TheinfrastructureneededtobuildaDUisnothingelsethanaserverbasedonIntelArchitecture
optimized to run those real-time RAN functions located below split 2, and to connect with the
RRUs through a fronthaul interface based on O-RAN split 7-2x. It is the real-time nature of the
DU which motivates the need to optimize the servers required to run DU workloads.
TheDUhardwareincludesthechassisplatform,motherboard,peripheraldevices,powersupply
and cooling devices.
When the DU must be physically located inside a cabinet, the chassis platform must meet
significantmechanicalrestrictionslikeagivenDUdepth,maximumoperatingtemperature,orfull
frontaccess,amongothers.Themotherboardcontainsprocessingunit,memory,theinternalI/O
interfaces, and external connection ports. The DU design must also contain suitable expansion
portsforhardwareacceleration.Otherhardwarefunctionalcomponentsincludethehardwareand
system debugging interfaces, and the board management controller, just to name a few. Figure
3 shows a functional diagram of the DU as designed by Supermicro.
Figure 2: 3GPP split 2 and split 7 architecture.
In the example shown above, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an Intel Xeon SP system that
performs the main baseband processing tasks. To make the processing more efficient, an ASIC-
based acceleration card, like Intel’s ACC100, can be used to assist with the baseband workload
processing.TheIntel-basednetworkcards(NICs)withTimeSynccapabilitiescanbeusedforboth
fronthaulandmidhaulinterfaces,withsuitableclockcircuitsthatprovidetheunitwiththeclock
signalsrequiredbydigitalprocessingtasks.PCI-eslotsarestandardexpansionslotsforadditional
peripheral and auxiliary cards. Other essential components not shown in the figure are random-
accessmemory(RAM)fortemporarystorageofdata,flashmemoryforcodesandlogs,andhard
disk devices for persistent storage of data even when the unit is powered-off.
In what follows we describe in more detail the main characteristics of the key elements that
comprise the DU.
3.1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
To provide the DU with the best possible capacity and processing power, 3rd Generation Intel
Xeon Scalable Processor Ice Lake is employed to benefit from the latest improvements in I/O,
memory, storage, and network technologies.
Intel Xeon Scalable processors comprise a range of CPU variants (called SKUs) with different
core counts and clock frequency that can support from low-capacity deployments (for rural
scenarios) to higher capacity deployments (for dense urban) such as massive MIMO.
IntelIceLakeCPUfeatures,amongotherimprovements,IntelAdvancedVectorExtensions512
(IntelAVX-512)andupto2FusedMultiplyAdd(FMA)instructionswhichboostsperformancefor
the most demanding computational tasks1
.
Figure 3: Example of main components that can be identified in an Open RAN DU server.
1
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/processors/xeon/3rd-gen-xeon-scalable-processors-brief.html
7. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
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3.2. Hardware Acceleration Card
One of the most compute-intensive 4G and 5G workloads is RAN layer 1 (L1) forward error
correction(FEC),whichresolvesdatatransmissionerrorsoverunreliableornoisycommunication
channels.FECtechnologydetectsandcorrectsalimitednumberoferrorsin4Gor5Gdatawithout
theneedforretransmission.FECisaverystandardprocessingfunctionthatisnotdifferentiated
across vendor implementations.
FEC has been typically implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) accelerator
cards, like the Intel PAC N3000. However, recent accelerator cards feature a low-cost, power
efficient, acceleration solution for vRAN deployments based on Intel eASIC technology, called
the Intel vRAN Dedicated Accelerator ACC100.
Intel eASIC™ devices are structured ASICs, an intermediate technology between FPGAs
and standard Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). These devices provide lower unit-
cost and lower power compared to FPGAs and faster time to market and lower non-recurring
engineering cost compared to standard- ASICs. Both accelerator options connect to the server
processor via a standard PCIe Gen 3 x16 interface.
Silicom’s FEC Accelerator Card “Pomona Lake” utilizes Intel ACC100 dedicated accelerator to
performforwarderrorcorrection(FEC)processinginrealtime,thusoffloadingsuchintensivetask
from the CPU in the host server. The ACC100 implements the Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)
FECfor5GandTurboFECfor4Gandsupportsbothconcurrently.TheACC100supportstheO-RAN
adoptedDPDKBBDevAPI-anAPIwhichIntelcontributedtotheopensourcecommunityforFEC
acceleration solutions.
Intel has invested heavily in a reference software architecture called FlexRAN to accelerate
RANtransformation.FlexRANcontainsoptimizedlibrariesforLTEandfor5GNRLayer1workload
accelerationincludingoptimizationsformassiveMIMO.TheFlexRANreferencesoftwareenables
customers to take a cloud native approach in implementing their software utilizing containers.
As illustrated in Figure 4, the FlexRAN software reference architecture supports the ACC100
whichenablesuserstoquicklyevaluateandbuildplatformsforthewiderangeofvRANnetworks.
3.3. Time, Phase and Frequency Synchronization
Open RAN solutions rely on stringent time synchronization requirements for end-to-end
latency and jitter. Timing synchronization has become a critical capability and now is fully
available on COTS hardware using specific NICs with time synchronization support.
5G requires support of time synchronization accuracy across the whole network below 3
microsecondsforTime-DivisionDuplex(TDD)carriers,andevenmorestringentwhenusingMIMO
orCarrierAggregation.Contrarytonon-OpenRANtechnologies,FrequencyDivisionDuplex(FDD)
carriers also require stringent synchronization to sustain eCPRI-based fronthaul interface.
ToensurethislevelofprecisiononCOTShardware,network-basedsynchronizationprotocols
like Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) and IEEE 1588v2 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) are key to
ensure synchronization at the physical layer. This will be even more essential as moving to
higher frequency radio spectrums like millimeter wave (mmWave) with large MIMO antenna
configurations.
Inaddition,synchronizationbasedonGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems(GNSS)likeGPS,
Galileo,GlonassorBeidoucanprovideessentialtimeandphasereferencesinthosecaseswhere
network-basedsynchronizationisnotavailable,orasaback-upincaseofnetworktimingfailure.
Open RAN DUs should be prepared for both GNSS and network synchronization when
integrating them into a 4G/5G site.
3.4. Time Sync NIC Card
The ORAN fronthaul interface between the DU and the Radio Unit relies on the standard
Ethernet protocol to enable multi-vendor interoperability between DUs and radio units.
Network Interface Cards (NICs) are standard elements in COTS hardware. As an example,
the Intel Ethernet 800 Series card (also known as Columbiaville NIC) supports multiple port
speeds(from100Mb/sto100Gb/sinIntel’sE810)withasinglearchitecture,tomeetarangeof
fronthaul/midhaul/backhaul requirements for the transport network that makes it suitable for
Enterprise, Cloud, and Telco applications.
EnhancingNICswithsupportoftimesynchronizationishoweveressentialtomakeNICsusable
in Open RAN DUs. These cards are usually called Time Sync NICs (Figure 5).
Silicom design a family of NICs (called STS) for Time Synchronization services in 4 ports, 8
portsand12portsconfigurationsincludingsupportforPTPandSyncE,suitableforthesitetypes
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 4: Integration of Silicom’s Hardware Acceleration Card
ACC100 into a FlexRAN-based system platform.
Figure 5: Internal
architecture of a
Time Sync NIC
card based on Intel
Ethernet 800 series.
8. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
14 15
3.6. External Interface Ports
The DU must be equipped with enough external ports to enable proper interfacing with hard
drives, PCIe cards, Ethernet ports, and other peripherals. Below is a table with some of the main
external interface ports that the DUs should have for an Open RAN application, according to
Supermicro.
Key features supported by Silicom Time Sync (STS) NICs include:
· T-TC Transparent Clock /G.8273.3
· T-BC/T-TSC Boundary Clock and TSC Slave Clock /G.8273.2
· T-GM Grand Master /G.8273.1 per G.8275.1 PTP Profile
· PRTC Primary Reference Time Clock Class B/G.8272
· OC Own Clock (Master / Slave) – Class C (Stratum 3e)
· 1588/PTP over IPv4 / IPV6, IEEE1588v2
· SyncE /G.8262
· BMCA - Best Master Clock Algorithm (OCXO, SyncE, GNSS, 1588)
· Support for ≥4 Hours Hold Over TIE @1.5uSeconds
3.5. Memory Channel Interfaces
AsinanyotherserverbasedonIntelArchitecture,memorycomponentsareastandardelement
that must be incorporated and properly dimensioned. An example of system memory capacity,
type and related information that Supermicro recommends for an Open RAN application is
described in the following table.
Figure 6: While former Open RAN implementations rely on fronthaul switches for connection of RUs
to the DU, Time-Sync NIC cards allow direct connection for improved reliability.
Table 1:
Memory Channel
Feature List
4.1. Remote Radio Unit Reference Architecture
An Open RAN Remote Radio Unit (RRU) is used to convert radio signals sent to and from the
antenna into a digital baseband signal, which can be connected to the DU over the O-RAN split
7-2x fronthaul interface.
For illustration, the reference architecture of an Open RAN RRU from Gigatera
Communications is shown in Figure 7. It shows the functional high-level diagram of the RRU
containing the following components:
· Synchronization and Fronthaul Transport Functional Block
· Lower PHY Layer Baseband Processing Functional Block
· Digital Front End (DFE) Functional Block
· RF Front End (RFFE) Functional Block
4. RRU design details
Figure 7: Reference architecture of an Open RAN RRU.
Table 2:
External Port List
AsshowninFigure6,TimeSyncNICsallowremovalofthefronthaulswitchbetweentheRUand
DU,thussavingcostsandreducingnetworkcomplexity.TimeSyncNICscanprovideanaccurate
Clock to multiple Radio Units and at the same time recover the clock from the midhaul.
9. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
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InwhatfollowswedescribetheabovemaincomponentsofanOpenRANRRU.Allthecomponents
inFigure7canbeimplementedinoneorseveralFPGAswiththeexceptionofthePA,LNAandFilter
elements,asexplainedbelow.
4.1.1. Synchronization and Fronthaul Transport Function Block
The PTP synchronization module is aimed to extract the main timing signal from the eCPRI
fronthaul interface. PTP provides accurate time and phase references to the RRUs for the
transmissions of all sectors to be synchronized with each other. SyncE also provides additional
frequencystability,andactsasabackupsourceofsynchronizationincasePTPfails.BothPTPand
SyncEaregenerallyrequiredandmustbeprovidedbytheDUthroughthefronthaullink.
The fronthaul connectivity between RRU and DU is usually realized by means of an optical
EthernetinterfacewiththeaidofsuitableSmall-FormFactorPluggable(SFP)modules.RRUsare
usuallyequippedwithtwofronthaulportstosupportdaisychainconfigurationswhereseveralradio
unitscanbecascadedtominimizethenumberoffronthaullinkstowardstheDU.Thepresenceof
twofronthaulportsalsoenablesnetworksharingscenarios,wherethesameRRUissharedbytwo
differentDUsandeachDUperformsthebasebandfunctionscorrespondingtoadifferentoperator.
TheFronthaulTransportFunctionblock involves specificprocessingof datapackets toensure
interoperability in a multi-vendor environment. The use of an FPGA-based solution allows the
additionoffeaturesasO-RANspecificationsevolveovertime.
4.1.2. Lower PHY Baseband Processing
The lower PHY layer processing includes blocks for performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)/
InverseFastFourierTransform(iFFT),CyclicPrefixadditionandremoval,PhysicalRandomAccess
Channel(PRACH)filtering,anddigitalbeamforming.
Beamforming is only required in Active Antenna Units (AAUs), where antennas are integrated
aspartoftheRRU(asinmassiveMIMO).
4.1.3. Digital Front End (DFE)
Thedigitalfrontendcomprisesspecializedblocksforthetransmit(TX)andreceive(RX)paths.
The TX path contains a spectrum shaping filter and a Digital Upconverter (DUC) towards the
desired carrier frequency. In addition, it contains two fundamental blocks: Digital Pre-Distortion
(DPD),andCrestFactorReduction(CFR)whichareprovidedbyXilinxandintegratedbyGigatera.
CFRreducesthePeak-to-AverageRatio(PAR)ofthe4G/5Gsignalsbyclippingthosepeaksthat
createhighestdistortion.DPDcompensatesthePowerAmplifier(PA)distortioninRFFEtoimprove
the RF linearity. Both CFR and DPD improve the energy efficiency of the RRU. Minimization of
the PA power consumption is a source of continuous improvement and innovation because PAs
representalargefractionoftheoverallpowerconsumptionintheRAN.AnadaptableFPGA-based
solutionenablescustomizationforarangeofPAoutputpowerrequirementsandtechnologies.
Whendigitalbeamformingisimplemented,abeamformingcalibrationfunctionineithertime
domainorfrequencydomainisalsoimplemented.
The RX path contains a Digital Downconverter (DDC), a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) and an
optional PIMC (Passive Inter-Modulation Canceller). PIMC aims to compensate the interference
appearingontheRXpaththatisgeneratedbypassiveintermodulationdistortioncausedbyhigh-
powersignalsinFDD.
4.1.4. RF Front End (RFFE)
TheRFFrontEndcomprisesPowerAmplifiers(PA),LowNoiseAmplifiers(LNA),Digitalto
AnalogConverters(DAC),andAnalogtoDigitalConverters(ADC).SomeofthelatestRFSoC(RF
SystemonChip)devices,likeZynqRFSoC,integratedirectRFsamplingDataConvertersbased
onCMOStechnologywithimprovedpowerconsumption[5].
The integrated RF DACs and RF ADCs perform direct RF sampling of the carrier signal instead
of Intermediate Frequency (IF) sampling, thus avoiding analog up/down Converters. As a result,
RRUscanhavereducedsizesthusenablingdual/triplebandRadiosinsinglemechanicalenclosure.
Active Antenna Units (AAU) also integrate suitable antenna arrays and bandpass filters in the
sameenclosure.
4.2. FPGA selection criteria for the RRU
FieldProgrammableGateArrays(FPGAs)fromXilinxintheRRUnotonlyperformdigitalprocessing
tasksbutcanalsointegratesomeoftheanalogsubsystems.Xilinxhasintegratedmixedanalog-
digitalsubsystems(includingDACsandADCs)intoitsRFSoCdevicefamily.Thisisthecaseofthe
Zynq®UltraScale+RFSoC™familyfromXilinxusedintheRRUs.
The need for wider bandwidths in the radio unit (RU) is not just about increasing data rates
and performance, but also to support more complex and diverse radio configurations as needed
for existing and new bands. The sheer number of global bands would be unmanageable if each
required a unique radio. Radios are designed to support the widest possible bandwidth and
seeminglyrandomcarrierconfigurationstomeettheserequirements.Early5Gradiossupported
bandwidthsupto200MHz,butfuturebandwidthsupto400MHzarebeingrequested.Theseradios
support multiple bands and hence are called multi-band. In some cases, vendors use multiple
PowerAmplifiers(PAs)tocovermultiplebands;inothercases,advancedwidebandGalliumNitride
(GaN) PAs are used, requiring state of the art wide-band DPD. Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC family is
designedforthispurpose.
RFSoC devices integrate, in addition to an FPGA for digital processing, a fully hardened digital
front-end (DFE) subsystem with all required processing blocks, and direct RF sampling ADC and
ADCconvertersthuseliminatingpower-hungryJESD204interface.AhardenedDFEisequivalent
to having an ASIC-based DFE embedded in the RFSoC with an optimized mix of programmability
andASICfunctions.Thebenefitisasignificantreductionintotalpower,boardarea,andcomplexity
oftheradiosolution.Thisismostapparentin64T64RmassiveMIMOAAUs.
State-of-the-art Xilinx Zynq RFSoC DFE devices will support up to 7.125 GHz of analog RF
bandwidthin2021.
4.3. O-RAN Fronthaul interface
TheO-RANAlliancehasdefinedamulti-vendorfronthaulinterfacebetweenDUandRRUbased
onSplit7-2x.InO-RANterminology,RRUisdenotedasO-RUandDUisdenotedasO-DU.
The fronthaul specifications include Control, User and Synchronization (CUS) & Management
(M)planeprotocols,asindicatedinFigure8,whoseelementscanbesummarizedhere:
·Control Plane (C-Plane)databetweentheO-DUandO-RU,suchasdatasectioninformation,
schedulinginformation,beamforminginformation,etc.
10. Open RAN White Paper Open RAN White Paper
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For a complete description of O-RAN protocol structure, refer to [1]-[4].
4.3.1. IOT Fronthaul profiles
Unambiguous separation of the C-Plane, U-Plane, S-Plane and M-Plane protocol and
functions enables stepwise integration of the fronthaul interface between O-DU and O-RU in a
multivendor environment.
Additionally,O-RANAlliancefacilitatessuchmulti-vendorintegrationbydefiningsuitableinter-
operability(IOT)profiles,testconfigurationsandtestcasesinanon-intrusivemanner,sothatthe
3GPP-relatedradioconformancetestingremainsindependentfromtheO-RANfronthaultesting.
TheIOTprofilesdescribethetypicalsetofparameters,transportcharacteristics,synchronization
topologies, and security considerations required for a complete conformance testing.
4.3.2. Implementation of O-RAN Fronthaul in an O-RU
Figure 9 illustrates the basic block diagram of the processing blocks devoted to the fronthaul
interfaceattheO-RU.AllthefunctionstakeplaceintheFPGAincludingsynchronization(hardware
timestamping, SyncE and PTP) and application-layer framing/de-framing.
Figure 8: O-RAN Fronthaul interface protocol structure
Based on O-RAN split 7-2x, an RRU can be configured to operate in two different modes,
denoted as “Category A” and “Category B” depending on the functionality of both the RRU
and DU. Depending on these modes and on the configuration parameters allowed by O-RAN, a
split 7-2x can actually correspond to three different split points (namely split 7-1, 7-2 and 7-3)
depending on the configuration chosen.
4.3.2.1. O-RU “Category A”
In this case the precoding function is performed at the O-DU, thus allowing for simpler RRU
design. This is equivalent to a split 7-1 in O-RAN terminology [6].
Precoding converts so-called spatial layers into spatial streams, which can require higher
fronthaul throughput in massive MIMO systems. As a result,O-RUs Category A are typical for
non-massiveMIMOimplementations,wherethedifferencebetweenperformingtheprecoding
functionattheO-DUorattheO-RUisminimal.However,O-RUsCategoryBarebettersuitedfor
massive MIMO AAUs.
Figure 10 shows the Downlink signal processing for O-RUs Category A.
Figure 10: O-RU “Category A”. Blocks above the O-RAN FH line are executed at the
O-DU, whereas those below it are executed at the O-RU.
·User Plane (U-Plane)databasedonfrequency-domainIQsamples.
·Synchronization Plane (S-Plane)includingtimingandsynchronizationinformation.
·Management Plane (M-Plane)enablinginitialization,configuration,andmanagementofthe
O-RUthroughsuitablemanagementandcontrolcommandsbetweenO-DUandO-RU.
Figure 9:
Functional
basic block
diagram
of fronthaul
interface in
O-RU.
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4.4. Radio units for 4G/5G low and mid bands (up to 3.5 GHz)
Table 3 and Table 4 contain as a reference the radio configurations required for proper 4G/5G
Open RAN deployments in the most typical scenarios of Telefonica footprint.
Figure 11: O-RU “Category B”. Blocks above the O-RAN FH line are executed at the
O-DU, whereas those below it are executed at the O-RU.
Table 3: Radio units for 4G/5G low bands (below 3 GHz)
Table 4: Radio Units for 5G mid band (3.5 GHz)
4.3.2.2. O-RU “Category B”
In this case the precoding function is performed at the O-RU, hence making the radio more
complex but also reducing fronthaul bitrate in massive MIMO implementations.
This category allows so-called “Modulation Compression”, which can be performed in the
downlink to effectively send only the bits equivalent to the constellation points of the complex
IQ signals, hence reducing the downlink fronthaul throughput effectively. This is equivalent to a
split 7-3 in O-RAN terminology [6].
Figure 11 shows the Downlink signal processing for O-RUs Category B.
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5.1. Open RAN virtualized solution
The Open RAN solution follows a fully cloudified network design. The CU and DU, as well as
the Element Management System (EMS) managing the RAN network elements, benefit from
a software-defined architecture. Suitable virtual instances of the vCU, vDU and vEMS can
be deployed over a scalable cloud-based platform managed by a Service Management and
Orchestration Framework. This is graphically shown in Figure 12 as implemented by Altiostar.
The service management framework also allows the introduction of the RAN Intelligent
Controller (RIC), whose near-Real Time (Near-RT RIC) and Non-Real Time (Non-RT RIC)
components are being defined in the O-RAN alliance with the goal of optimizing RAN behavior
and interfacing with third-party applications.
The ability to run RAN functions as virtual instances for 4G and 5G brings the flexibility
to deploy the vDU, vCU and vEMS workloads in different possible locations depending on
implementation needs, as shown in Figure 13. The fronthaul interface follows the O-RAN split
7-2x,whereasthemidhaulinterfacebetweentheDUandtheCU(calledF1for5G,andW1for4G)
is based on 3GPP specifications. The vCU functions are further split into UP (User Plane) and CP
(Control Plane), according to 3GPP/O-RAN.
5. Cloud Architecture
Figure 12: Illustration of a Telco Cloud Open RAN architecture.
TheTelcoCloudOpenRANconceptcanbetakenonestepfurtherbyimplementingacontainer-
basedcloud-nativemicro-servicearchitecture.Thisnewarchitectureenablesadvancedcloud-
based networks supporting new applications and services with advanced automation, newer
algorithms and improved Quality of Experience (QoE), while ensuring network slicing and full
supportofControl/User-PlaneSeparation(CUPS).Thisisthemeanstoachievethetruepromise
of a service-based architecture for 5G.
Altiostar’s container-based 5G solution further disaggregates CUs and DUs into micro-
servicescomprisingtransport,management,monitoring,controlplaneanduserplanefunctions.
Dependingonthetypeofnetworksliceandapplicationbeingdeployed,containerizednetwork
functions can be rapidly deployed at various locations in a very light footprint and then scaled
up based on traffic.
5.2. vCU and vEMS
The two main virtualized elements of the Telco Cloud architecture in Open RAN technology are
the vCU and the vEMS.
ThevCUperformstheCUfunctionsofPDCPandRRCsublayersonanIntelXeonserverplatform.
Contrary to the vDU, vCU involves only higher-layer functions and can therefore fully rely on
standard COTS hardware without Time Sync NICs as long as the PTP Primary Reference Timing
Clock (PRTC) sits between the DU and the CU.
The role of the vEMS is to gather information with the right granularity from the different
softwaremodulestocontrolandoperatetheminanautomatedwayascommandedbytheOSS.
As an example, Altiostar’s vEMS is a Virtual Network Function (VNF) working on Intel
Architecture-basedCOTSservers,runningkernel-basedvirtualmachine(KVM)andmanagedby
OpenStackVirtualInfrastructureManagement(VIM)software.Itincludesasetofapplicationsfor
deliveringElementManagementSystemsolutionslikeFCAPS(Fault,Configuration,Accounting,
Performance and Security), 3GPP IRP (Integration Reference Point) for OSS integration, and
Figure 13: Schematic illustration of the main interfaces and network elements in a 5G Open vRAN architecture.
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scripting support. The Altiostar vEMS can also be flexibly deployed as a set of containerized
network functions to meet evolving 5G deployment scenarios.
IntegrationofthevEMSintotheServiceManagementandOrchestrationFrameworkpavesthe
waytotheextensiveuseofArtificial Intelligence (AI)andMachine Learning (ML)techniques
in multiple domains, such as RAN performance enhancement, radio resource management,
or advanced traffic/service optimization, to name a few. AI/ML can benefit from the use of
automation in cloud-based software architectures, thus reducing operational complexity in
multi-vendor Open RAN scenarios.
AnOpenRANsitemaycomprisenotonlyacertainnumberofRRUsandDUs,butalsopotentially
aCellSiteRouter(CSR),aGNSSantennaandreceiver,andalegacy2G/3Gbasebandunit(BBU).
Proper interconnection of all these elements is essential to ensure seamless site integration of
Open RAN technology in all the site types described in Figure 1.
Figure14illustratesatypicalarrangementofDUsandRRUsthatcorrespondtothesitetypes
in Figure 1, for the case where synchronization is provided by a GNSS receiver. As can be seen, a
4G/5GsitecancontainuptothreeOpenRANDUsinthemostcomplexcase.ThefirstDUserver
getspropertime(TimeofDay,ToD)andphase(PPS)synchronizationfromaGNSSreceiver,while
acting as a Grandmaster clock (T-GM) to the other DUs at the site by means of a daisy-chain
configuration. All DUs must be interconnected with each other and to the CSR, but RRUs and
AAUs can be directly connected to the DUs thanks to the use of Time Sync NICs.
6. Site Integration aspects
Figure 14: Interconnection of Open RAN DUs for the main four 4G/5G site types,
where time and phase references are provided by a GNSS receiver.
Figure 15 illustrates another example where time and phase references are provided by the
networkina2G/3G/4G/5Gsite.InthiscasethereisnoGNSSreceiverandtheCSRmustpropagate
PTPandSyncEtowardstheDUs.Alegacy2G/3GBBUisalsoshownthatmustbeinterconnected
with the other DUs through the CSR.
Network-basedsynchronizationisdeemedasthebestandmostfuture-proofoptionbecause
it avoids potential points of failure, like the GNSS receiver or the daisy-chain connection of DUs
topropagatesynchronization.However,itrequiresfullnetworksupportofPTPandcantherefore
be applicable only in a limited set of scenarios.
Figure 15: Example of the
interconnection of two Open
RAN DUs and a 2G/3G BBU
in a 2G/3G/4G/5G site
where the time and phase
references are provided by
the network.
The goal of this paper was to illustrate, in a technical way, how the main Open RAN network
elementscanbedesignedanddimensionedtomeettheneedsofoperatorswhich,likeTelefónica,
demand a wide portfolio of radio units, site capacities and synchronization options.
Emphasis was put in the case where the DU is physically located at the site, but all the
considerations remain equally valid when the DU is centralized, except for possibly different
mechanical requirements for the DU chassis as needed in a data center.
The actual portfolio of radio units and frequency bands can of course differ from network to
network, but the fundamental considerations in 4G and 5G design described here will remain
equally applicable. Site integration aspects are also key to secure seamless coexistence with
whatever legacy 2G/3G network equipment is located at the site.
ThetechnologycomponentsdescribedinthispaperwilltakeOpenRANoutofthelabandinto
areal4G/5Gnetwork.Thekeystepstowardsmakingthistransitionarealreadyhappeninginthe
form of pilots and field activities, whose goal is to test whether performance is on par with the
traditionalRAN.SuchassessmentcannothappenwithoutthecombinedeffortsofbothOperators
and technology partners.
7. Summary and Conclusions
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[1] ORAN-WG4.CUS.0-v02 “Control, User and Synchronization Plane Specification”,
O-RAN Alliance, Working Group 4.
[2] ORAN-WG4.MP.0-v02 “Management Plane Specification”, O-RAN Allicance, Working
Group 4.
[3] O-RAN-WG4.IOT.0-v02.00
[4] O-RAN-WG4-MP-YANGs-v02.00
[5] Xilinx WP489 “An Adaptable Direct RF-Sampling Solution”, Feb 20, 2019, available for
download at: https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/white_papers/wp489-
rfsampling-solutions.pdf
[6] NGMN White Paper “5G RAN CU – DU Network Architecture, Transport Options and
Dimensioning”, V1.0, available for download at: https://www.ngmn.org/wp-content/
uploads/Publications/2019/190412_NGMN_RANFSX_D2a_v1.0.pdf
AAU: Active Antenna Units
ADC: Analog to Digital Converters
AI: Artificial Intelligence
APIs: Application Programming Interfaces
ASICs: Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
CFR: Crest Factor Reduction
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CSR: Cell Site Router
CU: Centralized unit
CUPS: Control/User-Plane Separation
DAC: Digital to Analog Converters
DDC: Digital Downconverter
DFE: Digital Front End
DPD: Digital Pre-Distortion
DUC: Digital Upconverter
DSS: Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
DU: Distributed Unit
EMS: Element Management System
FCAPS: Fault, Configuration, Accounting,
Performance and Security
FEC: Forward Error Correction
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform
FMA: Fused Multiply Add
FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Arrays
gNB: Next generation Node B
GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems
iFFT: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
I/O: Input/Output
KPIs: Key Performance Indicators
KVM: Kernel-based Virtual Machine
LNA: Low-Noise Amplifier
Massive MIMO: Massive Multiple-Input
Multiple-Output
MEC: Multi-access Edge Computing
ML: Machine Learning
NB-IoT: Narrowband-IoT
NICs: Network Interface Cards
PA: Power Amplifier
PAR: Peak-to-Average Ratio
PIMC: Passive Inter-Modulation Canceller
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
QoE: Quality of Experience
RAN: Radio Access Network
RAM: Random-Access Memory
RFFE: RF Front End
RFSoC: RF System on Chip
RIC: RAN Intelligent Controller
RRU: Remote Radio Unit
RX: Receive
STS: Silicom Time Sync
SyncE: Synchronous Ethernet
TDD: Time-Division Duplex
TIP: Telecom Infra Project
TX: Transmit
VIM: Virtual Infrastructure Management
8. References 9. Glossary