1) In 1994, India had a very low tele-density of 0.8% with 8 million phones and a waiting list of 2.5 million. The National Telecom Policy of 1994 aimed to increase telecom infrastructure and make phones available on demand. 2) Private sector participation was introduced in the 1990s through licensing of mobile and basic telephone services. However, results were unsatisfactory due to lower than projected revenues for operators. 3) The National Telecom Policy of 1999 aimed to further increase tele-density, encourage rural telecom development, and expand internet access. It defined universal service obligations.