1. The study investigated the use and importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by local ethnic groups living near Thong Pha Phum National Park in Thailand. 2. Interviews with 52 local elders identified over 100 NTFP species used for food, medicine, handicrafts, construction materials, and other purposes. 3. NTFPs play an important role in the local economy and culture, with many species transformed into products sold at local markets or used in traditional recipes and medicines.

1. A Study of Local People Knowledge on Non Timber Product Utilization and Transformation to Local Productions Jiranan Teerakunpisut Kasetsart University Nantana Gajaseni Chulalongkorn University Oratai Neamsuvan Chulalongkorn University

4. Methodology

5. Fig. 1 The study was located at Huai Khayeng Subdistrict, Thong Pha Phum District, Kanchanaburi province

6. Fig. 2 The research was regarded the various ethnic groups with large numbers of different cultural beliefs and histories residing within its geographical borders living in rural village at the border of Thong Pha Phum National Park.

8. Fig. 4 A total of 52 Elders were well known as knowledgeable people participated in the study. 73 % 7.7 % 7.7 % 5.8 % 5.8 %

10. Results & Discussions

11. Table I NTFPs categories identified in the field 14 Weaving and handicraft products 28 Wild animal and fish 41 Edible fruits and vegetables 49 Medicinal plants Number of species used NTEP use category

12. Medicinal Plants

13. Table II Common herbs that healers tend to use and transform these raw material to local medicine Fruit Ta suea MELIACEAE Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.)R.Parker T Rhizome Khing ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber officinale Roscoe H Rhizome Kra chai ZINGIBERACEAE Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf .H Leaves Khi lek LEGUMINOSAE Siamese cassia Leaves Ya khat- mon MALVACEAE Sida acuta Burm.f. Parts used Local name Family Botanical name

14. Table II (Cont.) Root, stem Do mai ru lom COMPOSITAE Elephantopus scaber L. H All parts Non tai yak STEMONACEAE Stemona tuberose Lour. HC Fresh fruit Yo RUBIACEAE Morinda citrifolia L. ST All parts Wild banana ANNONACEAE Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook.f.&Thomson T Root Rayom- luang APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex Pit. S Parts used Local name Family Botanical name

15. Fig. 6 most parts of Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook.f.&Thomson T are able to use for medicine Latex appliesd externally to cure wounds Unripe banana get relief from stomach wounds Ripe banana laxative Banana leaf relief itchy skin Banana blossom cure diabetes Banana root reduce heat in the body

16. Fig. 6 Lao elixir formula to protect aging and some disease and taken to strengthen the body compose of fresh fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. ST which is crushed and mixed with crushed fruit of Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker T then add honey bee and mix them together

17. Fig. 7 For Thai elixir recipe, the juice that squeeze from crushed leaves of Siamese cassia mixed between with the juice of crushed leaves of Sida acuta Burm.f. along with the juice of rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf . H and Zingiber officinale Roscoe H . Then added honey bee and pickled in rice whisky for 1 week

18. Food Plants and Animals

19. Table III most collected species as food from this area and transform to local products. - Consume fresh fruit - Fermented Fruit Niang MIMOSACEAE Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen - Fried with shrimp or pork - Spicy soup All parts Termite mushroom AGARICACEAE Termitomyces fuliginosus Heim. - Consume fresh fruit - Fermented Fruit Niang MIMOSACEAE Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen Sour soup Young leave and stem Phak nam ARACEAE Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw. Fermented Young leave and stem Phak sian CAPPARACEAE Cleome gynandra Linn. Method use Parts of use Local name Family Botanical name

20. Fig. 9 Termite mushroom, a symbiotic fungus found in tropical Africa and Asia, is famous NTFPs and they are highly valued

21. Fig . 10 A. white nodules on the fungus comb B. termite mushroom was formation on the fungus comb

22. Fig. 11 Wild edible plants constitute an important part of the diet Cleome gynandra Linn. Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen

23. Fig. 12 Local market, NTFPs play a greater role in the local economy.

24. Table III (Continue) The main method of transforming to local food products are fermentation and dried out, respectively to prolong of these NTFPs Fermented Bamboo shoot Phai rai POACEAE Gigantochloa albociliata Fermented Bamboo shoot Phai ruak POACEAE Thysostachys siamensis Camble Fermented Bamboo shoot Phai bong POACEAE Bambusa natans Wall. B Fermented Bamboo shoot Phai nam GRAMINEAE Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss B Method use Parts of use Local name Family Botanical name

25. Fig. 13 Fresh bamboo shoot and fermented bamboo shoot products

26. Table III (Continue) - Sour soup - Ant egg salad Red ant FORMICCIDAE Oecophylla smaragdina -mixed in food, medicine eat as jam with bread Apis bee APIDAE Apis dorsata - Fried Khi khawi beetle SCARABAEIDAE Heliocopris dominus - Fried Cricket GRYLLIDAE Acheta testacea - Fried Tadpole RANIDAE Fejervarya limnocharis - Grilled, fried - Frog curry Frog RANIDAE Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Method use Local name Family Botanical name

27. Oecophylla smaragdina Apis dorsata Heliocopris dominus Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Fig. 14 Some NTFPs in animal groups and products

28. Fig. 15 Animals are mostly transformed to local food by fermentation, drying out, deep fry and roast to prolong of these NTFPs and used them as ingredient in curry, spicy soup, sour soup or side dishes

29. Fig. 16 estimation of NTFPs value in Thong Pha Phum forest

30. Plants for Construction and Handicrafts

31. Table IV: Construction and handicraft plants preferred by the local people - Bamboo table Phai ruak POACEAE Thysostachys siamensis - Roof of hut Phai pa POACEAE Bambusa arundinacea Wild. Partition of hut, chicken coop and nest, floating basket (for keeping fish in water), rice milling tool, bamboo fish trap with a narrow neck, bamboo chicken trap, Phai -phak POACEAE Gigantochloa albociliata Kurz. Use as Local name Family Name

32. Gigantochloa albociliata Kurz. Fig. 17 traditional bamboo products

33. Fig. 18 Traditional bamboo tools for fish trap

34. Fig. 19 Bamboo instrument for catch wild chicken

35. Fig. 20 An old Thai man and local products transformed Gigantochloa albociliata Kurz. ; chicken coop, streaming pot for cook sticky rice, bow

36. Fig. 21 Traditional bamboo local products ( Gigantochloa albociliata)

37. Fig. 22 Local products transformed Thysostachys siamensis ; furniture, partition of hut, use as an axial wood of grass roof to maintain the shape of roof

38. Table IV (Continue) Broom Ya khat mon MALVACEAE Sida acuta Burm.f. Roof of the hut Kho ARECACEAE Livistona speciosa Kurz. Broom Feathergrass POACEAE Thysanolaena maxima ( Roxb. ) Kuntze. Chair , Shelf, Table Rattan ARECACEAE Calamus sp. Roof of the hut , hat Vetiver grass POACEAE Vetiveria zizanoides Nash. Roof of the hut Cogongrass POACEAE Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Use as Local name Family Name

39. Fig. 23 Traditional congo grass products ( Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. )

40. Fig. 24 Burmese community and NTFPs transformation to products

41. Fig. 25 Karen tend to use Livistona speciosa Kurz. as main material for the roof of the hut

42. Vetiveria zizanoides Nash. Fig. 26 Traditional vetiver grass roof, Thai woman is weaving a fresh vetiver grass hat

43. Table IV (Continue) - Stem - Mortar Daeng LEGUMINOSAE Xylia xylocarpa - Bark - Stem - Chiyo (ingredient in tobacco) - Chopping block,Charcoal Ma kham CAESALPINIA- CEAE Tamarindus indica L. Parts used Use as Local name Family Name

44. Fig. 27 Traditional charcoal from tamarind wood

45. Fig. 28 Pipe tobacco ingredient products, Chiyo

46. Conclusion

48. Thank you for your attention