From AASHE 2017 workshop:
Interpersonal Competences (ICs) are vital for sustainability change agents. Evidence shows that ICs are also highly-prized career skills. A student with strong ICs can productively interact and empathize with collaborators and stakeholders from diverse backgrounds and perspectives. ICs allow students to effectively learn from and teach others across different values and cultures, negotiate conflicts, and facilitate effective community decision-making. Organizational Development consultants and others have designed and used facilitation techniques for interpersonal work in industry, governance and NGOs. However, these techniques are not yet widely implemented in formal education settings, and ICs are rarely explicitly addressed in pedagogy. It is therefore imperative to improve ICs development in higher education.
This session reviews some widely-used strategies and promising innovations to foster ICs. It demonstrates teachable tools for: improving communication framing and story-telling; promoting constructive dialogue and small-group conversations; and facilitating information-sharing, collaboration and decision-making in large groups. Such tools for group process and information sharing can enhance every student’s ICs, promoting student success across all disciplines and career paths. We will consider and practice a selection of strategies synthesized from Organizational Development, to help educators from all disciplines foster ICs in sustainability education.
Handouts and references available at https://perplexedprimate.org/2017/10/19/adventures-at-aashe/
2. SYSTEMS THINKING COMPETENCE
5 Key Competences in
Sustainability (Wiek et al 2011)
ANTICIPATORY COMPETENCE
NORMATIVE COMPETENCE
INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE
STRATEGIC COMPETENCE
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
3. What is Interpersonal
Competence?
• Working with different cultures, values,
backgrounds, and perspectives
• Appreciation of diversity
• Empathy
• Negotiating conflicts
• Communicating
• Working and learning in groups
(UNESCO 2005; Segalàs et al 2010; Wiek et al 2011; Frisk & Larson 2011; Rieckmann
2012; Lans et al 2014; Murga-Menoyo 2014; Lozano et al in press)
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
4. Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
Increased
Social Tolerance
Larger Repertoire
of Adaptive
Behaviors
Reduced
Competition
for Resources
More Time
in Proximity
more chances
to learn any
new behavior
More Diverse
Social Partners
more potential
innovators to
observe
(Merrill 2004; Van Schaik et al 2003)
5. Why Interpersonal
Competence Matters
• Maybe the
most essential
competence for
finding just and
durable solutions
to sustainability
problems (e.g. Sinner,
Brown & Newton 2016)
• Promotes student
success across all
disciplines and
career paths (e.g.
Thomas & Depasquale 2016)
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Truth-and-Reconciliation-Commission-South-Africa
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
6. Trends in Interpersonal
Competence: US College Students
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
1979-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09
Empathy Perspective taking
(Konrath, O'Brien & Hsing 2011)
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
7. How do you get socially-awkward
people to party all night?
By Diacritica (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
8. An Introvert’s Guide to Working
with People
Structure and
guidelines make it
easier for less
sociable people to
participate in
collective problem-
solving and decision-
making
Liberating Structures
www.liberatingstructures.com
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
9. Levels of Interpersonal Interaction
• Monologue (Solo)
• Dialogue (Duet)
• Small Group (Trio to
Octet)
• Large Group
(Symphony)
http://cctouc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/academic-coach-cctouc.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_young_people_
demonstrating_a_lively_conversation.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small_group_conversatio
n_at_a_Gurteen_Knowledge_Cafe.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussi
on_2011_Shankbone.JPG
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
10. Overview of Strategies
MONOLOGUE: SOLO
•Managing Metaphors: the
power of well-crafted language
•Storytelling
http://cctouc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/academic-coach-cctouc.jpg
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
12. http://cctouc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/academic-coach-cctouc.jpg
Managing Metaphors MONOLOGUE: SOLO
Things to Avoid
1. Mechanistic
2. Anthropocentric
3. Linear
4. Polarity and
Dualism
5. Conflict
6. Domination /
stratification
Better Alternatives
1. Natural / Living
2. Eco-centric
3. Cyclic / Systemic
4. Continuums and
Complexity
5. Cooperation
6. Egalitarian /
peer-to-peer
Activity based on Liberating Structures: 1-2-4-AllMichelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
13. http://cctouc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/academic-coach-cctouc.jpg
The Story MONOLOGUE: SOLO
Best remembered story
elements:
1. Context
• setting, characters
2. Goals
• plot
3. Consequences of
Goal-directed
Action
• moral
by User:Slashme [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons (Mandler & Johnson 1977, Trabasso & Van Den
Broek 1985, Jones & Song 2014; Olson 2015)
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
15. http://cctouc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/academic-coach-cctouc.jpg
The Story MONOLOGUE: SOLO
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Gordijnen_aan_venster.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luci_e_colori_del_p
aradiso_dei_frati_-
_Convento_Frati_Cappuccini_Monterosso_al_Mare_-
_Cinque_Terre.jpg
Mirror
Window
Door
Here & Now
Desirable Future
Invitation
Photo by E.S.Peterson colorjedi.tumblr.com
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
from Caroline Casey
20. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small_group_conversation_at_a_Gurteen_Knowledge_Cafe.jpg
SMALL GROUP: TRIO TO OCTET
Conversation Café
conversationcafe.org
• Tables with poster paper
and pens
• Small group rounds (3+)
with questions
• Harvest and share
responses
World Café
theworldcafe.com
• 60-90 minutes
• Up to 8 per group
• ‘The Agreements’
• 2 ‘talking object’ rounds
• Open conversation round
• ‘Talking Object’ closing
round
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
22. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussion_2011_Shankbone.JPG
LARGE GROUP: SYMPHONY
• Ceremony and Ritual
• Being Heard – Participating, Connecting and
Collaborating
• Council Process
• Appreciative Inquiry
• Open Space
• Liberating Structures: Impromptu Networking; 1-2-4-All
• Decision Making
• Consensus: Occupy! vs. Robert's Rules
• Alternative Voting
• Liberating Structures: 25/10
• Technological Support (‘Gadgets for Group Work’)
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
23. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussion_2011_Shankbone.JPG
Ceremony and Ritual LARGE GROUP: SYMPHONY
“Ceremony and ritual give order, stability, and
confidence to troubled children and adolescents,
whose lives are often in considerable disarray.”
Hobbs, 1982, The Principles of Re-Education
(on http://re-ed.cflearning.org/about)
By Korea.net / Korean Culture and Information Service, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35595127
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
24. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussion_2011_Shankbone.JPG
Council Process
Being Heard
• Sit in a circle
• Only the person
holding the
talking stick
speaks; others
must listen fully
• Speak your own
truth; do not
comment on
others
• Everyone is heard
Jim Mone/AP, https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/talking-stick-and-feather-indigenous-
tools-hold-sacred-power-of-free-speech/
Fujioka, K. (1998). The talking stick: An American Indian tradition in the ESL classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, 4(9).
LARGE GROUP: SYMPHONY
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
25. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussion_2011_Shankbone.JPG
Consensus Process
Decision Making
• Avoids “Tyranny of
the Majority”
• Can be cumbersome
and too slow in very
large groups
“Consensus consistently
empowered cranks,
malcontents, and even
provocateurs to lay claim to
a group’s attention and gum
up the works…”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OccupyHandSignals.pdf Kauffman, L.A. 2015. The theology of consensus. Berkeley
Journal of Sociology. http://berkeleyjournal.org/2015/05/the-
theology-of-consensus/
LARGE GROUP: SYMPHONY
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
27. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussion_2011_Shankbone.JPG
25/10 Crowd Sourcing
Decision Making
(from liberatingstructures.com)
1. Write an important ‘take away’ from this session in one clear
sentence on the front of your index card.
2. Mill and pass – no reading. Keep exchanging cards until
time’s up.
3. Write your score on the BACK of the card you now hold:
1= not very exciting … 5 = I want to act on this!
4. Mill and pass, then score new card (four more times) until
each card has 5 scores.
5. See which items have the highest totals.
LARGE GROUP: SYMPHONY
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
33. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Group_Discussion_2011_Shankbone.JPG
25/10 Crowd Sourcing
Decision Making
(from liberatingstructures.com)
1. Write an important ‘take away’ from this session in one clear
sentence on the front of your index card.
2. Mill and pass – no reading. Keep exchanging cards until
time’s up.
3. Write your score on the BACK of the card you now hold:
1= not very exciting … 5 = I want to act on this!
4. Mill and pass, then score new card (four more times) until
each card has 5 scores.
5. See which items have the highest totals.
LARGE GROUP: SYMPHONY
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
34. Interpersonal
relations and
collaboration
Empathy
and
change of
perspective
Communication
and use of
media
Case studies
Interdisciplinary team teaching
Lecturing
Mind and concept maps
Project and/or Problem-based learning
Community Service Learning
Jigsaw / Interlinked Teams
Participatory Action Research
Eco-justice and community
Place-Based Environmental Education
Supply chain/ Life Cycle Analysis
Traditional ecological knowledge
Connecting competences and
pedagogical approaches for
sustainable development in higher
education: A literature review and
framework proposal. Lozano, R., Merrill, M.Y.,
Lozano, F., Ceulemans, K., Sammalisto, K. (in press:
Sustainability)
Michelle Y. Merrill
AASHE 2017
36. How can we connect with,
learn from, and teach each
other so we can co-create a
resilient, regenerative culture?
Michelle Y. Merrill, Ph.D.
perplexedprimate.org
perplexedprimate@gmail.com
Editor's Notes
(KNOCK ON TABLE) GOOD AFTERNOON CLASS… (how many of you had a brief impulse to respond ‘Good afternoon, Dr. Merrill’? It’s okay – fess up, raise your hand.)
Interpersonal competences are vital for sustainability change agents, with evidence that they are generally highly-prized career skills
AND
Organizational Development consultants and others have designed and used facilitation techniques for interpersonal work, with (still largely anecdotal and un-analyzed) evidence from industry, governance and NGO experience that they are highly effective
BUT
These facilitation techniques are not widely implemented in formal education settings
SO
I am encouraging EfS-oriented faculty to begin using these techniques in their teaching, to help their students build interpersonal competences
START WITH A ‘LOOK AROUND THE ROOM’ – LOCK EYES WITH SOMEONE YOU DON’T KNOW, SILENTLY THANK THEM FOR BEING HERE AND PARTICIPATING TODAY
Interpersonal Competence is a key competence in Education for Sustainability that is often cited as desirable, but rarely explicitly addressed in pedagogy. It requires developing skills for listening, communicating, collaborating and group decision-making. Better interpersonal skills and social tools will be needed in the transition to more sustainable communities and cultures. A student with strong Interpersonal Competence should be able to productively interact and empathize with collaborators and stakeholders from a diversity of backgrounds and perspectives, effectively learn from and teach others across different values and cultures, negotiate conflicts, and facilitate effective community decision-making. Interpersonal Competence may therefore be the most essential competence for finding just and durable solutions to sustainability problems. This paper will provide a structured overview of some of the most widely-used strategies and promising innovations for improving Interpersonal Competence. These strategies will help students communicate sustainability ideas, work with others to discover new solutions, navigate strategic compromises, and come to consensus through effective group process. They include teachable tools for improving communication framing and story-telling, promoting constructive dialogue and small-group conversations, and facilitating information-sharing, collaboration and decision-making in large groups. Such tools for group process and information sharing can enhance every student’s Interpersonal Competence, thereby promoting student success across all disciplines and career paths. The paper will describe and evaluate a selection of strategies synthesized from organizational development, to help educators from all disciplines foster Interpersonal Competence in sustainability education.
Just one of the many competences being discussed in Education for Sustainability – lots of competence lists
Wiek et al distills to 5 key competences:
Systems (interdisciplinarity, complexity); Anticipatory (futures); Normative (morals, ethics, values); Strategic (designing and implementing plans); Interpersonal
FROM Education and Sustainability: Paradigms, Policies, and Practices in Asia CH 17 (Merrill et al. pending 2017 ) “…competences (Wiek et al. 2011). This framework synthesizes many of the lists of sustainability competences that had preceded it (e.g. Rowe 2007, Sipos et al. 2008, Segalàs et al. 2009). Although other more extensive lists have followed the Wiek et al (2011) framework (e.g. Rieckmann 2012, Thomas et al 2013, Lans et al 2014), it stands as a useful distillation of ideas proposed for sustainability competences.”
Reinforcing Feedback loop (usually up to some resource cap – limitations on other species)
Our ancestors found ways around that, and it Eventually led to us growing these huge, resource intensive brains just to get better at doing this kind of social learning
Merrill, M. Y. (2004). Orangutan Cultures?: Tool Use, Social Transmission and Population Differences. (PhD Dissertation), Duke University, Durham, NC.
Van Schaik, C. P., Ancrenaz, M., Borgen, G., Galdikas, B., Knott, C. D., Singleton, I., . . . Merrill, M. (2003). Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science, 299(5603), 102-105.
Sinner, J., Brown, P., & Newton, M. (2016). Community perceptions of collaborative processes for managing freshwater resources. Ecology and Society, 21(4). doi:10.5751/ES-08851-210405
Thomas, I., & Depasquale, J. (2016). Connecting curriculum, capabilities and careers. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 17(6), 738-755. doi:10.1108/ijshe-03-2015-0049
You don’t have to be a ‘people person’ to learn and apply techniques that will improve interpersonal competences
Me w my (now) husband in Rocky Horror cast, circa 1988
You don’t have to be a ‘people person’ to learn and apply techniques that will improve interpersonal competences
[[might it be better to go from large to small? Less likely to feel like building from reductionism – not really using smaller parts to build larger parts; also, monologue is essentially one-to-many and therefore a strategy within large group]]
Monologue (& Soliloquy)
"The Story"
Research supports importance of story for thinking/recall (much better than lists); all tradition was oral tradition until very recently!
Hero's Journey
And - But - So
Mirror - Window - Door
Managing Metaphors - the power of well-crafted language
Learning to recognize and avoid metaphors/word choices that reinforce mechanistic or conflict-focused models of the world
also sexist language (see ‘A person paper on purity in language’ D. Hoffsteader - also illustrates power of satire)
Biomimicry in wordcraft
Can we shift from anthropocentric to ecocentric language & analogies
(Idea to Elevator Pitch)
Dialogue
NVC
conversation starters (e.g. Biomimicry for Sociality cards) - also for small group
How to interview someone
Small Group
Conversation Cafe
World Cafe
Jigsaw pedagogy?
Large Group
Ritual can be secular (anthropological ideas about ritual as social glue)
Group singing and dancing (no, really)
1-2-4-All
25/10
Occupy! vs. Robert's Rules
Occupy!: consensus processes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making; Quaker consensus models); Human Mic, hand signals
Robert’s Rules of Order; parliamentary process; democracy/majority rule
Alternative Voting Systems (e.g. Single-Transferable vote) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7tWHJfhiyo&list=PL7679C7ACE93A5638)
Council Process (various indigenous traditions and recent syntheses)
Appreciative Inquiry
TRIZ?
https://triz-journal.com/contradiction-matrix-40-principles-innovative-problem-solving/
Gadgets and apps for real-time polling, etc.
Applying Face-to-Face Social Technologies to Online Interactions
George Lakoff – choice of metaphor/words to frame a political argument
The power of language - choose wisely
Say what you mean to mean what you say
The language we use can shape and constrain our thinking
Language and metaphor framing (Lakoff and Johnson 2008)
Linguistic relativism
‘Sapir-Whorf hypothesis’; Casasanto 2008) – can’t necessarily allow you to see the future if you learn alien cyphers, but it does shape what you notice and remember about things
Effect of Language on Economic Behavior (Chen 2013) – correlation between ‘future aware’ behaviors (saving for retirement, willpower, etc) and speaking languages that treat the future tense as similar/indistinguishable from present tense (German, Chinese, Finnish) compared to those with a strong distinction between present and future tense (English, Greek, Italian, Russian)
Activity: pairs or small groups come up with examples for each ‘Avoid’ and a corresponding ‘Better Alternative’
Could do as 1-2-4-all!
Team is like a well-oiled machine ---- team is as coordinated as a school of sardines; bonded as a beehive
4. Choose A or B ---- rate your preference for each
5. Fight Climate Change ---- Come together to solve climate change
6.
"The Story"
Research supports importance of story for thinking/recall (much better than lists, statistics, etc); all tradition was oral tradition until very recently!
Hinyard & Kreuter 2007:
Drawing on recurring themes and key concepts from others’ descriptions of narrative (Baesler & Burgoon, 1994; Black & Bower, 1979; Cole, 1997; Green & Brock, 2000, 2002; Kopfman, Smith, Ah Yun, & Hodges, 1998; Oatley, 2002), we propose the following definition: “A narrative is any cohesive and coherent story with an identifiable beginning, middle, and end that provides information about scene, characters, and conflict; raises unanswered questions or unresolved conflict; and provides resolution.” – p 778
Through engagement in the storyline, individuals come to identify with characters, counterarguing is reduced, and the individuals are more open to persuasive messages contained in the narrative (Green, 2004; Slater, 2002a; Slater & Rouner, 2002). –p 781
Slater and Rouner (1996) found that in processing alcohol-education messages, college students rated statistical evidence as more persuasive when the message was congruent with their values and narrative evidence as more persuasive when the message was incongruent with their values. –p784
also
Olson, R. (2015). Houston, we have a narrative: Why science needs story: University of Chicago Press.
the And-But-So story of this talk:
Interpersonal competences are vital for sustainability change agents, with evidence that they are generally highly-prized career skills
AND
Organizational Development consultants and others have designed and used facilitation techniques for interpersonal work, with (still largely anecdotal and un-analyzed) evidence from industry, governance and NGO experience that they are highly effective
BUT
These facilitation techniques are not widely implemented in formal education settings
SO
I am encouraging EfS-oriented faculty to begin using these techniques in their teaching, to help their students build interpersonal competences
or
I knew I was going to be addressing S educators
AND
I’m interested in the links between desirable S competences and specific pedagogies
BUT
Not enough educators are using these yet to have solid evidence of their efficacy as pedagogies
SO
I’m giving you a quick overview of many different pedagogical options, in the hopes that you’ll be interested in working with me to research one or more of them in more detail.
Mirror: Here’s what it’s like (this sucks, in detail) …Until Now
Window: here’s what it could be (the desirable future)
Door: if you choose to step through and start the journey (the invitation to adventure, transformation)
From Caroline Casey
And – But – So
Good outline for an ‘elevator pitch’ or similar short summary of the story
Pity – Fear – Catharsis: Aristotle’s Poetics
Researching local sustainability problems and proposing solutions in interlocking teams (modified jigsaw pedagogy) to maximize social learning opportunities and empower student expertise
See Merrill, M. Y., Chang, C.-H., & Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2018). Conclusion: The Current State of Higher Education for Sustainability in Monsoon Asia. In M. Y. Merrill, P. Burkhardt-Holm, C.-H. Chang, M. S. Islam, & Y. Chang (Eds.), Education and Sustainability: Paradigms, Policies and Practices in Asia (pp. tbd). Singapore: Routledge.
Opening and Closing
“Good Morning Class” call-and-response
(Fujioka 1998, p 2) ”Whoever is holding the stick is asked to speak from his heart on the subject or issue in question. The other students are not to speak but also they are not to think ahead, about what they are going to say. They are supposed to let themselves concentrate on the words of the speaker, seeking to understand. When it is their turn to speak, they can trust that the "right" words will come. This assures that everyone is heard. That is the most important point. First, we must all listen. The setting is non-judgmental. Whatever the student's viewpoint, that is okay. No one is allowed to comment on what another has said. This method, I have observed in many classes, will yield new awareness and insights.”
Much emerged from Quaker process, believing communal deliberation would allow Friends to arrive at the Higher Truth (Kauffman 2015)
Dot Voting aka "dotmocracy“
http://dotmocracy.org/what_is (also “idea rating sheets”)
http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/group-brainstorming-dot-voting-with-a-difference/
From http://www.albany.edu/cpr/gf/resources/Voting_with_dots.html
Bob Pike BOBPIKECTT@aol.com Wed 15/11/00 13:44: the 1/3 plus one rule. Regardless of the number of people each person gets dots based on the number of items on the list. 6 items, for example, 1/3 of 6 is 2 plus 1 equals 3 dots. 9 items - 1/3 equals 3 plus 1 equals 4 dots.
Claire A. Murray [clamo88@flashcom.net] Wed 15/11/00 13:45: when you ask people to identify (or prioritise) a specific # of items, they tend to fall short by one (they can't come up with the last one or choose a "last one" among the remaining...), so if you want to get to 4 of something, ask for 5, etc.
Cain, Ralph N. [RCAIN1@alleghenyenergy.com] Wed 15/11/00 17:28: I use a very (and I mean very) general Pareto process (80/20 rule) to determine how many dots to distribute to each person. I take the total number, divide by 5 (20%) and this determines how many dots each person receives. I get to provide a high level learning opportunity on the 80/20 Rule at the same time as we are doing an exercise to reduce to the key issues.
Wilko Jongman <wilkojon@worldonline.nl> Sat, 18 Nov 2000 10:08:34: ABS(number of items to prioritize / number of participants) + 1; When the outcome of the first part of the formula is positive you round up. If it is negative it automatically results in zero. Thus your two examples would result in: (20/10) + 1 = 3; (10/20) + 1 = (0) + 1 = 1; And for instance (25 / 10) + 1 = (3) + 1 = 4
Carrie Cohill [carrie_cohill@hotmail.com] Sun 19/11/00 15:03: In Weaver & Farrell's book "Managers as Facilitators" they have a page on multi-voting. Their guideline is that the number of votes for each group member is equal to a third to a half of the total number of items on the list. For example, if the list contains 30 items, then each person gets 10-15 votes. Each member is given the same number of votes and told to give more votes to the projects having the most impact on the group's purpose. Set some guidelines for the maximum number of votes allowed per item. For example, 15 votes could be distributed as follows: 5 for the first choice, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the third, 2 for the fourth, and 1 for the fifth.
Deb Burnight DMB1953@aol.com Wed 15/11/00 13:27: When I have used sticky dots for prioritization, it has usually been for action-planning. I have generally used 4 dots...2 of one color and 2 of another. One color signifies an issue related to general prioritization; in other words, "I think this is important. People ought to care about this issue." The other color denotes commitment, i.e., "I am willing to personally devote time and energy to this issue."
Dot Voting aka "dotmocracy“
http://dotmocracy.org/what_is (also “idea rating sheets”)
http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/group-brainstorming-dot-voting-with-a-difference/
From http://www.albany.edu/cpr/gf/resources/Voting_with_dots.html
Bob Pike BOBPIKECTT@aol.com Wed 15/11/00 13:44: the 1/3 plus one rule. Regardless of the number of people each person gets dots based on the number of items on the list. 6 items, for example, 1/3 of 6 is 2 plus 1 equals 3 dots. 9 items - 1/3 equals 3 plus 1 equals 4 dots.
Claire A. Murray [clamo88@flashcom.net] Wed 15/11/00 13:45: when you ask people to identify (or prioritise) a specific # of items, they tend to fall short by one (they can't come up with the last one or choose a "last one" among the remaining...), so if you want to get to 4 of something, ask for 5, etc.
Cain, Ralph N. [RCAIN1@alleghenyenergy.com] Wed 15/11/00 17:28: I use a very (and I mean very) general Pareto process (80/20 rule) to determine how many dots to distribute to each person. I take the total number, divide by 5 (20%) and this determines how many dots each person receives. I get to provide a high level learning opportunity on the 80/20 Rule at the same time as we are doing an exercise to reduce to the key issues.
Wilko Jongman <wilkojon@worldonline.nl> Sat, 18 Nov 2000 10:08:34: ABS(number of items to prioritize / number of participants) + 1; When the outcome of the first part of the formula is positive you round up. If it is negative it automatically results in zero. Thus your two examples would result in: (20/10) + 1 = 3; (10/20) + 1 = (0) + 1 = 1; And for instance (25 / 10) + 1 = (3) + 1 = 4
Carrie Cohill [carrie_cohill@hotmail.com] Sun 19/11/00 15:03: In Weaver & Farrell's book "Managers as Facilitators" they have a page on multi-voting. Their guideline is that the number of votes for each group member is equal to a third to a half of the total number of items on the list. For example, if the list contains 30 items, then each person gets 10-15 votes. Each member is given the same number of votes and told to give more votes to the projects having the most impact on the group's purpose. Set some guidelines for the maximum number of votes allowed per item. For example, 15 votes could be distributed as follows: 5 for the first choice, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the third, 2 for the fourth, and 1 for the fifth.
Deb Burnight DMB1953@aol.com Wed 15/11/00 13:27: When I have used sticky dots for prioritization, it has usually been for action-planning. I have generally used 4 dots...2 of one color and 2 of another. One color signifies an issue related to general prioritization; in other words, "I think this is important. People ought to care about this issue." The other color denotes commitment, i.e., "I am willing to personally devote time and energy to this issue."
Dot Voting aka "dotmocracy“
http://dotmocracy.org/what_is (also “idea rating sheets”)
http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/group-brainstorming-dot-voting-with-a-difference/
From http://www.albany.edu/cpr/gf/resources/Voting_with_dots.html
Bob Pike BOBPIKECTT@aol.com Wed 15/11/00 13:44: the 1/3 plus one rule. Regardless of the number of people each person gets dots based on the number of items on the list. 6 items, for example, 1/3 of 6 is 2 plus 1 equals 3 dots. 9 items - 1/3 equals 3 plus 1 equals 4 dots.
Claire A. Murray [clamo88@flashcom.net] Wed 15/11/00 13:45: when you ask people to identify (or prioritise) a specific # of items, they tend to fall short by one (they can't come up with the last one or choose a "last one" among the remaining...), so if you want to get to 4 of something, ask for 5, etc.
Cain, Ralph N. [RCAIN1@alleghenyenergy.com] Wed 15/11/00 17:28: I use a very (and I mean very) general Pareto process (80/20 rule) to determine how many dots to distribute to each person. I take the total number, divide by 5 (20%) and this determines how many dots each person receives. I get to provide a high level learning opportunity on the 80/20 Rule at the same time as we are doing an exercise to reduce to the key issues.
Wilko Jongman <wilkojon@worldonline.nl> Sat, 18 Nov 2000 10:08:34: ABS(number of items to prioritize / number of participants) + 1; When the outcome of the first part of the formula is positive you round up. If it is negative it automatically results in zero. Thus your two examples would result in: (20/10) + 1 = 3; (10/20) + 1 = (0) + 1 = 1; And for instance (25 / 10) + 1 = (3) + 1 = 4
Carrie Cohill [carrie_cohill@hotmail.com] Sun 19/11/00 15:03: In Weaver & Farrell's book "Managers as Facilitators" they have a page on multi-voting. Their guideline is that the number of votes for each group member is equal to a third to a half of the total number of items on the list. For example, if the list contains 30 items, then each person gets 10-15 votes. Each member is given the same number of votes and told to give more votes to the projects having the most impact on the group's purpose. Set some guidelines for the maximum number of votes allowed per item. For example, 15 votes could be distributed as follows: 5 for the first choice, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the third, 2 for the fourth, and 1 for the fifth.
Deb Burnight DMB1953@aol.com Wed 15/11/00 13:27: When I have used sticky dots for prioritization, it has usually been for action-planning. I have generally used 4 dots...2 of one color and 2 of another. One color signifies an issue related to general prioritization; in other words, "I think this is important. People ought to care about this issue." The other color denotes commitment, i.e., "I am willing to personally devote time and energy to this issue."
People are eager to do meaningful work : It’s not hard to find allies who want to help change the world for the better
Interpersonal competences are vital for sustainability change agents, with evidence that they are generally highly-prized career skills
AND
Organizational Development consultants and others have designed and used facilitation techniques for interpersonal work, with (still largely anecdotal and un-analyzed) evidence from industry, governance and NGO experience that they are highly effective
BUT
These facilitation techniques are not widely implemented in formal education settings
SO
I am encouraging EfS-oriented faculty to begin using these techniques in their teaching, to help their students build interpersonal competences
Interpersonal Competence is a key competence in Education for Sustainability that is often cited as desirable, but rarely explicitly addressed in pedagogy. It requires developing skills for listening, communicating, collaborating and group decision-making. Better interpersonal skills and social tools will be needed in the transition to more sustainable communities and cultures. A student with strong Interpersonal Competence should be able to productively interact and empathize with collaborators and stakeholders from a diversity of backgrounds and perspectives, effectively learn from and teach others across different values and cultures, negotiate conflicts, and facilitate effective community decision-making. Interpersonal Competence may therefore be the most essential competence for finding just and durable solutions to sustainability problems. This paper will provide a structured overview of some of the most widely-used strategies and promising innovations for improving Interpersonal Competence. These strategies will help students communicate sustainability ideas, work with others to discover new solutions, navigate strategic compromises, and come to consensus through effective group process. They include teachable tools for improving communication framing and story-telling, promoting constructive dialogue and small-group conversations, and facilitating information-sharing, collaboration and decision-making in large groups. Such tools for group process and information sharing can enhance every student’s Interpersonal Competence, thereby promoting student success across all disciplines and career paths. The paper will describe and evaluate a selection of strategies synthesized from organizational development, to help educators from all disciplines foster Interpersonal Competence in sustainability education.
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