1. The document discusses various techniques for collecting data in research including forms and questionnaires, interviews, observation, documents and records, focus groups, oral histories, and case studies. 2. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and provides examples of types within each technique. 3. The conclusion emphasizes that the methodology and analytical approach used by the researcher determines how the collected information can be used and what explanations it can generate.

1. Techniques of Data Collection
Presenter: Mohammad Zaman Sirat

2. Techniques of Data
Collection

3.  What are Techniques of Data
Collection?

4. 1. Forms and Questionnaires:
 Form and questionnaire are research instruments that consists of a set of
questions or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from
a respondent.
Advantages of Forms and Questionnaires Dis-Advantages of Forms and Questionnaires
1. Cost savings: ...
2. Reach people quickly: ...
3. Scalability: ...
4. Respondent anonymity: ...
5. Flexibility for respondents over where and…
6. when to complete their questionnaire: ...
7. Data accuracy: ...
8. Differences in understanding…
9. interpretation: ...
10. Unanswered questions…
1. Incorrect Feedback: ...
2. Reluctance Towards Sensitive Topics: ...
3. Ignorance of Questions: ...
4. Neglects Emotions: ...
5. Different Interpretations: ...
6. Survey Fatigue: ...
7. Lack of Accessibility: ...
8. Superficial Responses: …

5. There are following types of questionnaires
1. Telephone questionnaire. ...
2. In-house survey. ...
3. Mail Questionnaire. ...
4. Open question questionnaires. ...
5. Multiple choice questions. ...

6. 2. Interview
An interview is a qualitative research method that relies on asking
questions in order to collect data.
Advantages of Interview Dis-Advantages of Interview
1. Selecting the ideal candidates for the
position...
2. Conducting detailed evaluations...
3. Getting to know the candidate and
yourself well...
4. Experiencing improved customer bonds...
5. Differentiating similar candidates…
1. Interviewing is a time-consuming process.
Traditional face-to-face interviews can be
extremely time-consuming...
2. Interviewing is a costly process. The cost
of interviewing is the sum of the time and
resources that you spend on interviewing...
3. Unethical behavior in interviews…

7. Types of interview techniques for research
1. Structured interview...
2. Unstructured interview...
3. Semi-structured interview...
4. Email interviews...
5. Personal interviews...
6. Telephonic interviews...
7. Focus group interviews…

8. 3. Observation
An observational method that involves observing people's behavior in
the environment in which it typically occurs.
Advantages of Observation Dis-Advantages of Observation
1. Simplest Method…
2. Useful for Framing Hypothesis…
3. Greater Accuracy…
4. An Universal Method…
5. Observation is the Only Appropriate Tool
for Certain Cases…
6. Independent of People’s Willingness to
Report…
1. Less Accuracy…
2. Lack of Reliability…
3. Faulty Perception…
4. Personal Bias of the Observer…
5. Slow Investigation…
6. Expensive…
7. Difficulty in Checking Validity…

9. Types of Observation
1. participant observation
2. non-participant observation
3. covert observation
4. overt observation

10. 4. Documents and Records
Documents and Records means all of the files, books and records, in
paper and/or electronic data format and etc.
Advantages of Documents and Records Dis-Advantages of Documents and Records
1. Easier compliance...
2. Better workflows...
3. Cost savings...
4. Minimize risks...
5. Protect data...
6. Preserve knowledge...
1. Lack of storage space…
2. Security issues…
3. Prone to damage…
4. Document transportation…
5. Editing problems…
6. High costs…
7. Limit communication and collaboration…
8. Environmental damage…

11. Types of Documents and Records
1. Administrative Records: Records which
pertain to the origin, development, activities,
and accomplishments of the agency...
2. Legal Records...
3. Fiscal Records...
4. Historical Records...
5. Research Records...
6. Electronic Records…

12. 5. Focus Groups
 The focus group technique is one example of a qualitative research
methodology used to explore the opinions, knowledge, perceptions, and
concerns of individuals in regard to a particular topic.
Advantages of Focus Groups Dis-Advantages of Focus Groups
1. Easily Measure Customer Reaction
2. Time-Saving Opportunity
1. Not as In-Depth as Other Market Research
2. Expensive
3. Moderator Bias

14. 6. Oral Histories
Oral history is a method of conducting historical research through
recorded interviews between a narrator with personal experience of
historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the
goal of adding to the historical record.
Advantages of Oral Histories Dis-Advantages of Oral Histories
1. Oral traditions do not need a person to
know how to read and write.
2. Historians get first-hand information from
the people.
3. Information is easy to collect.
4. Historians can interview people anywhere
and at any time.
​1.Poor Retention: The listener cannot retain
oral messages in his memory for a long
time...
2. No Record: Oral communication does not
provide any record for future reference...
3. Time Consuming...
4. Misunderstanding...
5. Lengthy Messages...
6. Lack of Responsibility...
7. Imprecise…

15. Sequence for Oral History Research
1. Formulate a central question or issue.
2. Plan the project...
3. Conduct background research.
4. Interview.
5. Process interviews.
6. Evaluate research and interviews and cycle back
to...
7. Organize and present results.
8. Store materials archivally.

16. 7. Combination Research
 Mixed methods research is the type of research in which a researcher or team of
researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches
Advantages of Combination Research Dis-Advantages of Combination Research
1. Validity increased if quantitative and
qualitative used reliability cancel out
disadvantages.
1. Expensive time consuming methods need to
compliment each other skills needed to
analyses both sets of data.

17. Types of Combination Research
1. Convergent parallel: Quantitative and qualitative
data are collected at the same time and analyzed
separately.
2. Embedded: Quantitative and qualitative data are
collected at the same time, but within a larger
quantitative or qualitative design.

18. 8. Schedule
Schedule is the tool or instrument used to collect data from the
respondents while interview is conducted.
Advantages of Schedule Dis-Advantages of Schedule
1. Allows efficient and timely distribution
of information to relevant users.
2. Ensures that heavy querying is not done
during peak hours.
3. Minimizes the manual intervention by
automating the processes.
4. Enables users to analyze the changes in
the data in real- time
1. It's a very expensive process.
2. It's a method that takes a lot of time.
3. Even in the 'presence of the researcher the
respondents' may not respond to some
personal questions.
4. Reliability depends on data collection
honesty and dedication.

19. Types of Schedule Method
1.Capacity schedule
2. Resource schedule
3. Service schedule.

20. 9. Case Study
The case study method is a learning technique in which the student is
faced a particular problem, the case.
Advantages of Case Study Dis-Advantages of Case Study
1. They allow researchers to observe and
record information about rare, impractical,
or unethical conditions and behaviors.
2. They provide researchers with new
evidence to support psychological theories.
3. They help researchers develop
hypotheses that others can study or add to
in the future.
1. Case study results can be difficult to
replicate.
2. Case studies can be expensive and
time-consuming.
3. Researchers can allow their own
feelings to influence the case study,
known as researcher bias.
4. Case studies can lack scientific
methods and rigor to protect the accuracy
of data collected.

21. Types of case studies
1. Descriptive case studies.
2. Explanatory case studies.
3. Exploratory case reports.
4. Intrinsic case studies.
5. Instrumental case studies.
6. Collective case reports

22. Conclusion
Data collection methods are important,
because how the information collected is
used and what explanations it can generate
are determined by the methodology and
analytical approach applied by the
researcher.

23. References
1. Royce A. Singleton, Jr & 2009 Approaches to Social
Research, London: Bruce C Straits
OxfordUniversity Press.
2. Shipman, Martin 1988. The Limitations of Social
Research. London: Longman.
3. Smelser, Neil J. 1976 Comparative Methods in the
Social Sciences, Prentice Hall.
4. Young, P.V. 1969. Scientific Social Surveys and
Research. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
5. McIntyre J. Lisa 2005. Need to Know: Social
Science Research Methods, New York:
McGraw Hill

24. Thank You!