TELESPAZIO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL 1
Telespazio Performance Appraisal Development
Overview
A performance appraisal or review is a method used by an organization to evaluate and document the work performance of their employees. It is an important aspect of career development, and it involves frequent employee performance reviews in the organization. Telespazio is a spaceflight services company, which developed a dual employee appraisal system in 2005. The system aimed to plan the organizational change through support of employee management like compensation, mobility, rewards, training, and career advancement to continue to keep the company going. The system was electronic which enables support values such as transparency, common objective definitions, giving observable behaviors and sharing (Dessler, 2014). The dual system aimed at ensuring that the company promotes employee professional development and attains positive result feedback. The system evaluates the employee performance in comparison with the objectives and competence skills. This paper will examine the Telespazio performance appraisal system focusing on appraisal methods, proposed strategies, and an appraisal tool.
Current Appraisal Methods
Currently, the appraisal approach, which Telespazio uses, is called Telespazio Performance Appraisal for Development (TPAD). This system supports employee compensation, rewards, training and career advancement. It promotes transparency, common objective definitions, and focusing on competencies and roles (Profili et al., 2014). This procedure is an avenue for employee training and development to ensure growth also allowing employees to deal with upcoming challenges, which is a strategy to strengthen the company workforce. TPAD is a fair system because it the process begins with the employees and manager listing endeavors, skills and their objectives for the following year. The evaluated skills in the process differ in each position. The process helps the company identify employee roles through determination of the different employee's skills and knowledge. It then matches the skills in roles where they are most appropriate.
The company mainly uses the 360 feedback and management by objectives (MBOs) systems to appraise their employees. The management by objectives system allows the employees and managers recognize the employee goals, which are later used to measure performance. The MBOs are used to evaluate work progress quarterly, which is an important tool in improving employee productivity. The 360-feedback system uses the employees from all organizational levels who interact with the employee being appraised. It opens gives a chance for employees to be part of the appraisal process, and it is a fair and transparent process (Peacock, 2015). The appraisal uses three levels to rate the employee performance. The levels are unsatisfactory; improvement needed and mee.
Tell me everything you know about the following1. Law Enfo.docxjacqueliner9
Tell me everything you know about the following:
1. Law Enforcement / Policing
2. The Court System – local / Federal
3. The Corrections System – Prisons and Jails
4. In your opinion, which of these is the most important and explain why in detail
.
Tell me about yourself and highlight your strengths and professional.docxjacqueliner9
Tell me about yourself and highlight your strengths and professional interests.
tips:
Tell a concise story that personalizes your content.
Connect the information back to the audience in a meaningful way.
Replace unnecessary formal language with more conversational options.
.
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are in .docxjacqueliner9
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are in other employment sectors. Describe how members of a team can support each other best when they work on different schedules, in time zones, or on days. Include how principles of servant and values-based leadership enhance the working group and ensure timelines are fairly divided and implemented inside the desired goals. Describe any challenges you predict. Provide supporting references in your response. PLEASE INCLUDE IN-TEXT CITATION AND REFERENCE
.
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docxjacqueliner9
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are in other employment sectors. Describe how members of a team can support each other best when they work on different schedules, in time zones, or on days. Include how principles of servant and values-based leadership enhance the working group and ensure timelines are fairly divided and implemented inside the desired goals. Describe any challenges you predict. Provide supporting references in your response.
.
Telehealth Technology A summary of the technology to be imple.docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth Technology
A
summary of the technology to be implemented and its impact on the facility.
Explain
the implementation process of the technology you selected in the health care setting.
Consider discussing the equipment that needs to be acquired (e.g., list equipment necessary for the clinic, staff, and patients).
Consider a possible timeline for implementation.
Consider basic standard operating procedures for your employees and stakeholders.
Analyze
the security and privacy protocols when implementing the technology you selected in a facility.
As you analyze security and privacy protocols when implementing technology, consider all stakeholders who will be impacted.
Explain
the roles and responsibilities of resources in the implementation process for the technology you selected.
Consider discussing the resources for staff and patients (e.g., useful resources (websites, articles) with information pertaining to the new technology).a
Consider discussing the staff and patient training (e.g., consider communication to your stakeholders (staff and patients) and list the impact to their daily activities).
.
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment, bo.docxjacqueliner9
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment, both on traditional cable channels and online streaming services. However, an issue that is continuously addressed is diversity. While more diverse shows are appearing in part as a result of more platforms and channels than ever before, we continue to see some shows fumble and cause controversy.
Diversity is not limited to race; it can also look at representation and portrayals of sexuality, social class, ableism/disabilities, age, etc.
Part One:
For part one, read this article:
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-childrens-shows-lead-the-way-in-diversity-on-tv
Answer the following questions about one of the articles:
Question 1:
Summarize the article and discuss some key takeaways. (3-5 sentences)
Question 2:
What is the article suggesting about diversity? (3-5 sentences)
Question 3:
Do you think the article does a good job addressing diversity? Why or why not? (3-5 sentences)
Part Two
For part two, consider your own personal experiences with diversity on television:
Question 4:
When was the first time you saw a character in a show or film you felt was similar to you? If you feel like you haven't seen one yet, what is the closest example? (3-5 sentences)
Question 5:
In your opinion
, what 'checkboxes' does a television show need for you to consider it diverse? In other words, what do you personally consider when you say a show is diverse? (3-5 sentences)
Question 6:
Do you think Hollywood is doing enough to address diversity? Why or why not? (3-5 sentences)
.
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected individuals through an online platform. Here, a medical practitioner uses telecommunication facilities to offer services to patients. Telehealth is achieved in both patient, and the practitioner must be connected to excellent telecommunication facilities to ensure that communication is expertly made the information provided in part one of the assignment outline how inequalities in the health sector exist. For instance, people from a specific gender or race may suffer from a particular illness or infection, and this may consider discrimination has given their living conditions and status. An excellent example in this scenario is where kids within slum areas suffer from diarrhea and other waterborne illnesses due to them living in poor sanitary conditions. Telehealth, therefore, aims at bridging this gap and promote equity even in the health world. This way, an expert can offer his/her services through telehealth to the affected and under-privileged populations.
My telehealth effort will entail the use of websites and social media sites to provide people with health advice and services. The creation of a professional website will be essential to achieve functional telehealth. The website will contain information about my practice, the areas I specialize in, and the services I offer. It will also provide a message, call, and email icons, which will allow individuals to contact me for medical services directly. Since many people are connected to the internet, they can utilize the internet to access the website and, thus, acquire health services comfortably without having to travel to distant places while seeking medication. Social media sites and SMS functions will also be utilized in my telehealth efforts. They will be done to cater for the rural and poor populations that cannot access the internet and the website. Through providing a toll-free SMS number, patients will be able to send messages about their concerns, and this will allow me to provide sound advice to them. This way, my telehealth services will be provided to a larger population (including the rich and the sick individuals). They will also allow me to offer quality telehealth services.
To determine if the information presented was understood, the telehealth information will provide in straightforward terms that can be easily understood by ordinary individuals. They will include breaking down medical conditions into simple language that can be understood by non-medical individuals. The information will also provide to a client, and he/she will be requested to state whether he/she understood the whole information well. They will also be asked to state their concerns (either through the mail, messages, or phone calls) and questions, which will then addressed accordingly. Where possible (for instance, on the website), graphic images will be used in passing out information. They will enhance understanding because visual .
TELESPAZIO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL 1
Telespazio Performance Appraisal Development
Overview
A performance appraisal or review is a method used by an organization to evaluate and document the work performance of their employees. It is an important aspect of career development, and it involves frequent employee performance reviews in the organization. Telespazio is a spaceflight services company, which developed a dual employee appraisal system in 2005. The system aimed to plan the organizational change through support of employee management like compensation, mobility, rewards, training, and career advancement to continue to keep the company going. The system was electronic which enables support values such as transparency, common objective definitions, giving observable behaviors and sharing (Dessler, 2014). The dual system aimed at ensuring that the company promotes employee professional development and attains positive result feedback. The system evaluates the employee performance in comparison with the objectives and competence skills. This paper will examine the Telespazio performance appraisal system focusing on appraisal methods, proposed strategies, and an appraisal tool.
Current Appraisal Methods
Currently, the appraisal approach, which Telespazio uses, is called Telespazio Performance Appraisal for Development (TPAD). This system supports employee compensation, rewards, training and career advancement. It promotes transparency, common objective definitions, and focusing on competencies and roles (Profili et al., 2014). This procedure is an avenue for employee training and development to ensure growth also allowing employees to deal with upcoming challenges, which is a strategy to strengthen the company workforce. TPAD is a fair system because it the process begins with the employees and manager listing endeavors, skills and their objectives for the following year. The evaluated skills in the process differ in each position. The process helps the company identify employee roles through determination of the different employee's skills and knowledge. It then matches the skills in roles where they are most appropriate.
The company mainly uses the 360 feedback and management by objectives (MBOs) systems to appraise their employees. The management by objectives system allows the employees and managers recognize the employee goals, which are later used to measure performance. The MBOs are used to evaluate work progress quarterly, which is an important tool in improving employee productivity. The 360-feedback system uses the employees from all organizational levels who interact with the employee being appraised. It opens gives a chance for employees to be part of the appraisal process, and it is a fair and transparent process (Peacock, 2015). The appraisal uses three levels to rate the employee performance. The levels are unsatisfactory; improvement needed and mee.
Tell me everything you know about the following1. Law Enfo.docxjacqueliner9
Tell me everything you know about the following:
1. Law Enforcement / Policing
2. The Court System – local / Federal
3. The Corrections System – Prisons and Jails
4. In your opinion, which of these is the most important and explain why in detail
.
Tell me about yourself and highlight your strengths and professional.docxjacqueliner9
Tell me about yourself and highlight your strengths and professional interests.
tips:
Tell a concise story that personalizes your content.
Connect the information back to the audience in a meaningful way.
Replace unnecessary formal language with more conversational options.
.
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are in .docxjacqueliner9
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are in other employment sectors. Describe how members of a team can support each other best when they work on different schedules, in time zones, or on days. Include how principles of servant and values-based leadership enhance the working group and ensure timelines are fairly divided and implemented inside the desired goals. Describe any challenges you predict. Provide supporting references in your response. PLEASE INCLUDE IN-TEXT CITATION AND REFERENCE
.
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are.docxjacqueliner9
Telework opportunities are increasing in health care as they are in other employment sectors. Describe how members of a team can support each other best when they work on different schedules, in time zones, or on days. Include how principles of servant and values-based leadership enhance the working group and ensure timelines are fairly divided and implemented inside the desired goals. Describe any challenges you predict. Provide supporting references in your response.
.
Telehealth Technology A summary of the technology to be imple.docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth Technology
A
summary of the technology to be implemented and its impact on the facility.
Explain
the implementation process of the technology you selected in the health care setting.
Consider discussing the equipment that needs to be acquired (e.g., list equipment necessary for the clinic, staff, and patients).
Consider a possible timeline for implementation.
Consider basic standard operating procedures for your employees and stakeholders.
Analyze
the security and privacy protocols when implementing the technology you selected in a facility.
As you analyze security and privacy protocols when implementing technology, consider all stakeholders who will be impacted.
Explain
the roles and responsibilities of resources in the implementation process for the technology you selected.
Consider discussing the resources for staff and patients (e.g., useful resources (websites, articles) with information pertaining to the new technology).a
Consider discussing the staff and patient training (e.g., consider communication to your stakeholders (staff and patients) and list the impact to their daily activities).
.
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment, bo.docxjacqueliner9
Television continues to remain a viable source of entertainment, both on traditional cable channels and online streaming services. However, an issue that is continuously addressed is diversity. While more diverse shows are appearing in part as a result of more platforms and channels than ever before, we continue to see some shows fumble and cause controversy.
Diversity is not limited to race; it can also look at representation and portrayals of sexuality, social class, ableism/disabilities, age, etc.
Part One:
For part one, read this article:
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-childrens-shows-lead-the-way-in-diversity-on-tv
Answer the following questions about one of the articles:
Question 1:
Summarize the article and discuss some key takeaways. (3-5 sentences)
Question 2:
What is the article suggesting about diversity? (3-5 sentences)
Question 3:
Do you think the article does a good job addressing diversity? Why or why not? (3-5 sentences)
Part Two
For part two, consider your own personal experiences with diversity on television:
Question 4:
When was the first time you saw a character in a show or film you felt was similar to you? If you feel like you haven't seen one yet, what is the closest example? (3-5 sentences)
Question 5:
In your opinion
, what 'checkboxes' does a television show need for you to consider it diverse? In other words, what do you personally consider when you say a show is diverse? (3-5 sentences)
Question 6:
Do you think Hollywood is doing enough to address diversity? Why or why not? (3-5 sentences)
.
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected i.docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth refers to the provision of medical care to affected individuals through an online platform. Here, a medical practitioner uses telecommunication facilities to offer services to patients. Telehealth is achieved in both patient, and the practitioner must be connected to excellent telecommunication facilities to ensure that communication is expertly made the information provided in part one of the assignment outline how inequalities in the health sector exist. For instance, people from a specific gender or race may suffer from a particular illness or infection, and this may consider discrimination has given their living conditions and status. An excellent example in this scenario is where kids within slum areas suffer from diarrhea and other waterborne illnesses due to them living in poor sanitary conditions. Telehealth, therefore, aims at bridging this gap and promote equity even in the health world. This way, an expert can offer his/her services through telehealth to the affected and under-privileged populations.
My telehealth effort will entail the use of websites and social media sites to provide people with health advice and services. The creation of a professional website will be essential to achieve functional telehealth. The website will contain information about my practice, the areas I specialize in, and the services I offer. It will also provide a message, call, and email icons, which will allow individuals to contact me for medical services directly. Since many people are connected to the internet, they can utilize the internet to access the website and, thus, acquire health services comfortably without having to travel to distant places while seeking medication. Social media sites and SMS functions will also be utilized in my telehealth efforts. They will be done to cater for the rural and poor populations that cannot access the internet and the website. Through providing a toll-free SMS number, patients will be able to send messages about their concerns, and this will allow me to provide sound advice to them. This way, my telehealth services will be provided to a larger population (including the rich and the sick individuals). They will also allow me to offer quality telehealth services.
To determine if the information presented was understood, the telehealth information will provide in straightforward terms that can be easily understood by ordinary individuals. They will include breaking down medical conditions into simple language that can be understood by non-medical individuals. The information will also provide to a client, and he/she will be requested to state whether he/she understood the whole information well. They will also be asked to state their concerns (either through the mail, messages, or phone calls) and questions, which will then addressed accordingly. Where possible (for instance, on the website), graphic images will be used in passing out information. They will enhance understanding because visual .
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docxjacqueliner9
The document discusses piloting a new telemedicine program to improve care transitions and asks how to encourage patient and provider engagement for success. Potential challenges include gaining buy-in from patients to use the new telehealth system and ensuring providers participate fully in the remote care options.
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health care delivery into homes, clinics, and other environments outside the bricks and mortar of hospitals. Will the increased use of these telehealth technology tools be viewed as “de-humanizing” patient care or will they be viewed as a means to promote more contact with healthcare providers and new ways for people to “stay connected” (as online disease support groups), thereby creating better long-term disease management and patient satisfaction?
.
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health care, public health, and health education delivery and support using telecommunications technologies (Center for Connected Health Policy, 2016).
For this project, you will research a population’s health need and determine how you could meet this need using telehealth.
This assignment consists of three parts:
PART 1 – 25 points
Through research, determine who, what, where, and how of your project. This will consist of an e-mail to the instructor where you will define:
Who:
Define the target population for your effort. Consider factors such as age, gender,
ethnicity, location and health issues.
What:
Define your goal.
Where:
Decide where your population will be for this effort.
How:
Decide what technologies you will use to deliver your information.
.
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docxjacqueliner9
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of telehealth dietary interventions for facilitating dietary changes in adults with chronic diseases. The review included 25 randomized controlled trials involving over 7,000 participants. The analysis found that telehealth interventions were effective at improving diet quality, fruit and vegetable intake, and reducing sodium intake. Telehealth interventions also led to improvements in important clinical outcomes such as reduced blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, and waist circumference. However, single nutrients like total fat and energy consumption were not significantly changed by telehealth interventions. Overall, the review findings suggest that telehealth approaches can help improve dietary patterns and intake for managing chronic diseases.
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docxjacqueliner9
This document discusses how technology can improve implementation processes and outcomes for capstone projects. It asks the reader to name one technology that could be used for their project and whether they plan to use it, identifying any barriers if not.
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docxjacqueliner9
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for the american dream. The issues involving Technology today is weakening the american dream today cause with more technology the less effort a person has to put in to be able to reach their american dream. As we go through life technology advances more and and generations gets less willing to strive to achieve the goal of reaching their american dream. has been a popular topic amongst scholars for many years
.
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docxjacqueliner9
Telecommuting
A. Telecommuting (Level 2)
a. Introduction for Telecommuting (Level 3)
b. Evolution/History of Telecommuting (Level 3)
i. Defining Telecommuting (Level 4)
ii. Compare ways of telecommuting today versus 50 years ago – how has the technology changed? (Level 4)
c. Technology for Telecommuters (Level 3)
i. Laptops(Level 4)
ii. VPN
iii. Remote Email
d. Examples of telecommuting (give articles of companies that explain how telecommuting works for them)
e. Stats about Telecommuting (during COVID and before COVID)
i. COVID background
ii. Catalyst for Telecommunicating
.
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docxjacqueliner9
Telecommunication Net
Here are the instructions
Once you chose a topic, write a reflection (3-4 paragraphs of approximately 200-to-250 words). You need to research this topic and add your comments about it; making sure you are not copying anything from the textbook or copying/pasting from any other sources. While you can research things, the write-up in the post MUST be your original words. Your initial post must contain a properly formatted in-text citation and scholarly references.
.
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docxjacqueliner9
TED Talk
Wade Davis: In order to begin to develop a global perspective of cultural pluralism as it relates to world languages, view the TED talk by
Wade Davis (Links to an external site.)
. Respond to the ideas presented by Davis and address some of the ideas that have you have read about in Rury and Mintz. How does the notion of culture/identity/nationalism appear in society and education. What are some of the outcomes of the intersection of these issues? Be sure to connect specifically ideas from BOTH the text and the video.
.
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docxjacqueliner9
Teen/Addiction
· In
Section I
(approximately 6-8 pages, double-spaced using APA Standards) you should complete a PROBLEM DEFINITION, AND CAUSAL, ETHICAL, ideological, and gainers/losers analysis regarding the problem and its potential solution(s). The problem and its consequences should be analyzed across the individual, family, community and societal levels. Section I is worth 15 points. The following topics must be thoroughly covered:
·
Problem definition:
Define the problem or issue and quantify
its magnitude and scope
. Describe the
target population
(age, gender, race, location, etc.) subgroups more likely to experience the problem or issue.
Causal Analysis
: Specify multiple factors that
cause
the problem and specific, multiple
consequences
of the problem, on the individual, familial, community and systemic levels.
Ideological analysis
: Specify varying
ideological viewpoints
discussed in SW 302 of different stakeholder groups related to the problem definition (e.g. liberal, conservative), and how these points of view would impact approaches taken to address the problem using position papers from ideologically affiliated organizations such as think tanks to support your answer; and,
Gainers and losers analysis
: Specify what stakeholders and target populations tend to gain or lose financially, politically, etc. if problem or issue is addressed and if it is left insufficiently addressed
MUST USE HEADINGS GIVEN
· These are the headings for Section 1. Follow these to be sure you have addressed each element of the paper.
· •Problem definition
· –Scope and magnitude
· •Target population
· –gender
· –Race
· –subgroups
· •Causal analysis
· –Cause
· –Consequences on
individuals, families, society
· •Ideological analysis
· –Liberal/conservative
·
· •Gainers and losers
· –Financial
· –political
.
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docxjacqueliner9
Teheran 2
Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to my comments on your paper (which you should receive by the beginning of the week) and by adding in what you learned in this module as needed.
As always, if you have any questions, please don't hesitate to e-mail me.
An A paper:
· Responds to all questions posed in the prompt and is turned in on time
· Has a strong, clear argument
· Has specific references and clear evidence to back up their assertions
· Includes evident revision from the draft
· Has few to no grammatical and citation errors (according to the student’s disciplinary conventions)
Comments given to me at the beginning of the week from the instructor; (please answer her questions lined out here):
Elyse,
Great start here. I especially liked the way that you discussed the differences in audience awareness and approach between Cixous' "The Laugh of the Medusa" and Freud's "The Uncanny." Before submitting your final draft, I encourage you to review the different writing styles associated with each discipline as laid out in this week's module. I think discussing how these papers are similar to, or are different from, the guidelines of psychology papers could add another layer of depth to your argument. Additionally, since I know you're just speaking about your work in the future in a general sense because you're not quite sure what you will research yet (which is fine), I recommend integrating how disciplines deal with the presentation of research, and how your research will fall into the requirements laid out in the disciplines of literature, film, and psychology (or, the way it will differ.) Great work. Let me know if you have any questions about my comments or the assignment. I look forward to reading your final draft! - Stephanie
Stephanie Flint , Sep 16 at 5:57pm
Comments from a fellow student to be aware of:
You're dead on when you say that film and literature are intertwined. Film is just an extension of literature which is just an extension of story telling. Why do humans feel the need to create stories - either fantastical or other? What's the motivation behind it? This is the question that seems the most poignant when discussing monsters. Why do human feel like they have to create monsters when there are true monsters that already exist? It come back around to psychology. In the draft, you talk about using the words and phrases that are essential to the argument - which kinds of words and phrases will you be looking for or keying in on? How will this help make your argument more solid? - Shawn Ambrosino
Review of Disciplinary Writing Styles
A Psychology Paper
Citation Style:
· Usually APA
General Description:
· Psychology writing, like writing in the other sciences, is meant to inform the reader about a new idea, theory or experiment. Toward this end, academic psychologists emphasize the importance of clarity and brevity in writing while minimizing descriptive language and complex sentence structure. The best .
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docxjacqueliner9
TED Talk
Ken Robinson: (10 points)View the following TED Talk by Sir Ken Robinson (in the order they are posted) and respond to the questions:
Do Schools Kill Creativity? (Links to an external site.)
Bring On The Learning Revolution (Links to an external site.)
Sir Ken speaks of some very concrete problems and some not so very concrete solutions. What are these problems (as defined by him)? What are the solutions (as defined by him)? Tell me what you think. How do we make the not so concrete more concrete? Think of your experiences and let me know how to change the actual classroom practices of your experiences.
.
Technology A d o p tio n by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docxjacqueliner9
Technology A d o p tio n by
G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams:
D e v e lo p in g a Cohesive
A pproach
W illia m J. Harris, University o f Maryland University College
International trade and collaboration continue to
expand in the development of products, services, and
interdependent-m arket activities. Such expansion
has resulted in an increase in global engineering
groups’ interaction across cultures. These groups
exist, in part, because technology now supports
geographically distributed organizations, which
allows them to improve perform ance and outcome.
However, in many instances, the cultural differences
among group members have become problematic in
their work (Clear, 2010; Nisbett, 2003). Both research
and practice have shown that these groups, and the
technology they use, may form working structures
that are incompatible with many culturally diverse
organizations. This essay explores and uncovers
pertinent issues and provides a conceptual framework
that will allow company managers to adopt technology
that is compatible across global virtual teams (GVT)
and organizations. The aim of this paper is to identify
implications and provide guidance to managers who
may be faced with designing and leading m ulti
national groups tasked with solving complex problems.
In short, this research will provide guidance to those
managers that will allow them to put theory into
practice.
Background and C ontext o f G lobal
V ir tu a l Teams
Global engineering teams in the public sector are
tasked to provide various capabilities for government
agencies. Contractors that serve various government
agencies and tasked to integrate global technical
capabilities employ many such teams. Often, groups
are formed without a physical presence as enabled
by technology (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). These
engineering team members, being diverse both
in their fields of expertise and in their geographic
location, are expected to work and perform together,
fully exploiting their abilities and accumulation
of knowledge to design capabilities and/or resolve
unique problems (Pavlak, 2004). Often, these teams
are comprised of a variety of engineers from fields
such as software, hardware, systems, mechanical, and
other disciplines. For these teams, team work agility
and decision making are essential (Lowry, Schuetzler,
Giboney, & Gregory, 2015). An engineering team’s
advantage, then - as well as their challenge - is their
collective diversity and trem endous knowledge and
expertise (Harris, 2018).
Team tasking evolves from the first stage of
identifying a problem or requirements to creating
capabilities, introducing new features to existing
products, and then, through to production, technical
services, sustainment, and operations (Defense
Acquisition System, n.d.). The full lifecycle of a project,
whether creating products or providing technical
services, will eventually include the interchange of
ideas, design el.
T
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Y
2
20
Edited by
Jeff Muskus
● The company’s lackluster
video tab still has a lot to prove
to both viewers and advertisers
Three long years ago, when the world knew little
about Cambridge Analytica and laughed off the
specter of fake news, Mark Zuckerberg had a very
different kind of problem. Facebook wasn’t adding
many users in key ad markets, so it needed to fig-
ure out how to wring more money from its existing
audience. Although the company accounted for
an impressive 45 minutes of its average user’s day,
that wasn’t in chunks big enough to send them the
ever-growing number of ads at the heart of the
company’s business model. The average Facebook
session lasted less than 90 seconds, according to
people familiar with the matter—while you were
waiting in a checkout line, trying to avoid eye con-
tact between subway stops, or sitting on the toilet.
Zuckerberg and other executives decided to try to
boost that number by pushing their way into a much
older kind of advertising model: TV. Like a lot of ILL
U
S
T
R
A
T
IO
N
B
Y
J
O
N
A
T
H
A
N
D
J
O
B
N
K
O
N
D
O
; D
A
T
A
: T
D
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
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, 2
0
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P
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L
L
Bloomberg Businessweek February 4, 2019
Facebook Watch
Isn’t Living
Up to Its Name
◼ TECHNOLOGY Bloomberg Businessweek February 4, 2019
21
things at Facebook these days, it’s not going great.
You’re probably not watching much Facebook
Watch. The company committed about $1 bil-
lion last year to buying shows for its stream-
ing video tab, reasoning that even a single hit
could leech a significant piece of the average
two hours Americans spend in front of the TV,
or the Facebook-level amount of time they spend
on Google’s YouTube. It hasn’t produced a hit
like the Netflixes, Amazon Primes, and Hulus of
the world. So far, some of its biggest names have
been network castoffs (MTV’s Loosely Exactly
Nicole) and refugees from other streaming services
(Comcast Watchable’s I Want My Phone Back).
When Facebook reported its quarterly earnings on
Jan. 30, investors and analysts were mostly listen-
ing for news about ad sales for its messaging apps
and the stories feature it copied from Snapchat.
(Bloomberg Media produces a show funded by
Facebook for the Watch platform.)
While researcher EMarketer estimates that
Facebook as a whole will take in nearly double
YouTube’s $4.3 billion in video ad sales this year,
it expects Watch to account for a single-digit
percentage of that figure. “I don’t think it’s yet
become a must-buy for brands,” says Abbey
Klaassen, chief marketing officer at New York mar-
keter 360i. “They are in a stiff competition for this
kind of advertising and inventory.” Last summer,
a year after Watch went live in the U.S., half of
consumers hadn’t heard of it and three- quarters
hadn’t used it, according to media researcher
Diffusion Group.
“I think we’re making a ton of progress,” says
Matthew Henick, Facebook’s head o.
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docxjacqueliner9
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates of very small newborns. Reflect on the changes that have occurred from the perspective of the child and family’s quality of life, rather than from the perspective of the medical community. What issues will you consider and how will you evaluate them?
.
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docxjacqueliner9
Technology and Love: Is it a match?
Developmental theorists claim that finding a partner is one of the things we focus most on during young adulthood. Today, research indicates that more and more individuals are turning to online dating in the search for love. Do you feel this is an effective way to search for a companion? Why or why not? The article, Five Myths about Online Dating, briefly addresses some issues that arise with the quest for finding a partner through the Internet. Support your reasoning with information from the text, course materials, and the article.
Five Myths about Online Dating
A Creative Life: Is it all about curiosity?
Some psychologists claim that creativity peaks in early adulthood. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyl is a psychologist who offers strategies for increasing creativity in one's life. He claims that creative people regularly experience a state he calls flow, which is a heightened state of pleasure experienced when they engage in challenging tasks that absorb their interest. Csikszentmihalyl claims that the first step in achieving a more creative life is through curiosity and interest. Do you agree with Csikszentmihalyl that curiosity and interest can lead to a more creative life? Do you think heredity plays any role in creativity? Why or why not? What other factors may lead to heightened creativity in early adulthood? Support your reasoning with information from the text and other course materials.
Name: Discussion Board Rubric- V3
Description: The Discussion Board is designed to stimulate class dialog that would normally take place in a face-to-face setting. Participation in the Discussion Board serves as a learning strategy to help demonstrate your knowledge of the course content. Please review the Discussion Board criteria in the rubric as well as the expectations in your syllabus and as posted in the main Discussion Board.
· Grid View
· List View
Proficient
Acceptable
Needs Improvement
Unsatisfactory
Initial Responses
Points Range:7.92 (39.60%) - 9 (45.00%)
The initial post applies course content sufficiently by expanding on the main points of the prompt; responses exhibit critical thinking and analysis.
Points Range:6.84 (34.20%) - 7.83 (39.15%)
Content knowledge is exhibited by identification of the main topics; there is some evidence of critical thinking and analysis, but responses may be insufficient or lacking in detail.
Points Range:5.4 (27.00%) - 6.75 (33.75%)
Understanding of content knowledge is poorly exhibited and insufficient in critical thinking, analysis, and detail. Some main discussion topics are not covered or significantly digress from the topic at hand.
Points Range:0 (0.00%) - 5.31 (26.55%)
Initial response is missing or provides no indication of understanding. Main topics are not covered.
Reponses to Peers
Points Range:7.04 (35.20%) - 8 (40.00%)
Replies to peers or instructors are well developed and insightful, and provide an opportunity for response. Responses promote a discussion eit.
Technology and Audit Please respond to the followingHow.docxjacqueliner9
"Technology and Audit"
Please respond to the following:
How important is the documentation of the database environment? Moreover, how do you think the advent of cloud computing has affected electronic data interchange (EDI)? Are you in favor of outsourcing the auditing activity, and why or why not?
How do computer-assisted audit solutions help the auditing process? How do different standards for professional performance of internal auditing help in maintaining the integrity of the process?
.
Technology Adoption Services
To stay competitive, organizations need to be more agile than ever before. Change is inevitable, especially when it comes to the implementation of new technologies such as ERP systems, business applications, mobile technology, and cloud-based applications that help enable digital transformation. At GP Strategies, we understand this challenge and we have the proven approaches and frameworks to enable employees to effectively leverage new technology to deliver critical business outcomes.
Whether you are embarking on a new IT implementation, an upgrade, or are continuing your rollout to reach new employee communities, your end user solutions must be focused on workforce performance to ensure success through all phases of your implementation project lifecycle. GP Strategies is committed to providing you with the change management expertise and learning experience that meet your organization’s needs, help your organization achieve its business goals, and enable your people to harness the technologies of the 21st century workplace. Contact us today to help ensure you maximize the results of your technology investments.
Digital Transformation Services
Modern technology provides the opportunity for organizations all over the world to leverage digital solutions that will allow them to connect with their customers, streamline processes, gather crucial analytics, and make full use of mobile platforms to drive business initiatives. The positive impact of digital transformation on your business cannot be understated; at the same time, it is important to take into account the effect that this massive change will have on your workforce.
To avoid business disruption, your entire workforce will not only need adequate preparation for Day One in the new work environment your initiative will create, but they will also need ongoing support to sustain performance well after the technology goes live. At GP Strategies, we understand that it is critical to focus on the people in your organization—not just your technology—that is the key to a successful digital transformation initiative. Let our experts help ensure your workforce effectively adopts your digital transformation vision.
Organizational Change Management (OCM)
Our change management solutions target the critical factors required for a high-performing organization. Working collaboratively with your people, we prepare your organization for new ways of working, enroll all levels of leadership in the transformation, help establish an agile learning culture, and deploy innovative solutions to build your employees’ capabilities to perform in the 21st century’s digital environment. Our solutions are tailored to the specific needs of your organization, whether you are undertaking a major transformational change or facing the constant small changes associated with cloud technology. GP Strategies’ focus can be strategic, operational, or tactical, but in all cases, our methodology allows.
Technology Security Please respond to the followingDo y.docxjacqueliner9
"Technology Security"
Please respond to the following:
Do you think that there is a need for classifying individual parts of a network? What is its importance in real-based applications? How can information asset security be enhanced by control techniques?
How are the exposure and issues of logical access control explored with the help of access control software?
.
Technology and Enterprise Resource PlanningAs an IT manager, d.docxjacqueliner9
Technology and Enterprise Resource Planning
As an IT manager, discuss how your company will use Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to integrate the various functions of an entity. What are the advantages of using ERP? In your discussion, please be sure to provide substantive explanation of what ERP is and give example(s) of ERP. Use APA throughout.
.
Telenursing and TelemedicineTelenursing and telemedicine wil.docxjacqueliner9
The document discusses piloting a new telemedicine program to improve care transitions and asks how to encourage patient and provider engagement for success. Potential challenges include gaining buy-in from patients to use the new telehealth system and ensuring providers participate fully in the remote care options.
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health ca.docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth technology has extended the arms of traditional health care delivery into homes, clinics, and other environments outside the bricks and mortar of hospitals. Will the increased use of these telehealth technology tools be viewed as “de-humanizing” patient care or will they be viewed as a means to promote more contact with healthcare providers and new ways for people to “stay connected” (as online disease support groups), thereby creating better long-term disease management and patient satisfaction?
.
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health .docxjacqueliner9
Telehealth is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health care, public health, and health education delivery and support using telecommunications technologies (Center for Connected Health Policy, 2016).
For this project, you will research a population’s health need and determine how you could meet this need using telehealth.
This assignment consists of three parts:
PART 1 – 25 points
Through research, determine who, what, where, and how of your project. This will consist of an e-mail to the instructor where you will define:
Who:
Define the target population for your effort. Consider factors such as age, gender,
ethnicity, location and health issues.
What:
Define your goal.
Where:
Decide where your population will be for this effort.
How:
Decide what technologies you will use to deliver your information.
.
Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults .docxjacqueliner9
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of telehealth dietary interventions for facilitating dietary changes in adults with chronic diseases. The review included 25 randomized controlled trials involving over 7,000 participants. The analysis found that telehealth interventions were effective at improving diet quality, fruit and vegetable intake, and reducing sodium intake. Telehealth interventions also led to improvements in important clinical outcomes such as reduced blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, and waist circumference. However, single nutrients like total fat and energy consumption were not significantly changed by telehealth interventions. Overall, the review findings suggest that telehealth approaches can help improve dietary patterns and intake for managing chronic diseases.
Technology is integral to successful implementation in many proj.docxjacqueliner9
This document discusses how technology can improve implementation processes and outcomes for capstone projects. It asks the reader to name one technology that could be used for their project and whether they plan to use it, identifying any barriers if not.
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for .docxjacqueliner9
technology is influencing and weakening the will power of going for the american dream. The issues involving Technology today is weakening the american dream today cause with more technology the less effort a person has to put in to be able to reach their american dream. As we go through life technology advances more and and generations gets less willing to strive to achieve the goal of reaching their american dream. has been a popular topic amongst scholars for many years
.
TelecommutingA. Telecommuting (Level 2)a. Introduction for T.docxjacqueliner9
Telecommuting
A. Telecommuting (Level 2)
a. Introduction for Telecommuting (Level 3)
b. Evolution/History of Telecommuting (Level 3)
i. Defining Telecommuting (Level 4)
ii. Compare ways of telecommuting today versus 50 years ago – how has the technology changed? (Level 4)
c. Technology for Telecommuters (Level 3)
i. Laptops(Level 4)
ii. VPN
iii. Remote Email
d. Examples of telecommuting (give articles of companies that explain how telecommuting works for them)
e. Stats about Telecommuting (during COVID and before COVID)
i. COVID background
ii. Catalyst for Telecommunicating
.
Telecommunication NetHere are the instructions Once yo.docxjacqueliner9
Telecommunication Net
Here are the instructions
Once you chose a topic, write a reflection (3-4 paragraphs of approximately 200-to-250 words). You need to research this topic and add your comments about it; making sure you are not copying anything from the textbook or copying/pasting from any other sources. While you can research things, the write-up in the post MUST be your original words. Your initial post must contain a properly formatted in-text citation and scholarly references.
.
TED Talk Wade Davis In order to begin to develop a global persp.docxjacqueliner9
TED Talk
Wade Davis: In order to begin to develop a global perspective of cultural pluralism as it relates to world languages, view the TED talk by
Wade Davis (Links to an external site.)
. Respond to the ideas presented by Davis and address some of the ideas that have you have read about in Rury and Mintz. How does the notion of culture/identity/nationalism appear in society and education. What are some of the outcomes of the intersection of these issues? Be sure to connect specifically ideas from BOTH the text and the video.
.
TeenAddiction· In Section I (approximately 6-8 pages, doubl.docxjacqueliner9
Teen/Addiction
· In
Section I
(approximately 6-8 pages, double-spaced using APA Standards) you should complete a PROBLEM DEFINITION, AND CAUSAL, ETHICAL, ideological, and gainers/losers analysis regarding the problem and its potential solution(s). The problem and its consequences should be analyzed across the individual, family, community and societal levels. Section I is worth 15 points. The following topics must be thoroughly covered:
·
Problem definition:
Define the problem or issue and quantify
its magnitude and scope
. Describe the
target population
(age, gender, race, location, etc.) subgroups more likely to experience the problem or issue.
Causal Analysis
: Specify multiple factors that
cause
the problem and specific, multiple
consequences
of the problem, on the individual, familial, community and systemic levels.
Ideological analysis
: Specify varying
ideological viewpoints
discussed in SW 302 of different stakeholder groups related to the problem definition (e.g. liberal, conservative), and how these points of view would impact approaches taken to address the problem using position papers from ideologically affiliated organizations such as think tanks to support your answer; and,
Gainers and losers analysis
: Specify what stakeholders and target populations tend to gain or lose financially, politically, etc. if problem or issue is addressed and if it is left insufficiently addressed
MUST USE HEADINGS GIVEN
· These are the headings for Section 1. Follow these to be sure you have addressed each element of the paper.
· •Problem definition
· –Scope and magnitude
· •Target population
· –gender
· –Race
· –subgroups
· •Causal analysis
· –Cause
· –Consequences on
individuals, families, society
· •Ideological analysis
· –Liberal/conservative
·
· •Gainers and losers
· –Financial
· –political
.
Teheran 2Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to m.docxjacqueliner9
Teheran 2
Please revise your Reflection Paper #1 according to my comments on your paper (which you should receive by the beginning of the week) and by adding in what you learned in this module as needed.
As always, if you have any questions, please don't hesitate to e-mail me.
An A paper:
· Responds to all questions posed in the prompt and is turned in on time
· Has a strong, clear argument
· Has specific references and clear evidence to back up their assertions
· Includes evident revision from the draft
· Has few to no grammatical and citation errors (according to the student’s disciplinary conventions)
Comments given to me at the beginning of the week from the instructor; (please answer her questions lined out here):
Elyse,
Great start here. I especially liked the way that you discussed the differences in audience awareness and approach between Cixous' "The Laugh of the Medusa" and Freud's "The Uncanny." Before submitting your final draft, I encourage you to review the different writing styles associated with each discipline as laid out in this week's module. I think discussing how these papers are similar to, or are different from, the guidelines of psychology papers could add another layer of depth to your argument. Additionally, since I know you're just speaking about your work in the future in a general sense because you're not quite sure what you will research yet (which is fine), I recommend integrating how disciplines deal with the presentation of research, and how your research will fall into the requirements laid out in the disciplines of literature, film, and psychology (or, the way it will differ.) Great work. Let me know if you have any questions about my comments or the assignment. I look forward to reading your final draft! - Stephanie
Stephanie Flint , Sep 16 at 5:57pm
Comments from a fellow student to be aware of:
You're dead on when you say that film and literature are intertwined. Film is just an extension of literature which is just an extension of story telling. Why do humans feel the need to create stories - either fantastical or other? What's the motivation behind it? This is the question that seems the most poignant when discussing monsters. Why do human feel like they have to create monsters when there are true monsters that already exist? It come back around to psychology. In the draft, you talk about using the words and phrases that are essential to the argument - which kinds of words and phrases will you be looking for or keying in on? How will this help make your argument more solid? - Shawn Ambrosino
Review of Disciplinary Writing Styles
A Psychology Paper
Citation Style:
· Usually APA
General Description:
· Psychology writing, like writing in the other sciences, is meant to inform the reader about a new idea, theory or experiment. Toward this end, academic psychologists emphasize the importance of clarity and brevity in writing while minimizing descriptive language and complex sentence structure. The best .
TED TalkKen Robinson (10 points)View the following TED Talk by .docxjacqueliner9
TED Talk
Ken Robinson: (10 points)View the following TED Talk by Sir Ken Robinson (in the order they are posted) and respond to the questions:
Do Schools Kill Creativity? (Links to an external site.)
Bring On The Learning Revolution (Links to an external site.)
Sir Ken speaks of some very concrete problems and some not so very concrete solutions. What are these problems (as defined by him)? What are the solutions (as defined by him)? Tell me what you think. How do we make the not so concrete more concrete? Think of your experiences and let me know how to change the actual classroom practices of your experiences.
.
Technology A d o p tio n by G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams .docxjacqueliner9
Technology A d o p tio n by
G lo b a l V ir tu a l Teams:
D e v e lo p in g a Cohesive
A pproach
W illia m J. Harris, University o f Maryland University College
International trade and collaboration continue to
expand in the development of products, services, and
interdependent-m arket activities. Such expansion
has resulted in an increase in global engineering
groups’ interaction across cultures. These groups
exist, in part, because technology now supports
geographically distributed organizations, which
allows them to improve perform ance and outcome.
However, in many instances, the cultural differences
among group members have become problematic in
their work (Clear, 2010; Nisbett, 2003). Both research
and practice have shown that these groups, and the
technology they use, may form working structures
that are incompatible with many culturally diverse
organizations. This essay explores and uncovers
pertinent issues and provides a conceptual framework
that will allow company managers to adopt technology
that is compatible across global virtual teams (GVT)
and organizations. The aim of this paper is to identify
implications and provide guidance to managers who
may be faced with designing and leading m ulti
national groups tasked with solving complex problems.
In short, this research will provide guidance to those
managers that will allow them to put theory into
practice.
Background and C ontext o f G lobal
V ir tu a l Teams
Global engineering teams in the public sector are
tasked to provide various capabilities for government
agencies. Contractors that serve various government
agencies and tasked to integrate global technical
capabilities employ many such teams. Often, groups
are formed without a physical presence as enabled
by technology (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). These
engineering team members, being diverse both
in their fields of expertise and in their geographic
location, are expected to work and perform together,
fully exploiting their abilities and accumulation
of knowledge to design capabilities and/or resolve
unique problems (Pavlak, 2004). Often, these teams
are comprised of a variety of engineers from fields
such as software, hardware, systems, mechanical, and
other disciplines. For these teams, team work agility
and decision making are essential (Lowry, Schuetzler,
Giboney, & Gregory, 2015). An engineering team’s
advantage, then - as well as their challenge - is their
collective diversity and trem endous knowledge and
expertise (Harris, 2018).
Team tasking evolves from the first stage of
identifying a problem or requirements to creating
capabilities, introducing new features to existing
products, and then, through to production, technical
services, sustainment, and operations (Defense
Acquisition System, n.d.). The full lifecycle of a project,
whether creating products or providing technical
services, will eventually include the interchange of
ideas, design el.
T
E
C
H
N
O
L
O
G
Y
2
20
Edited by
Jeff Muskus
● The company’s lackluster
video tab still has a lot to prove
to both viewers and advertisers
Three long years ago, when the world knew little
about Cambridge Analytica and laughed off the
specter of fake news, Mark Zuckerberg had a very
different kind of problem. Facebook wasn’t adding
many users in key ad markets, so it needed to fig-
ure out how to wring more money from its existing
audience. Although the company accounted for
an impressive 45 minutes of its average user’s day,
that wasn’t in chunks big enough to send them the
ever-growing number of ads at the heart of the
company’s business model. The average Facebook
session lasted less than 90 seconds, according to
people familiar with the matter—while you were
waiting in a checkout line, trying to avoid eye con-
tact between subway stops, or sitting on the toilet.
Zuckerberg and other executives decided to try to
boost that number by pushing their way into a much
older kind of advertising model: TV. Like a lot of ILL
U
S
T
R
A
T
IO
N
B
Y
J
O
N
A
T
H
A
N
D
J
O
B
N
K
O
N
D
O
; D
A
T
A
: T
D
G
R
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S
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, 2
0
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P
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L
Bloomberg Businessweek February 4, 2019
Facebook Watch
Isn’t Living
Up to Its Name
◼ TECHNOLOGY Bloomberg Businessweek February 4, 2019
21
things at Facebook these days, it’s not going great.
You’re probably not watching much Facebook
Watch. The company committed about $1 bil-
lion last year to buying shows for its stream-
ing video tab, reasoning that even a single hit
could leech a significant piece of the average
two hours Americans spend in front of the TV,
or the Facebook-level amount of time they spend
on Google’s YouTube. It hasn’t produced a hit
like the Netflixes, Amazon Primes, and Hulus of
the world. So far, some of its biggest names have
been network castoffs (MTV’s Loosely Exactly
Nicole) and refugees from other streaming services
(Comcast Watchable’s I Want My Phone Back).
When Facebook reported its quarterly earnings on
Jan. 30, investors and analysts were mostly listen-
ing for news about ad sales for its messaging apps
and the stories feature it copied from Snapchat.
(Bloomberg Media produces a show funded by
Facebook for the Watch platform.)
While researcher EMarketer estimates that
Facebook as a whole will take in nearly double
YouTube’s $4.3 billion in video ad sales this year,
it expects Watch to account for a single-digit
percentage of that figure. “I don’t think it’s yet
become a must-buy for brands,” says Abbey
Klaassen, chief marketing officer at New York mar-
keter 360i. “They are in a stiff competition for this
kind of advertising and inventory.” Last summer,
a year after Watch went live in the U.S., half of
consumers hadn’t heard of it and three- quarters
hadn’t used it, according to media researcher
Diffusion Group.
“I think we’re making a ton of progress,” says
Matthew Henick, Facebook’s head o.
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates o.docxjacqueliner9
Technology has changed the birthing process and the survival rates of very small newborns. Reflect on the changes that have occurred from the perspective of the child and family’s quality of life, rather than from the perspective of the medical community. What issues will you consider and how will you evaluate them?
.
Technology and Love Is it a matchDevelopmental theorists claim.docxjacqueliner9
Technology and Love: Is it a match?
Developmental theorists claim that finding a partner is one of the things we focus most on during young adulthood. Today, research indicates that more and more individuals are turning to online dating in the search for love. Do you feel this is an effective way to search for a companion? Why or why not? The article, Five Myths about Online Dating, briefly addresses some issues that arise with the quest for finding a partner through the Internet. Support your reasoning with information from the text, course materials, and the article.
Five Myths about Online Dating
A Creative Life: Is it all about curiosity?
Some psychologists claim that creativity peaks in early adulthood. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyl is a psychologist who offers strategies for increasing creativity in one's life. He claims that creative people regularly experience a state he calls flow, which is a heightened state of pleasure experienced when they engage in challenging tasks that absorb their interest. Csikszentmihalyl claims that the first step in achieving a more creative life is through curiosity and interest. Do you agree with Csikszentmihalyl that curiosity and interest can lead to a more creative life? Do you think heredity plays any role in creativity? Why or why not? What other factors may lead to heightened creativity in early adulthood? Support your reasoning with information from the text and other course materials.
Name: Discussion Board Rubric- V3
Description: The Discussion Board is designed to stimulate class dialog that would normally take place in a face-to-face setting. Participation in the Discussion Board serves as a learning strategy to help demonstrate your knowledge of the course content. Please review the Discussion Board criteria in the rubric as well as the expectations in your syllabus and as posted in the main Discussion Board.
· Grid View
· List View
Proficient
Acceptable
Needs Improvement
Unsatisfactory
Initial Responses
Points Range:7.92 (39.60%) - 9 (45.00%)
The initial post applies course content sufficiently by expanding on the main points of the prompt; responses exhibit critical thinking and analysis.
Points Range:6.84 (34.20%) - 7.83 (39.15%)
Content knowledge is exhibited by identification of the main topics; there is some evidence of critical thinking and analysis, but responses may be insufficient or lacking in detail.
Points Range:5.4 (27.00%) - 6.75 (33.75%)
Understanding of content knowledge is poorly exhibited and insufficient in critical thinking, analysis, and detail. Some main discussion topics are not covered or significantly digress from the topic at hand.
Points Range:0 (0.00%) - 5.31 (26.55%)
Initial response is missing or provides no indication of understanding. Main topics are not covered.
Reponses to Peers
Points Range:7.04 (35.20%) - 8 (40.00%)
Replies to peers or instructors are well developed and insightful, and provide an opportunity for response. Responses promote a discussion eit.
Technology and Audit Please respond to the followingHow.docxjacqueliner9
"Technology and Audit"
Please respond to the following:
How important is the documentation of the database environment? Moreover, how do you think the advent of cloud computing has affected electronic data interchange (EDI)? Are you in favor of outsourcing the auditing activity, and why or why not?
How do computer-assisted audit solutions help the auditing process? How do different standards for professional performance of internal auditing help in maintaining the integrity of the process?
.
Technology Adoption Services
To stay competitive, organizations need to be more agile than ever before. Change is inevitable, especially when it comes to the implementation of new technologies such as ERP systems, business applications, mobile technology, and cloud-based applications that help enable digital transformation. At GP Strategies, we understand this challenge and we have the proven approaches and frameworks to enable employees to effectively leverage new technology to deliver critical business outcomes.
Whether you are embarking on a new IT implementation, an upgrade, or are continuing your rollout to reach new employee communities, your end user solutions must be focused on workforce performance to ensure success through all phases of your implementation project lifecycle. GP Strategies is committed to providing you with the change management expertise and learning experience that meet your organization’s needs, help your organization achieve its business goals, and enable your people to harness the technologies of the 21st century workplace. Contact us today to help ensure you maximize the results of your technology investments.
Digital Transformation Services
Modern technology provides the opportunity for organizations all over the world to leverage digital solutions that will allow them to connect with their customers, streamline processes, gather crucial analytics, and make full use of mobile platforms to drive business initiatives. The positive impact of digital transformation on your business cannot be understated; at the same time, it is important to take into account the effect that this massive change will have on your workforce.
To avoid business disruption, your entire workforce will not only need adequate preparation for Day One in the new work environment your initiative will create, but they will also need ongoing support to sustain performance well after the technology goes live. At GP Strategies, we understand that it is critical to focus on the people in your organization—not just your technology—that is the key to a successful digital transformation initiative. Let our experts help ensure your workforce effectively adopts your digital transformation vision.
Organizational Change Management (OCM)
Our change management solutions target the critical factors required for a high-performing organization. Working collaboratively with your people, we prepare your organization for new ways of working, enroll all levels of leadership in the transformation, help establish an agile learning culture, and deploy innovative solutions to build your employees’ capabilities to perform in the 21st century’s digital environment. Our solutions are tailored to the specific needs of your organization, whether you are undertaking a major transformational change or facing the constant small changes associated with cloud technology. GP Strategies’ focus can be strategic, operational, or tactical, but in all cases, our methodology allows.
Technology Security Please respond to the followingDo y.docxjacqueliner9
"Technology Security"
Please respond to the following:
Do you think that there is a need for classifying individual parts of a network? What is its importance in real-based applications? How can information asset security be enhanced by control techniques?
How are the exposure and issues of logical access control explored with the help of access control software?
.
Technology and Enterprise Resource PlanningAs an IT manager, d.docxjacqueliner9
Technology and Enterprise Resource Planning
As an IT manager, discuss how your company will use Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to integrate the various functions of an entity. What are the advantages of using ERP? In your discussion, please be sure to provide substantive explanation of what ERP is and give example(s) of ERP. Use APA throughout.
.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
1. Technical Report
Number 754
Computer Laboratory
UCAM-CL-TR-754
ISSN 1476-2986
Understanding scam victims:
seven principles for systems security
Frank Stajano, Paul Wilson
August 2009
An updated, abridged and
peer-reviewed version of this report
appeared in Communications of the
ACM 54(3):70-75, March 2011
[doi:10.1145/1897852.1897872].
Please cite the refereed CACM version
in any related work.
15 JJ Thomson Avenue
Cambridge CB3 0FD
United Kingdom
phone +44 1223 763500
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/
3. We argue that an understanding of these inherent “human
factors” vulnerabilities, and the neces-
sity to take them into account during design rather than naïvely
shifting the blame onto the “gullible
users”, is a fundamental paradigm shift for the security engineer
which, if adopted, will lead to
stronger and more resilient systems security.
1 Introduction and motivation
Experience shows that real-world systems remain vulnerable to
attack even though they are protected by a
variety of technical security safeguards. Stronger security can
only be achieved through an understanding
of the failure modes [3]. In many instances, though, the weakest
point in the system’s defences is the
human element and the attack is made possible by the fact that
the security engineers only thought about
their way of protecting the system, not about how real users
would react to maliciously crafted stimuli.
We need to understand how users behave and what traits of their
behaviour make them vulnerable,
and then design systems security around that. How can we gain
this knowledge? The message of this
paper is that hustlers and con artists know a lot more about the
psychology of their victims than security
engineers typically do; and therefore that the latter might learn
useful lessons from the former.
The bulk of the paper consists of two sections. In section 2 we
examine a variety of scams, as
researched and recreated for the TV documentary series The
Real Hustle. In section 3 we distill some
general principles of human behaviour that explain why those
scams worked and we show how they also
4. apply to broader settings, focusing in particular on attacks on
systems (of which humans are an element)
rather than just on short cons on individuals.
Our thesis is that an awareness of the aspects of human
psychology exploited by con artists will not
only help members of the public avoid those particular scams
but will also help security engineers build
more robust systems.
2 Scam scenarios
The following scams, inspired by real-world frauds carried out
by con artists, were all demonstrated by
Alex Conran, Paul Wilson (coauthor of this paper) and Jess
Clement in the British TV documentary series
The Real Hustle, originally broadcast on BBC Three. Conran
and Wilson, who describe themselves in the
Revision 38 of 2009-08-28 19:47:27 +0100 (Fri, 28 Aug 2009).
Earlier drafts presented orally at SHB 2009, Boston, MA, USA
(2009-06-11) and at WEIS 2009, London, UK (2009-06-25).
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/fms27/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/realhustle/meetthehustlers/paulwilson.sht
ml
show respectively as a “confidence trickster” and a “scam
artist”, researched the scams most commonly
carried out in Britain and then replicated them on unsuspecting
victims, with the cooperation of “sexy
swindler” Clement, while filming the action with hidden
cameras. As announced at the start of every
episode of the TV show, the victims were later debriefed, given
their money back and asked for their
5. consent to publish the footage in order to warn other members
of the public and prevent them from
falling for the same scams.
In the lingo of this peculiar “trade”, the target or victim of the
scam is known as the mark, the
perpetrator is known as the operator (though we sometimes just
say the hustler) and any accomplices
of the hustlers that pretend to be regular customers are known
as shills.
Since 2006 the trio have so far produced seven “seasons” of The
Real Hustle. Each season features
8–12 episodes; each episode lasts just under half an hour and
usually demonstrates 4–5 scams1. Out of
those several hundred documented scams we are now going to
highlight and discuss a few ones that we
consider particularly significant for the insights they offer into
how the con artists exploit and manipulate
the psychology of their victims.
2.1 Monte (S1-E1)
This classic scam has many variations on the same basic
principle: three cards (S4-E8), three leather
discs (S1-E1), three shells and a pea (S2-E4). . . The basic
game, as described and demonstrated to the
mark, involves an operator who manipulates the three items (say
they’re cards), one of which (say the
queen of hearts) wins while the other two lose. The operator
shows the player the cards, turns them over
face down and moves them around on the table, in full view of
the player. The player must follow the
moves and, when the operator stops, he must put money on the
card he believes to be the winning one.
The operator pays out an equal amount if the player guessed
6. correctly or he pockets the player’s money
otherwise.
Technically, at the core of the scam is a sleight-of-hand trick
the operator can do, whereby he appears
to place the winning card in a certain position while instead he
is sending it elsewhere. One might
therefore imagine the basic scam to consist of performing a few
“demo runs” where the mark is allowed
to guess correctly, then have him bet with real money and at
that point send the winning card in an
unexpected position.
What this so-called “game” really is, instead, is something quite
different, namely a cleverly struc-
tured piece of street theatre designed to attract passers-by and
hook them into the action. The sleight-
of-hand element is actually the least important since it is the
way the marks are manipulated, rather than
the props, that brings in the money. It’s all about the crowd of
onlookers and players (all shills) betting
in a frenzy and irresistibly sucking the mark into wanting a part
of the action. One shill makes a quick
and tidy profit by betting and winning, “proving” to the mark
that the game is not rigged. Another shill
loses money on an “easy” shuffle where the mark clearly sees
that he, instead, had guessed correctly,
which makes him feel “more clever” than that other player. In
S1-E1, one shill (Jess, the cute girl) even
gives the mark some money and asks him to bet (and win) on
her behalf. Once the mark starts to bet
(and of course lose) his own money, the shills find ways to keep
him going for more, for example by
pretending to cheat the operator to help the mark: one time (in
S1-E1), Paul the shill swaps the position
of two leather discs while Alex the operator pretends to cough
7. and look the other way; another time
(in S4-E8) Alex the shill bends a corner of the supposedly
winning card; a third time (in S2-E4), Jess
the shill adds a smear of lipstick to the supposedly winning
shell. All these tactics have the common
objective of making the mark feel that this is his one chance to
recover his losses and win everything
back with a tidy profit. Of course in all cases the operator
knows about the trick and eventually the card
with the hidden identification sign, on which the mark happily
bets lots of money, turns out to be a losing
one. While all this is going on, as a side activity other
accomplices may also pickpocket the mark and
1A list of episodes of the documentary series, mostly accurate
although occasionally incomplete, can be found at http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Real_Hustle_episodes. In
this paper we identify each scam by a
code like S3-E4 (meaning Series 3, episode 4) and its title
within the episode. There are no DVD editions of the series at
the
time of writing but a few highlights from the show can be found
on Youtube.
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Real_Hustle_episodes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Real_Hustle_episodes
any onlookers while their attention is riveted to the game. When
the hustlers feel they have extracted as
much money as possible from the mark, they will suddenly
close the game by having a shill pretend to
have seen the police (S1-E1). Even more subtly, the operator
can suddenly pretend to notice the altered
8. card and angrily accuse the mark of cheating, and refuse to
continue playing with him (S2-E4).
The Monte is an excellent example that nothing is what it
seems, even if the marks think they know
what to expect. Many people claim to be able to beat the game,
purely because they understand the me-
chanics of the “hype” move used to switch cards during play.
But a little knowledge can be a dangerous
thing. The second author of this paper has watched many mobs
work the Monte and it’s impossible to
tell whether an experienced operator made the switch or not.
More importantly, even if the cards, discs,
or shells were marked in some way, there is absolutely no way
for a legitimate player to secure a win:
should a mark consistently bet on the correct position, then
other players, actually shills, would over-bet
him, “forcing” the operator to take the larger bet. This frustrates
the mark who will often increase his bet
to avoid being topped. Then the mob will move into the “bent-
corner” strategy: one of the shills bends
the corner of the money card while the operator is apparently
distracted. The cards are mixed but now
the mark thinks he has an unbeatable advantage. This is a very
strong play: marks have been seen to
drop thousands of dollars only to find that the bent card is
actually a loser. While mixing the cards, it is
possible for a skilled operator to switch the cards and to switch
the bend from one card to another.
Knowledge of this ruse will protect anyone familiar with it; but
the idea that one can beat the game at
all reveals a key misunderstanding—it is not a game in the first
place! Monte mobs never pay out to the
marks—they keep all the money moving between the shills and
the operator. The marks are only allowed
9. to place a bet if it’s already a loser. Having studied Monte all
over the world we can say it’s nothing short
of a polite way to mug people. In New York the second author
witnessed a mob separate a woman from
her suspicious husband by inviting her to step up as two shills
blocked the man, keeping him at the back
of the crowd. By the time the husband managed to get his wife’s
attention, she had lost every penny. In
London in 2009, Monte mobs are everywhere, playing with
black rubber discs and surrounded by shills
who all look strangely related to the operator. It seems so
obvious but people continue to fall under the
spell of this powerful little scam. Thanks to the success of The
Real Hustle it’s becoming harder for
Wilson to observe these games now: whenever the mob spots
him, he finds himself being blocked and
gently moved to the back.
2.2 Lottery scam (S1-E2)
Jess identifies a young and wealthy mark in a café and descends
on him with her charms. Once the mark
believes he’s making an impression on the pretty girl, Alex
turns up, posing as a Bulgarian builder who
knows Jess. He has a lottery ticket which has won a prize of
£2,800 but he can’t cash it because the
winner must show some ID and he, as an illegal alien, fears he
will be deported if he shows his. So he
asks Jess to cash it in for him: in fact, he’ll let her keep all the
winnings if she just gives him £1,000
cash. Alex leaves temporarily and, while he is away, Jess
phones the National Lottery helpline to check
whether (or rather to prove to the mark that) it’s actually a
winning ticket. It turns out that not only it is
but, thanks to the “bonus number”, it has actually won not just a
couple of thousand but over a hundred
10. thousand pounds! And Alex doesn’t know! Poor Jess doesn’t
have the thousand pounds cash that Alex
wants in exchange for the winning ticket, but perhaps her new
friend the mark is interested in a piece of
the action? They’d pay Alex the thousand pounds he asked for
and pocket the huge difference! Yes, the
mark is quite willing to side with Jess in defrauding Alex. Jess
and the mark each pay Alex one half of
what he asked for and he gives them the winning ticket. Jess is
happy for the mark to cash the ticket and
give her her share of the money later because it’s actually a
worthless fake that Paul made earlier on his
inkjet printer after the winning numbers had been announced on
TV.
When filming items for The Real Hustle, time must be
compressed; but in real life this is a type of
scam that is usually played over several days or even weeks,
with the hustlers adding layers of proof at
each meeting to make sure the mark is firmly hooked and ready
to pop before the money changes hands.
5
2.3 Ring reward rip-off (S1-E4)
Jess buys a cheap ring from a market stall for £5. She then goes
to a pub and turns on the charm to
befriend the barman (the mark). Pretty soon she’s on first name
terms with him. She makes it obvious
she’s very rich: showing off to her friend (a shill), she makes
sure the mark overhears that she just
received this amazing £3,500 diamond ring for her birthday.
Then she leaves.
11. Paul and Alex arrive at the pub, posing as two regular blokes
having a pint. Then Jess phones the pub,
very worried, calling her friend the barman by name, saying she
lost that very precious ring. Could he
check if it’s there somewhere? The mark checks: luckily, a
customer (Paul) has found the ring! However,
instead of handing it over, Paul asks what’s in it for him: he
wants a reward. The barman gets back to
the phone and Jess, very relieved to hear that the ring is there,
says she’ll give £200 to the person who
found it. But the barman goes back to Paul and says the reward
is only £20. That’s when the hustlers
know they’ve got him: he’s trying to make some profit for
himself. Paul haggles a bit and eventually
returns the ring to the barman for £50. The mark is all too
happy to give Paul that money from the till
(borrowing money that isn’t even his!), expecting to get much
more from Jess. But Jess, of course, never
calls back.
At the end of the show there is also a brief interview with a
convicted criminal, shown only as a
silhouette to make him unrecognizable, who describes this
hustle as one that really works: he once made
a £2,000 profit with it.
2.4 Van dragging (S2-E1)
The hustlers post a sign on the door of a warehouse saying that
the door is broken and that delivery
people should call the specified telephone number (actually
Jess’s mobile) instead of attempting to ring
the door’s buzzer. A real delivery van comes along; the delivery
man reads the sign and phones Jess, who
is hiding nearby. She sends in Alex and Paul, with a trolley and
12. suitably dressed as warehouse workmen,
to collect the delivery: they act annoyed and claim that they’re
waiting for a locksmith to fix the door.
The delivery man hands over the load, which happens to be
£10,000 worth of widescreen TVs. As soon
as the delivery driver is gone, Jess comes along with the
hustlers’ van; they load the boxes in their van
and disappear.
2.5 Home alone (S2-E1)
Jess somehow gains entry into a house she knows will be empty
that afternoon. In the driveway she
parks a car for which she placed a “want to sell” ad, at a bargain
price, in the classified section of the
local paper. A prospective buyer arrives at the house and she
lets him in, leaving her mobile phone off
the hook so her accomplices know what’s going on. She brings
the mark back in the house and collects
the money. Then Paul and Alex storm into the house, pretending
to be policemen who need to arrest
well-known fraudster Jess for stealing the car. Paul, as a fake
policeman, intimidates the buyer (mark)
into staying there in the kitchen without moving while he
checks his story, alleging that he might be
guilty too: it’s illegal to buy anything you know or suspect to be
stolen! While the scared mark stays put
for fear of being arrested, the three hustlers drive off with their
car and his money.
2.5.1 Jewellery shop scam (S1-E1)
The core idea of home alone is largely isomorphic to that of the
jewellery shop scam in which Jess
attempts to buy an expensive necklace but is then “arrested” by
Alex and Paul who expose her as a
13. well-known fraudster, notorious for paying with counterfeit
cash. The “cops” take the “fraudster” to
the police station and collect in an evidence bag the
“counterfeit” (actually genuine) cash and, crucially,
the necklace, which of course “will be returned”. The jeweller
is extremely grateful that the cops saved
her from the evil fraudster. As Jess is taken away in handcuffs,
the upset jeweller spits out a venomous
“Bitch! You could have cost me my job, you know that?”.
6
2.6 Valet steal (S2-E3)
Alex sneaks into a car park, dressed up in a fluorescent jacket
and posing as a car park attendant, as soon
as the real attendant leaves for a temporary break. A mark
arrives with a luxury car; Alex collects the
keys and parks it. As soon as the mark is out of sight, Alex
drives away with the car. That would already
be pretty good value for just a few minutes’ “work”, but that’s
not all—the car has a sat-nav in the glove
box, and the sat-nav has a “home address” pre-programmed into
it. There’s even a copy of the home
keys. All Alex has to do is drive to the mark’s home (in the
mark’s car, knowing he’s not in) and empty
it.
2.7 Gadget scam (S4-E3)
The hustlers sell a homemade electronic device supposed to
recharge Oyster cards2 to a value of £50.
Actually, the plastic box contains little more than a battery—all
that’s needed to turn on a couple of LEDs
14. when the power switch is flicked. Paul convinces the marks to
buy the device for £200 by pretending to
top up their Oyster card to £50 with it and letting them try it in
a nearby store. In fact he just uses sleight
of hand to switch the mark’s card with one that already had £50
on it.
Fake devices of this kind have been around for a long time.
Count Lustig, one of history’s most
famous con artists3, made a fortune selling a “money making
machine” to his clients. The machine
could manufacture $100 bills but took almost 24 hours to do so.
For this reason the Count wanted to sell
the device and was offered huge sums by greedy marks. The
machine would successfully print one or
two $100 dollar bills but would then do nothing. By this time,
Victor Lustig had a two day head start.
2.8 Counterfeit pen con (S4-E4)
Alex visits a pub posing as a police officer. His story is that
there are many people in the area who are
passing off counterfeit money, so the local police want to
protect the local shops by supplying them with
a special detector pen. He demonstrates to the barman (his
mark) how the detector pen writes in green
on the special paper of a genuine note but in grey on a fake note
or on standard paper. He gives the mark
a pen, advising him to use it before accepting any notes into the
till.
After this setup phase, Jess goes in and, with her usual feminine
charm, exchanges three (counterfeit)
£20 notes for six £10 notes. The barman carefully checks her
three twenties with the pen and finds them
ok, but doesn’t realize that Alex actually gave him an ordinary
15. green marker that writes in green ink on
any piece of paper, whether genuine or counterfeit.
This ingenious scam was carried out all over Europe and is of
special interest to anyone working
in security. The counterfeit detector pen became an established
and, for a while, successful way to test
currency. The businesses that used the pen came to rely on it
and to place a great deal of trust in it. While
counterfeiters struggled to find ways to beat the pen, this scam
allowed enterprising hustlers to distribute
phony cash with greater ease than before. The security system
was compromised by being completely
replaced. The thinking is brilliant: if the counterfeit note can’t
defeat the pen, let’s just replace the pen.
The sense of protection provided by the genuine pen is
transferred onto the fake pen and the rest is almost
too easy.
2.9 Cash machine con (S4-E5)
The hustlers build a rudimentary stand-alone ATM, roughly the
size of an old-style public telephone
box, and deploy it on a busy street. The box has the front of a
real ATM but its insides are replaced by. . .
Jess, who manually operates a laptop PC that drives the display
of the fake cash machine. When a mark
introduces his card, Jess grabs it and swipes it on her PC,
acquiring the magstripe data. Between that and
the PIN, which the mark enters on the ATM’s keypad, the
hustlers have all they need to produce a cloned
2The Oyster card is the prepaid contactless smart card used in
the London Underground.
3In 1925, Lustig famously managed to “sell” the Eiffel tower to
a scrap metal dealer.
16. 7
card4 and raid the victim’s account. Meanwhile, the display
says that there is a problem and this ATM
cannot dispense cash at the moment. The card is returned to the
mark, who is none the wiser. In just a
couple of hours, the hustlers manage to bag the details of 25
cards.
Real-world versions of such machines are far simpler but, for
the TV show, the con was deliberately
taken to extremes, partly also for entertainment value.
Interestingly, as a testimony to people’s candid
naïveté, while the box was being built on the street, with the
door open and Jess being handed a coffee
by one of the crew, a queue of people had formed to use the
machine. Despite all the equipment that
was yet to be hidden for the shoot and the box that was yet to be
marked up, people were blindly trying
to use the fake machine! Once the rig was working, people used
the machine and, when it failed, they
simply went to the next ATM down the street. The most
disturbing aspect of the show as eventually
broadcast was the “expert advice” given to the public: without
the approval of the writers, the producers
approached someone for the interview who said that people
should always call their bank after using a
fake or adapted ATM. Since the whole point of this scam is to
trap card details and PIN numbers without
alerting the victim, this advice was plainly useless.
2.10 Recruitment scam (S4-E5)
17. The hustlers set up a fake recruitment agency and, as part of the
sign-on procedure, they collect all of
the applicants’ personal details, including mother’s maiden
name, date of birth, bank account details,
passport number, even PIN (by asking them to protect their data
with a 4-digit code—many people
memorize only one PIN and use it for everything). With this
loot, the hustlers are free to engage in
identity theft on everyone who came for interview.
This was set up to mimic the many online sites that fraudulently
collect user data. On the day this
scam was shot, one of the marks flatly refused to fill in
anything that could be used to compromise her:
she worked with the Met Police to help victims of fraud. But the
producer did not include her in the final
edit, ignoring the author’s protests. Despite many public
campaigns to teach people about protecting
their personal data, it is surprisingly easy to obtain, from most
people, anything one would need to steal
their identity. It’s like shooting fish in a barrel.
2.11 Shop phone call scam (S4-E7)
Jess targets a small shop. With a pretext phone call she finds
out when the manager is going to be away,
then she goes into the shop posing as a delivery person with a
parcel for him. She asks the shop assistant
to call the boss for her and then speaks with him directly to see
if he wants to take the parcel (yes, he
does) so she agrees to leave it there. Apparently he also agrees
to have his assistant pay the £60 cash-on-
delivery fee, taking the money from the till. But this second
part was just staged by Jess: the boss had
hung up after saying he wanted the parcel, and the bit about the
£60 charge was merely Jess talking into
18. a disconnected handset. So the shop assistant pays Jess £60
believing that this had been authorized by
the boss.
This exact scam was pulled on a friend’s butcher shop. A more
modern variant uses a VOIP service
that lets you send text messages and specifying (i.e. faking) the
caller’s number. The text arrives with
that number and is interpreted by the phone as an existing
number in the user’s address book. So, when
Mary receives a text from her husband Harry telling her that
he’s going into a meeting with his boss and
that he forgot to tell her that she should give the keys to the
mechanic when he comes to pick up the car,
Mary sees the message as coming from HARRY and trusts it
completely.
4Only the magstripe is cloned, not the chip found on newer
cards; but a cloned magstripe card can still be profitably used in
foreign countries that don’t require Chip and PIN, or in
machines that fall back to magstripe when Chip and PIN appears
not to
work [4].
8
2.12 Exchange rate rip-off (S4-E9)
In Ibiza (Spain), a popular holiday destination for British
tourists, Alex pretends to be selling maps to
holidaymakers. Once he reels in two marks, Alex asks them if
they’re British because he has some UK
currency he wants to get rid of: he’s willing to sell them £500
for ¤200—an amazingly good deal since,
19. at the time the show was filmed, £500 would have been worth
about ¤700, not ¤200. Paul approaches
the trio pretending to be another tourist also interested in the
deal. Paul really wants to go for it but only
has ¤100, so he asks the marks if they want to join in and split.
They do.
Alex, however, pretends he doesn’t want to be seen handling
that much money in the street, so they
perform the exchange inside Paul’s straw hat. But when Paul
and the marks split the British pounds, they
find that, except for the first and last note, they’re all very
obviously fakes. How is that possible? They
did have a quick look at them while they were being exchanged
and they looked genuine. . . All three of
them feel ripped off and devastated but Paul, who is also
pretending to be a victim, convinces them that
going to the police would be a bad idea in this case because
there is probably an organized crime gang
behind this hustle and they risk retaliation from the gang if
Alex the scam artist ends up in jail.
As with the Monte (section 2.1), although the cleverness of the
scam is in the setup and in the way
the hustlers manipulate the psychology of the victims, at the
core of the scam there is a sleight-of-hand
trick: at the crucial moment, Paul switches the wad of genuine
notes supplied by Alex with the bundle
of fakes he already had in his hat all along.
This scam was observed in Madrid, where it was being pulled
on tourists by crooked lottery vendors.
In a previous working version of the reconstruction for the TV
show, Alex handed Paul the cash, which
Paul counted for the benefit of the marks before switching it
with a spot of sleight of hand. But the
20. camera simply couldn’t see the switch and it was very hard to
follow. So Paul came up with the hat
switch which turned out to be easier to follow, easier to do and
much more convincing.
The final part of this scam, cooling out the mark, is as
important as the switch—see the classic
1952 paper by Goffman [9]. By telling the marks about the
dangers of reporting to the police, the shill
manipulates them into walking away. To make sure this works,
the hustlers try not to take too much—not
enough to force the marks into action. A similar tactic is often
used when stealing money from credit
cards: a smart operation hits thousands of cards for a few
dollars5 instead of one card for thousands of
dollars.
3 Lessons and principles learnt
Teaching a useful lesson to viewers is the explicit objective of
the TV show, as stated in the opening title:
by exposing how the scams work, it is hoped that viewers can
avoid being ripped off by the same scams.
Can we do more? In what follows we extrapolate some general
lessons from the instructive examples
we just described. Each of the following sections discusses a
typical human behavioural pattern. The
associated “principle” summarizes how con artists exploit that
pattern as a vulnerability that enables
specific classes of attacks.
Real-world hustlers have proved to be excellent psychologists:
they identified those patterns and
those principles before anyone else. We argue that now is the
time for the good guys to catch up with
21. them in understanding the victims. Those behavioural patterns
are not merely opportunities for individual
short cons but inherent security weaknesses of “the human
element” present in any complex system. A
thorough understanding of these issues is therefore essential for
the security engineer.
3.1 The Distraction principle
While you are distracted by what retains your interest, hustlers
can do anything to you and you won’t
notice.
5As the amount stolen from each card gets smaller and smaller,
it first goes below the threshold at which the mark takes
action; but eventually it may even go below the threshold at
which the mark notices.
9
The young lady who falls prey to the recruitment scam (section
2.10) is so engrossed in her task of
accurately compiling her personal details form in order to
maximize her chances of finding a job that she
totally fails even to suspect that the whole agency might be
fake.
Distraction is at the heart of innumerable fraud scenarios; it is
also a fundamental ingredient of
most magic performances6, as interestingly discussed by
Macknik et al. [13] who argue that studying
magicians may help neuroscientists understand more about how
to manipulate attention and awareness7.
22. There is a theory amongst conjurors that the idea of being “one
ahead” is the cornerstone of magic
and that everything else is merely a variation of it. When an
illusionist is using identical twins, he is one
ahead; when he employs a secret device, he is one ahead; if he
palms something or executes sleight of
hand—in all these cases he is one (or more) steps ahead of the
audience in some way. Cons and scams
work similarly: much like conjuring tricks, the operator must
somehow be ahead of his mark; but, in all
such performances, including conjuring and confidence games,
the Distraction principle is what ensures
the success of the one-ahead strategy. It is referred to in the
conjuring fraternity as misdirection; but this
is, in fact, a misnomer: a better term would be direction. The
audience will always follow what is most
interesting and what seems to be the most important action. If
they no longer focus their attention on just
that, the illusion is lost. This is exactly how the Distraction
principle works in all confidence games: the
mark is directed away from the scam and towards that which
they desire.
Distraction is used in all cases that involve sleight of hand—
including the special “throw” found in all
variants of the Monte (section 2.1), the hat trick in the exchange
rate rip-off (section 2.12) and so forth.
At a higher level, the Monte also reuses this same principle
when the accomplices of the operator pick
the pockets of the marks whose attention is riveted to the game.
Indeed, most pickpocketing scenarios
rely on some form of distraction: from the relatively
straightforward, such as “accidentally” bumping
into the mark so as to disguise the light touch of the hustler’s
hand in their pocket (S2-E6, untitled),
to the purposefully elaborate such as the mustard dip (S1-E1) in
23. which the hustlers first covertly squirt
some mustard on the mark’s coat to have an excuse to “clean
him out” shortly afterwards. Perhaps the
simplest example of a distraction steal is the window tap (S1-
E2): one hustler in the street taps on a café
window, signalling to some mark inside that she would like to
know the time. As the mark shows her
watch, her bag is taken from under her chair by a second hustler
inside the café.
In the bogus agency scam (S1-E2) the hustlers pose as talent
scouts and extract money from marks
who hope to become rock stars: the marks are too excited at the
thought of their first recording contract
to worry about the legitimacy of the agency that is offering it to
them. In the similar rock band steal
(S4-E7), the hustlers invite a young rock band to come and
perform in front of a VIP audience; they
then steal all of the band’s expensive musical instruments while
the young hopefuls are too excited about
their upcoming performance to worry about what’s happening.
(Many such scams should also be classed
under the Need and Greed principle of section 3.6.)
The very presence of a “sexy swindler” in the team of hustlers
is a tribute to the Distraction principle:
although we tend to protect ourselves by initially regarding
strangers with some suspicion, the natural
defenses of the male mark are softened, if not defeated, by the
charm of the attractive female who smiles
at him. The implicit hope, skillfully fuelled by Jess, that
something exciting might happen later with the
pretty blonde is enough to throw caution to the wind. The mark
focuses on what he really wants, not on
generic and boring security advice he got in the past. This too is
related to the cited Need and Greed
24. principle (q.v.), since sex is such a fundamental human drive.
In the wider context of security engineering, the well-known
tension between security and usability
could be usefully revisited in light of the Distraction principle.
It’s not that the users are too lazy to
follow the prescribed practice on how to operate the security
mechanisms, but rather that their interest is
principally focused on the task, much more important to them,
of accessing the resource that the security
mechanisms protect. The users just see what they’re interested
in (whether they can conveniently access
the resource) and are totally blind to the fact that those
annoying security mechanisms were put there
6Unsurprising if we accept to see magic performances are a
kind of “benign fraud” for entertainment purposes.
7An interesting parallel with our suggestion of studying con
artists to understand more about human-related system vulner-
abilities.
10
to protect them from obscure hypothetical attacks. Smart crooks
will exploit this mismatch to their
advantage, knowing that a lock that is inconvenient to use is
one that users often leave open.
For example, the system administrators of the university
department of the first author recently im-
posed a draconian policy of disabling remote access for any
users whose ssh configuration specified
from=* as opposed to something more specific such as
25. from=myhomemachine.myprovider.com.
Anecdotal evidence, from discussions with students and
colleagues, showed widespread discontent at
this annoying restriction, especially from users who had been
locked out of remote access by, e.g., their
provider unexpectedly changing their dynamically assigned
address or by their not being able to access
their files from a location they hadn’t previously thought of
listing in their configuration file. Counter-
measures from users included specifying very generic access
patterns such as from=*.com,*.net,
*.edu,*.uk or even from=*.*, which totally defeated the system
administrators’ original purpose
and turned the issue from a fight between the lab members and
the outside attackers to a fight between
the lab members and the system administrators who are in
theory paid to protect them.
Another example of the Distraction principle in action in the
context of information security is found
in that most widespread of computer frauds, the so-called 419 or
Nigerian scam, of which anyone with
an email address typically receives several instances per week.
There are many variations but the vanilla
version is that the hustler, posing as a Nigerian government
officer with access to tens of millions of
dollars of dodgy money, wants the mark to help him transfer the
money out of the country in exchange
for a slice of it, and of course everything must be kept very
secret. Once the mark accepts the deal, the
hustler demands some advance money to cover expenses. New
unexpected expenses come up again and
again, always with the promise that the money is just about to
be transferred. This scam demonstrates
several of our principles, including Need and Greed (section
3.6) and particularly Dishonesty (section
26. 3.4), but also relies on Distraction insofar as the mark is kept
focused solely on the huge amount of
money he is supposed to receive. The convincers used to extract
the necessary fees also keep the mark
on track and believing that the transaction is completely
genuine.
For those who might take a patronizing attitude towards the
gullibility of those unsophisticated 419
victims, Abagnale8 shows how the Distraction principle works
equally well on CTOs, CIOs and other
sophisticated three-letter officers. He tells of his 1999 visit to
the offices of a company that was frantically
preparing for Y2K: everywhere, programmers were busy fixing
code to avert the millennium bug. He
asked the executives how they found these programmers [2].
“Oh, these guys from India,” they said. “They’re really sharp.
And they’re cheap.” [. . . ]
Their thinking was, these guys know computers and they’re
inexpensive, as were a lot of
other off-shore firms from India, Russia, and Taiwan that were
fixing Y2K problems. But
[. . . ] I knew that any dishonest programmer could easily
implant a so-called “backdoor”
[. . . ]
When people are focused on what they want to do (which is
most of the time), the task they care about
distracts them from the task of protecting themselves. Security
engineers who don’t understand this
principle have already lost their battle.
3.2 The Social Compliance principle
Society trains people not to question authority. Hustlers exploit
27. this “suspension of suspiciousness”
to make you do what they want.
The barman in the counterfeit pen con (section 2.8) happily
accepts the fake pen (to all intents and
purposes a Trojan horse) that is offered by Alex posing as a
police officer. The car buyer in home
alone (section 2.5) quietly submits to the menacing orders from
fake police officer Paul for fear of being
mistaken for a willing accomplice to the alleged crime. The
jeweller in the jewellery shop scam (section
2.5.1) gratefully hands over both necklace and cash when fake
police officer Alex says they’re needed as
8Frank Abagnale is the former con artist and convicted
fraudster, now security consultant, played by Leonardo Di
Caprio in
the Hollywood blockbuster Catch me if you can.
11
evidence, and she naturally believes him when he says they’ll
be returned later. And other episodes in
the series show more scams based on impersonating police
officers than we have space to list.
The second author recalls his impression of the victim’s “deer
in headlights” reaction in home alone:
while observing this particular mark, he quickly noticed that the
subject was extremely easy to manip-
ulate and very open to suggestion. The sudden change in
circumstances, his respect for authority and,
most importantly, his desire to “sort things out” and get away
gave the author a very powerful influence
28. over him. Despite his protests and complaints, it was clear he
could be made to do anything in order to
get out of this situation. In the end Wilson ordered him to stay
in his seat until further notice: “if not,
I’m going to arrest you!”. Wilson then walked outside, jumped
into the car and drove off. The mark sat
in the chair for over 20 minutes.
But the social compliance principle has of course much wider
applicability than just the imper-
sonation of police officers: in the valet steal (section 2.6), Alex
only needs a fluorescent jacket and a
convincing attitude to become a car park attendant and drive
away with the mark’s expensive car. Sim-
ilar situations include the fake waiter scam (S2-E8), where Alex
pretended to take food orders from
customers and walked away with the credit cards of his marks;
and the bogus workmen scam (S2-E8),
where the hustlers entered a house by posing as workmen from
the water board and then Paul robbed the
place while Alex distracted the houseowner.
More subtly, in the shop phone call scam (section 2.11), Jess
exploits the hierarchical relationship
between the shop assistant and his boss: she makes the boss say
over the phone that he wants the parcel
and thus she convinces the shop assistant to hand over money
from the till by pretending that the boss
said that as well.
Mitnick9 wrote a fascinating book [16] on social engineering,
with special emphasis on the practice
of doing so over the telephone. In a particularly cheeky
anecdote he impersonates a law enforcement
officer to nothing less than a law enforcement agengy! He
describes how, piece by piece, he builds up
29. credibility and therefore trust merely by exhibiting knowledge
of the lingo, of the procedures and of the
right phone numbers. He is successful in having the local state
police clerk consult the central National
Crime Information Center database for him and deliver
confidential information about any offenses on
file for a named target. His insightful observation is that the
police and the military, far from being a
riskier and harder target for this sort of scam, are instead
inherently more vulnerable to it:
People in law enforcement, like people in the military, have
ingrained in them from the first
day in the academy a respect for rank. As long as the social
engineer is posing as a sergeant
or lieutenant—a higher rank than the person he’s talking to—the
victim will be governed
by that well-learned lesson that says you don’t question people
who are in a position of
authority over you. Rank, in other words, has its privileges, in
particular the privilege of not
being challenged by people of lower rank.
It has been observed that impersonating policemen, customs
officers and other figures of authority is
a particularly naughty crime against society because society (or
perhaps government) needs people to
submit to the authority of policemen. The TV show authors
themselves, in the editorial comments
preceding the customs seize scam (S1-E3), note that, for this
reason, the penalty against this crime is
particularly high.
The crucial psychological insight here is that it is very hard for
a stranger to force the mark to behave
in the desired way (why should the mark do what a random
30. stranger asks him to?) but it is much easier
for a hustler to do so by letting the mark behave according to an
already-established pattern, namely that
of obeying a recognized authority10.
The extent to which a person is willing to put aside any other
considerations in order to comply with
requests from an authority was eloquently demonstrated by the
famous Milgram [15] experiment11.
9Kevin Mitnick was at one point the most wanted computer
criminal in the United States. After a conviction and a prison
stint he now works as a security consultant and author.
10Regardless of the fact that the recognition was incorrect.
11Experimental subjects were ordered to administer electric
shocks of increasing strength to other subjects (actually accom-
12
In computing, the most egregious example of the Social
Compliance principle at work is probably
phishing—the practice of setting up a web site that replicates
the appearance of a bank’s site and directing
customers to it in order to steal their online banking credentials.
Your bank tells you to do something
(under penalty of revoking your access) and you do it. It’s hard
to fault non-technical users on this one,
especially in the minority of cases where the phishing email
actually bears the name of their bank. Note
also the conflicting interests at stake—for example between a
bank’s security department instructing
its customers never to follow links in email messages and the
marketing department of the same bank
31. sending them clickable email advertisements for new financial
products—and the double jeopardy in
which they place the user.
The lesson for the security architect is that training users
always to obey commands from certain
people (as “system administrators” of all flavours, including
government authorities, like to be able to
do), can be a double-edged sword. Although people are
generally pretty good at recognizing people they
already know (by face, by voice, by shared memories. . . ), they
are not very good at all at authenticating
strangers12, whether over a network, over the phone or even in
person. And incentives and liabilities must
be coherently aligned with the overall system goals. If users are
expected to perform extra checks rather
than subserviently submitting to orders, then social protocols
must change to make this acceptable; if, on
the contrary, users are expected to obey authority
unquestioningly, those who exercise the authority must
offer safeguards to relieve users of liability and compensate
them if they fall prey to attacks that exploit
the Social Compliance principle. The fight against phishing and
all other forms of social engineering can
never be won unless this principle is understood and taken on
board.
3.3 The Herd principle
Even suspicious marks will let their guard down when everyone
next to them appears to share the
same risks. Safety in numbers? Not if they’re all conspiring
against you.
A good example of this principle is seen in the first scam we
described, the Monte (section 2.1),
32. where most of the participants pretend to be random players or
onlookers but are in fact shills. The
whole game is set up to give the mark confidence and make him
think: “Yes, the game looks dodgy,
but other people are winning money” as well as: “Yes, the game
looks hard, but I did guess where the
winning disc was, even if the guy who played actually lost”. As
we said, in the Monte the shills are at
least as important as the sleight-of-hand trick.
Any other con that uses shills is also a valid application of the
Herd principle. The exchange rate rip-
off (section 2.12), for example, has Paul “losing” as much
money as the marks, which crucially makes
them feel less bad about it (“it wasn’t our fault for not spotting
the scam, really: look, even this other poor
guy fell for it, there was nothing we could have done”). And,
during the initial phase, even though they
might not have accepted the slightly dodgy deal in the first
place, the fact that Paul was so eager to go for
it made them feel better about accepting it themselves. Other
cons that illustrate the same point include
the hardware hustle (S2-E7) in which Paul and Alex run a
computer store and persuade members of the
public to leave their laptop with them for a cheap, or even free,
memory upgrade. At a crucial moment,
Jess walks in, pretending to be another customer, showing
obvious satisfaction at being able to pick up
her upgraded computer: she is the convincer who subliminally
persuades the mark that everything is
OK. There is also the mock auction (S2-E5) where the hustlers
rent a hall for the day and offer incredible
bargains on goods whose retail boxes are slightly damaged. The
pace of the auction is very rapid and all
the good deals go to the hustlers’ numerous shills, who have
been explicitly instructed to bid for anything
33. on offer. The few marks are implicitly pressured into buying
something too, as quickly as possible so as
not to lose out to the shills (cfr. also the Time principle of
section 3.7), but they feel confident and safe
because so many other people around them are doing the same
and look happy with the bargains they
got.
plices who did not in fact receive the shocks) when those made
mistakes. Subjects complied to a frightening extent, even
continuing to administer shocks up to the maximum of 450 V
after the pretend victims screamed and fainted.
12In this context, “authenticating a stranger” can be taken as
meaning “establishing whether a stranger belongs or not to a
designated class” such as policeman, water company employee,
clerk from XYZ Bank and so forth.
13
Moving from street scams to information security, this last
scenario leads us directly to online auc-
tions, where a variety of frauds are possible if bidders are in
cahoots with the auctioneer [20]. The
first and most successful online auction site, eBay, pioneered a
reputation system in which bidders and
auctioneers rate each other at the conclusion of each sale and
the history of feedback messages of each
participant is available to others who might use it to decide
whether to deal with that person or not.
Clearly, such a system is vulnerable to fraudsters boosting their
reputation by clocking up positive feed-
back through transactions with shills13.
34. In the context of online communities and social networks,
multiple aliases created by the same person
in order to give the impression that many other people share a
given opinion are indicated as sockpup-
pets. In the context of political elections, the practice of
introducing fake identities to simulate grassroots
support for a candidate, party or idea is known as
astroturfing14. In the context of reputation systems in
peer-to-peer networks, as opposed to reputation systems in
human communities, multiple entities con-
trolled by the same attacker are known as Sybils15 [7]. The
variety of terms that have been created
for different contexts testifies to the wide applicability of the
Herd principle to all sorts of multi-user
systems.
3.4 The Dishonesty principle
Anything illegal you do will be used against you by the
fraudster, making it harder for you to seek help
once you realize you’ve been had.
A prime example of this principle is the gadget scam (section
2.7). The marks have bought a machine
that is supposed to recharge their Oyster card. If it worked, it
would clearly be illegal—a fraud against the
subway company. Therefore, once they discover it doesn’t
work, they can’t go to the police (or Trading
Standards, or whoever) and complain about the seller, because
they’d be asked questions about what they
intended to do with the device.
An entertaining example that uses something shameful rather
than illegal is described in the movie
Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels: the character called
Tom suggests selling anal vibrators via
35. classified ads in the back of gay magazines. Customers are
supposed to mail their cheques to a company
with an innocent name, “Bobbie’s bits”. The hustlers cash the
cheque and send back a refund, saying they
couldn’t get hold of enough stock from America. However, the
refund cheque comes from a company
named “Arse Tickler’s Faggots Fan Club”, ensuring that few if
any marks will go to the embarrassment
of cashing it. Interestingly, in this case nothing of what the
hustlers are doing is actually fraudulent from
a legal standpoint!
In the Monte (section 2.1), the shills encourage the mark to
cheat the operator and even help him do
it. Then, having fleeced the mark, the operator pretends to
notice the mark’s attempt at cheating and uses
it as a reason for closing the game without giving him a chance
to argue.
The Dishonesty principle also applies to all cases of hustlers
selling stolen (or purported-to-be-stolen)
goods. The message is “It’s illegal, that’s why you’re getting
such a good deal”, which discourages the
marks from complaining to the authorities once they discover
they’ve been had. In the black money blag
(S1-E4), the hustlers spray-paint some pieces of paper and sell
them off at a car boot sale as “cancelled
banknotes”16, together with a miraculous gadget and a liquid
that is supposed to wash off the black ink.
At the end of the show, a real-world victim is interviewed who
admits (anonymously) to losing £20,000
to this scam; police told him that it happens all the time but that
few victims report it (the latter being
evidence of the Dishonesty principle at work—victims would be
exposing their own attempt at fraud if
they reported the scam).
36. 13Where the countermeasure of the online auction house is to
validate new membership applications by requesting a credit
card number, the fraudster only has to buy a few hundred
numbers from the appropriate gang of hackers, at a modest
expense.
14The etymology is a pun on “grassroot”: “astroturf” is a brand
of artificial grass.
15Here the etymology goes back not to the Greek prophetess but
to (the pseudonym of) a psychiatric patient suffering from
multiple personality disorder.
16The story goes that the Royal Mint occasionally prints too
much money and then has to burn the excess. To prevent theft
on the way from the mint to the incinerator, the money is
“cancelled” by covering it in insoluble black ink. But the
hustler
claims to have a “solution” (pun intended, in the hustler’s own
sales pitch).
14
Cons such as the lottery scam (section 2.2) can only work
thanks to the mark’s dishonesty: if he
doesn’t have a little larceny, or the requisite ego to feel superior
to Alex’s immigrant character, then it is
very difficult for the hustlers to ignite the mark’s greed. There’s
a certain look every mark gets when they
really bite into the hook. They realize they apparently stand to
make a lot of money, or get an amazing
bargain, and they immediately try to hide their excitement.
Some hide their feelings better than others
37. but that moment when the scam “gets them” is always the same.
The second author of this paper studied
con games since he was a kid, but found that executing them
requires a much deeper understanding. The
lesson from taking down this mark was that people accept their
own ideas and thoughts more readily than
ideas presented to them by others. Through scams like this one,
we understand how hustlers can lead a
mark to a conclusion. This is why many con artists patiently
groom their marks before slowly building a
con around them.
In information security, the Dishonesty principle is a core
component of the 419 or Nigerian fraud
we mentioned in section 3.1: once the mark realizes it was a
scam, going to the police is not an attractive
option because what the mark intended to do as part of this deal
(essentially money laundering) was in
itself illegal and punishable. Several victims have gone
bankrupt and some have even committed suicide,
seeing no way out of that tunnel.
The security engineer needs to be aware of the Dishonesty
principle. A number of attacks on the sys-
tem will go unreported because the victims don’t want to
confess to their “evil” part in the process. When
a corporate user falls prey to a Trojan horse program that
purported to offer, say, free access to porn, he
will have strong incentives not to cooperate with the forensic
investigations of his system administrators
to avoid the associated stigma, even if the incident affected the
security of the whole corporate network.
Executives for whom righteousness is not as important as the
security of their enterprise might consider
reflecting such priorities in the corporate security policy—e.g.
guaranteeing discretion and immunity
38. from “internal prosecution” for victims who cooperate with the
forensic investigation.
3.5 The Deception principle
Things and people are not what they seem. Hustlers know how
to manipulate you to make you believe
that they are.
The device in the cash machine con (section 2.9) attracts marks
who are not in any way suspicious
of inserting their card, and typing their PIN, into the fake ATM.
When Alex wears a fluorescent jacket
in the valet steal (section 2.6), he is by default assumed to be
the car park attendant. And, whenever
Jess approaches a mark with her gorgeous cleavage and flirty
smile, as in the lottery scam (section 2.2),
in the ring reward rip-off (section 2.3) and on countless other
occasions, she is immediately seen as a
lovely girl rather than a hustler. Indeed, practically all scams
exploit this principle, insofar as all scams
are forms of deception.
A variation of the valet steal (section 2.6) that the trio
performed in Las Vegas (valet distraction,
S5-E2) demonstrates how a hustler who really understands his
victim can reassure him and mount a
counterattack even when the mark is suspicious about the very
scam that is about to be pulled off. Paul’s
mark, in a luxurious Cadillac Escalade, refused to let him park
his car because he’d been ripped off
before. Paul complimented him on his car and told him to park
it up front so he could keep an eye on it
for him. This secured his trust while flattering his ego—Las
Vegas valets only park the very best cars in
front of the house. As soon as he was parked, Paul asked him to
39. leave the keys. He didn’t think twice,
handed in his keys and walked smiling into the restaurant. Paul
then drove the car straight out—easy to
do since it was parked “up front”.
This illustrates something important. Many people feel that they
are wise to certain scams or take
steps to protect their property; but, often, these steps don’t go
far enough. A con artist can easily answer
people’s concerns or provide all sorts of proof to put minds at
ease. In order to protect oneself, it’s
essential to remove all possibility of compromise. There’s no
point parking your own car if you then
give the valet your keys. Despite this, the mark felt more secure
when, in actual fact, he had made the
hustler’s job easier.
The first author recently witnessed a similar kind of double-
cross in a hilariously ingenious 419
15
email that purported to originate from a fraud-fighting force in
Nigeria: they said they had apprehended
a number of 419 fraudsters and wanted to return a share of the
stolen money to each of the people
listed on the fraudsters’ computers. They therefore asked for the
recipients’ details so that they could
send them a $4.5 million flat-fee compensation17. Undoubtedly,
even some true 419 victims who should
know better will fall prey to this scam!
Scams such as van dragging (section 2.4) take advantage of
people’s expectations. So long as the
40. hustlers fit the scenario and act within the framework of a given
situation, the mark never wakes up
and simply goes through the normal motions. The same happens
with a spoofed web site: if the victim
is familiar with the original site, they will continue without
stopping to question the situation unless
something unexpected occurs. Indeed, in the computing domain,
the most widespread application of the
Deception principle is probably phishing, already mentioned in
section 3.2 under the Social Compliance
principle.
Much of systems security boils down to “allowing certain
principals to perform certain actions on
the system while disallowing anyone else from doing them”; as
such, it relies implicitly on some form
of authentication—recognizing which principals should be
authorized and which ones shouldn’t. The
lesson for the security engineer is that the security of the whole
system often relies on the users also
performing some authentication, and that they may be deceived
too, in ways that are qualitatively differ-
ent from those in which computer systems can be deceived. In
online banking, for example, the role of
verifier is not just for the web site (which clearly must
authenticate its customers): to some extent, the
customers themselves should also authenticate the web site
before entering their credentials, otherwise
they might be phished. However it is not enough just to make it
“technically possible”18: it must also be
humanly doable by non-techies. How many banking customers
check (or even understand the meaning
of) the https padlock?19
The message for the security engineer can be summarized in the
following bullet points:
41. • Identify the cases where the security of your system depends
on an authentication task (of known
people, of unknown people or of “objects”, including cash
machines and web sites) performed by
humans.
• Understand and acknowledge that users are very good at
recognizing known people but easily
deceived when asked to “authenticate”, in the widest sense of
the word, “objects” or unknown
people.
• Wherever possible, design the system to be robust in the face
of incorrect “authentication” by
users.
• When it is necessary to rely on authentication by users, don’t
make it merely technically possible
for a committed geek but rather design the mechanism in a way
that actually works for an ordinary
human verifier.
Norman [17] introduced the concept of a forcing function: a
design feature that prevents any user
behaviour other than the correct one—for example a power
button that, when pushed to the “on” position,
mechanically prevents the insertion of a peripheral that should
only be plugged in when the power is
disconnected. This may be useful to ensure that the human
actually performs the required verification.
However a good security design will also ensure that this
forcing function doesn’t get in the way of
usability, otherwise the user will be driven to ingenious ways of
bypassing the security mechanisms, as
we already discussed in section 3.1.
42. 17Even more than in traditional 419s, the crooks are also
exploiting the Need and Greed and the Dishonesty principles:
the
recipient typically didn’t lose $4.5 million to Nigerian
scammers, but won’t mind claiming that amount back as
compensation.
18For example with https—even ignoring the problems of PKI
and assuming that everything is properly implemented.
19One might even be tempted to ask: “how many security
officers do?”, seeing how many banks complicate this already
diffi-
cult recognition task for their customers by not hosting their
own online banking web site at their own regular bankname.com
domain.
16
We emphasize again that systems security is not limited to
computer systems: in all the frauds
involving the impersonation of police officers (section 3.2), for
example, the high-level “system” being
attacked is the infrastructure of society and what is needed is
more robust protocols for ordinary people
to take the correct decision on whether or not to grant these
strangers in uniform the trust and authority
they request20.
3.6 The Need and Greed principle
Your needs and desires make you vulnerable. Once hustlers
know what you really want, they can
43. easily manipulate you.
We originally called this simply the Greed principle but we
changed the name after realizing that it
would be quite improper to characterize all of a victim’s strong
desires as morally despicable. Loewen-
stein [12] appropriately speaks of
visceral factors such as the cravings associated with drug
addiction, drive states (e.g., hunger,
thirst, and sexual desire), moods and emotions, and physical
pain.
We say “need and greed” to refer to this whole spectrum of
human needs and desires: all the stuff you
really want, regardless of why.
In the 419 scam (already discussed in section 3.1), what matters
most is not necessarily the mark’s
greed but his or her personal situation: if the mark is on the
verge of bankruptcy, needs a medical
operation or is otherwise in dire straits, the offer of a solution is
very hard to question. In such cases the
mark is not greedy, just depressed and hopeful. If someone
prays every day for an answer, an email from
a Nigerian Prince might seem like the solution.
The obvious inclusion of sexual desire as a fundamental human
need justifies, through this principle,
the presence of a “sexy swindler” in most of the scams enacted
by the trio. As we observed in section
3.1, there is often a connection between the Need and Greed
principle and the Distraction principle.
Having said that, it is still true that in some cases “greed” is an
accurate description for this behaviour.
44. In the ring reward rip-off (section 2.3), the hustlers know the
mark is hooked as soon as he offers them
a reward lower than that promised by Jess over the phone. They
know he wants to make a (dishonest)
profit out of it, so they know how to pace and lead him. As we
said in section 3.4 about the mark in the
lottery scam (section 2.2), if the barman of the ring reward rip-
off is too honest, this scam simply won’t
work: he could just tell Paul to negotiate the reward with Jess
directly. Scams like this one have been
around for centuries: one party offers the mark a large and
attractive sum of money if they can secure
some object from a second party. The mark is quickly led to
believe that the object can be bought for a
lower price but the situation demands that the mark must pay
for the object with his own money in order
to make a sizable profit when he or she sells it to the first party.
In the lottery scam, greed is used as the convincer. First, the
mark is offered what is already a pretty
good deal: essentially a guaranteed £1,400 prize in exchange for
a £500 cash advance. The mark is
considering the offer and might even go for it, but after all he
doesn’t know any of the people involved
so he still hesitates. Then, suddenly, his share of the prize goes
up to over £50,000! If he was almost
convinced then, he must be definitely convinced now! The
hustlers could just as easily have offered
the ticket as a £100,000 winner from the start; but by doing it in
two stages they make the offer much
more compelling because they have already calibrated the
mark’s expectation on the lower prize—so the
second stage drives him off the scale.
The Need and Greed principle includes most of the cases
covered under the Dishonesty principle:
45. most marks, if they act as “occasionally dishonest”, will do so
not because they’re inherently evil but
because of a need. But the two principles do not totally overlap:
one can also be needy (or greedy)
without necessarily being dishonest. In the the bogus agency
scam (S1-E2) we cited in section 3.1 when
20We note in passing that, in some early episodes of the show,
the suggestion given after the scam was to ask the purported
policeman for his badge and to call the phone number on the
badge to verify. Clearly this is not the best advice, as the
fraudster
can make a fake badge with the phone number of an accomplice.
A better suggestion, given in later episodes, is to call the
police station through the number found in the phone book or
some other higher-integrity channel.
17
discussing the Distraction principle, young hopefuls are ripped
off by Paul posing as a music producer
who might take them from their current lowly status of, say,
truck driver, to that of glamorous rock
stars—all for the modest fee required to launch their first
performance.
In the editorial comments that precede the gadget scam (section
2.7) Paul says to the camera: “If you
want to con someone, all you need to know is what they want,
even if it doesn’t exist!”
If the security engineer does not understand what users really
want, and that they’ll go to any lengths
to get it, he won’t understand what drives them and won’t be
46. able to predict their behaviour. He will
always lose against a fraudster who has instead understood how
he can lead his marks.
In this, as in most other fraud situations, a strong defense
strategy should also include user education:
in order not to become victims of scams the potential marks
must learn that, as stated at the conclusion
of every episode of the TV show,
“If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is!”
3.7 The Time principle
When you are under time pressure to make an important choice,
you use a different decision strategy.
Hustlers steer you towards a strategy involving less reasoning.
In many good scams, such as the ring reward rip-off (section
2.3) and its many variations, the mark is
made to believe that he or she must act quickly or lose the
opportunity. The same thing happens with long
cons: the build-up may take days, weeks or months but the final
sting forces the mark into a corner—get
the money on the table or lose everything! When caught in such
a trap, it’s very difficult for people to
stop and assess the situation properly.
In earlier drafts of this paper we listed only six principles. From
the start we had been considering the
addition of time pressure as a seventh principle, but we were
initially unsure whether we could plausibly
class it as a behavioural pattern and therefore a systematic
vulnerability of the victim, like the other six:
wasn’t it rather a “trick of the trade” used by the hustlers, like
the special move used to switch cards in
47. the Monte?
Reviewing the literature on decision theory eventually validated
our decision to consider Time21
as a behavioural trait of the victim, as in our other principles. In
contrast with the theory of rational
choice, namely that humans take their decision after seeking the
optimal solution based on the available
information, Simon [19] suggested that
organisms adapt well enough to “satisfice”; they do not, in
general, “optimize”
and that they may “satisfice”22 through much simpler and
quicker strategies than those needed for op-
timization. In different circumstances people will adopt
different decision strategies, some determined
by reasoned judgements and others based on quicker but fallible
heuristics, as extensively studied by
Kahneman and Tversky [21, 10]. Finucane et al. [8] showed that
time pressure can shift decision making
from a reasoned to an affect-dominated strategy. The strategy
used for decision under time pressure is
therefore typically based on intuitive and affective heuristics
with established trigger conditions, rather
than on a reasoned examination of all the possible options.
Although the hustlers may have never formally studied the
psychology of decision making, they
intuitively understand this shift. They know that, when forced to
take a decision quickly, the mark will
not think clearly and will act on impulse according to
predictable patterns. So they make their marks an
offer they can’t refuse and make it clear to them that it’s their
only chance to accept it.
48. Evidence for the validity of the Time principle, and for the need
to protect potential victims from
its effects, is also implicit in the UK’s Consumer Credit Act
1974, under which buyers are granted a
cooling-off period of several days during which they can cancel
a purchase agreement if, for example, it
was signed in their home (e.g. in response to solicitation by a
door-to-door sales representative) rather
than at the vendor’s normal business premises.
21More precisely: the fact that a victim will switch to a
different decision strategy when under time pressure.
22I.e. reach a “good enough” sub-optimal solution that is
sufficient to cover their needs.
18
From the systems viewpoint, the Time principle is particularly
important: it highlights that the human
element might cause the system’s response to the same stimulus
to be radically different depending on
the urgency with which it is requested. In military contexts, for
example, this is taken into account by
wrapping dangerous situations that require rapid response23 in
special “human protocols”24. These are
meant to enforce, even under time pressure, some of these step-
by-step rational checks that the heuristic
strategy would otherwise omit.
In the civilian world, the architect concerned with overall
system security should identify the situ-
ations in which the humans in the system may suddenly be put
under time pressure by an attacker and
49. whether the resulting switch in decision strategy can open a
vulnerability. This applies to anything from
retail situations to stock trading and online auctions, and from
admission of visitors in buildings to han-
dling of medical emergencies. Devising a human protocol to
guide the response of the potential victim
towards the goal intended by the security architect may be an
adequate safeguard and may also, if the
protocol is properly designed, relieve the human in question
from stressful responsibility.
Episode Scam 3.
1
D
is
tr
ac
ti
on
3.
2
S
oc
ia
lC
om
pl
ia
51. 6
N
ee
d
an
d
G
re
ed
3.
7
T
im
e
2.1 S1-E1 Monte • • › › › ›
2.2 S1-E2 Lottery scam › • › • •
2.3 S1-E4 Ring reward rip-off • › • •
2.4 S2-E1 Van dragging › › • ›
2.5 S2-E1 Home alone › • › ›
2.5.1 S1-E1 (Jewellery shop scam) › • › ›
2.6 S2-E3 Valet steal › • • ›
2.7 S4-E3 Gadget scam • › • ›
2.8 S4-E4 Counterfeit pen con • ›
2.9 S4-E5 Cash machine con • › •
2.10 S4-E5 Recruitment scam • • › • ›
2.11 S4-E7 Shop phone call scam › • › ›
2.12 S4-E9 Exchange rate rip-off › • › • •
52. Table 1: A concise summary of the scams (rows) described in
section 2 and of the principles (columns)
described in section 3 that each scam is based on. The two
symbols in the table show whether the given
principle is of major (•) or minor (›) importance for the given
scam.
4 Related work
While there exist a few narrative accounts of scams and frauds,
from Maurer’s study of the lingo and
subculture of the criminal world [14], which inspired the classic
movie The Sting, to the autobiographical
works of notable former fraudsters such as Abagnale [1] or
Mitnick [16], the literature still contains very
little about the behavioural patterns of scam victims.
23Such as an armed guard challenging a stranger at a
checkpoint, or an officer receiving the order to fire a ballistic
missile.
24Blaze [5] offered an interesting analysis of a few time-
honoured security protocols that are run by humans rather than
by
computers, although he did not describe any military ones.
19
The notable exception is the interesting 260-page report
prepared for the Office of Fair Trading by
an unnamed team of psychologists at the University of Exeter
[18], released while this paper was being
written. Unlike us, the Exeter authors limit their research to
email and postal scams. For these, though,
53. they base their analysis on a wealth of experimental data:
interviews with victims, lexical analysis and
classification of a corpus of fraudulent mailings, and even an
active experiment in which they send a fake
scam letter to random people who are later asked for feedback.
Unlike ours, their experimental setup
is scientifically rigorous and they examine enough victims for
each scam to be able to draw statistically
significant quantitative conclusions. On the other hand our
experimental contributions are more varied:
The Real Hustle investigated many more frauds beyond postal
and email scams and therefore highlighted
aspects of face-to-face interaction between hustler and mark
that a study on postal fraud cannot take
into account. Another difference is that their only “active”
experiment (impersonating the scammers to
observe the reactions of the marks) is much more cautious and
subdued than ours: in the same envelope
in which they sent the fake scam, they also included a “sorry for
deceiving you” letter; we, instead, ran
each scam to full completion before informing the marks.
Interestingly, even though our approaches
are in many respects very different, many of our findings are in
agreement. In particular, several of the
factors that the Exeter authors highlight as influential in the
postal scams they examined correspond fairly
accurately to four of our seven principles: Social Compliance
(3.2), Herd (3.3), Need and Greed (3.6),
Time (3.7). Comparing our results with theirs was instructive
and stimulating. Their report is also to be
praised for its commented survey of the available literature.
While peer-reviewed studies on scams are rare, some precious
insights on why victims fall for scams
can be gleaned from the vast literature on decision making,
starting with the cited pioneering works of
54. Simon [19] and Tversky and Kahneman [21, 11, 10].
Insofar as sales and marketing techniques that aim to separate
customers from their money can be
cynically seen as quasi-scams (even though they may be
technically legal), an analysis of the persua-
sion techniques adopted by salespeople, such as that by Cialdini
[6], will also offer interesting food for
thought. At least three of Cialdini’s “weapons of influence” are
closely related to our principles: Social
Proof (Herd, 3.3), Authority (Social Compliance, 3.2) and
Scarcity (Time 3.7). Another one, Liking,
matches our observations about the sexually attractive swindler
in the Distraction (3.1) and Need and
Greed (3.6) principles.
5 Conclusions
We trust that readers will by now agree with our thesis that any
systems involving people can only be
made secure if system designers understand the inherent
vulnerabilities of the “human factor”.
Our first contribution to knowledge with this paper is the vast
body of original research on successful
scams and cons initially put together by Wilson and Conran for
the TV show, of which in section 2 we
presented a few highlights. Because that work started as a TV
show rather than an academic study, it
was not conducted as a controlled scientific experiment (each
scam repeated many times with different
victims etc etc); despite that, this write-up still offers valuable
first-hand data on scams and scam victims
that, although qualitative rather than quantitative, is not
otherwise available in the literature.
55. A second contribution is our taxonomy of seven principles, each
of which identifies a specific be-
havioural pattern that ordinary people exhibit and that hustlers
have been exploiting for their scams—
sometimes for centuries. The fascinating reconstructions of
real-world scams performed by Paul, Alex
and Jess in The Real Hustle were meant to educate the public so
that they would avoid becoming victims
by being caught off guard. In this paper we have shown that
additional value is to be gained from these
scenarios through the insights they give into the psychology of
the scam victims. Some may argue with
our choice of those particular seven items as the most
representative; we even noted ourselves in the text,
where appropriate, that our principles are not entirely
independent of each other. Other authors have pro-
posed different taxonomies, though with significant
commonalities, as we discussed in section 4 under
Related Work. Comparing the intersection and difference of
these sets is in itself instructive25; however,
25For example, we appear to be the first to note the significance
of exploiting the mark’s dishonesty against themselves
20
what we feel is most important is not the particular principles
but what we do with them.
This brings us to our third and perhaps most significant
contribution: to look at these behavioural
patterns from a more general viewpoint. These patterns are not
just chances for the kind of small-scale
hustles in which they were observed but are also typical
56. vulnerabilities of the human component of any
complex system.
Our message for the system security architect is that it is naïve
and pointless just to lay the blame
on the users and whinge that “the system I designed would be
secure if only users were less gullible”;
instead, the successful security designer seeking a robust
solution will acknowledge the existence of
these vulnerabilities as an unavoidable consequence of human
nature and will actively build safeguards
that prevent their exploitation.
6 Acknowledgements
We are extremely grateful to Paul’s Real Hustle colleagues
Alexis Conran (co-author and co-presenter
of the show) and Jessica-Jane Clement (co-presenter), without
whom the TV series would not exist.
We also thank Joe Bonneau, danah boyd [sic], Omar Choudary,
Saar Drimer, Jeff Hancock, David
Livingstone Smith, Stuart Wray and especially Roberto Viviani
for interesting comments, reading sug-
gestions and discussions on either previous drafts of the paper
or the brief talks we gave at SHB 2009 in
Boston and at WEIS 2009 in London.
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