The document provides a comprehensive overview of veterinary radiography technical charts, including key concepts like kilovoltage peak (kVp) and milliampere-seconds (mAs) for different animal sizes. It outlines the factors influencing technical charts and adjustments necessary for accurate imaging based on anatomical variations. Additionally, it includes specific kVp and mAs values for various anatomical structures in large and small animals.

1. Technical Chart
for
Veterinary Radiography
Presented by
1801172 1801176
1801177 1801178

2.  Introduction ……………………………………………
 Objectives ……………………………………………
 Terminologies ……………………………………………
 Factors of technical chart ……………………………………………
 Technical charts
• Large animals ……………………………………………
• Small animals ……………………………………………
 Factors influencing technical chart …………………………………………….
Contents
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02
03- 04
05- 08
09
10
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3. Introduction
 An X-ray is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic
radiation.
 X-rays can be used to examine most areas of the body.
 They're mainly used to look at the bones and joints, although
they're sometimes used to detect problems affecting soft tissue.
 The reduction of energy is caused by absorption which is the
main principle of traditional X-ray imaging.
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4. Objectives
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 To know the purpose of technical chart
 To know the factors that influence the technical chart
 To know how the exposure factors are calculated
 To know the technical charts for different anatomical structures in different animals

5. Terminologies
 kVp: It stands for kilovoltage peak. This is the highest voltage (measured in
thousands of volts) that will be produced by the x-ray machine during an exposure.
 mAs: Milliampere-seconds, is a measure of radiation produced (milliamperage)
over a set amount of time (seconds) via an x-ray tube.
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6. Terminologies
 FFD: Focal-film distance (FFD) is the distance between the center of the anode of
the x-ray tube (the focal spot) and the film (top of cassette). Also known as, Source-
image distance (SID). The greater the SID, the less magnification/distortion will be
apparent in the image.
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7. Factors of technical chart
There are some factors that influence during formulating a radiographic technical chart.
They are:
 Kilovoltage: Use Santes’ rule: (2 × tissue thickness in cm) + 40 (+ grid
factor) = kVp
 Milliamperage: Highest setting possible
Exposure time: Selection based on milliamperage-seconds (mAs) needed for
screen type
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8. Control Panel of X-ray Machine
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9. 7
Factors of technical chart
 The higher the wavelength is the lower the penetration power. The kV influences
the quality of X-ray.
 The mAs influences the quantity of the X-ray. The first consideration when
selecting the kVp is ensuring adequate penetration and exposure
 The mAs and kVp are primary settings that can be adjusted on x-ray machines to
control the image quality and patient dose.

10. Good exposure
Under exposure
Over exposure
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11. Technical Chart
of X-ray
in
Large Animals
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12. Organs kV mAs
Thorax/Abdomen
Small Dog/Cat 60 2
Medium Dog 70 4-6
Large dog 80 6-8
Extremity
Small Dog/Cat 50 2
Medium Dog 55 4
Large dog 60 6-8
Skull
Small Dog/Cat 50 3
Medium Dog 60 5
Large dog 70 6
Technical Chart
of X-ray
in
Small Animals
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13. Factors Adjustments
Emaciated animals Reduce kVp by 10%
Juveniles Reduce kVp by 10%
Grid removed Reduce kVp by 10%
Barium study Increase kVp by 5-10%
Pleural effusion Increase kVp by 5-10%
Ascites Increase kVp by 5-10%
Obesity Increase kVp by 10%
Factors influencing technical chart
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14. References
 Veterinarykey.com
Practical Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging- by Suzanne Easton
Radiopaedia.com
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15. Question?
Any
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