The document discusses urban sustainability strategies for the city of Uttpravan, India. It analyzes the city's energy consumption, water usage, and waste generation. It then provides recommendations to improve management of energy, water, and waste in key industries like paper/pulp, textiles, food processing, and plastics manufacturing. Suggestions include using bioreactors in landfills, recycling programs, wastewater treatment plants, and converting waste to energy through processes like anaerobic digestion.

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Case Study Competition S
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Sustainability Network IIT Madras D
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Urban Sustainability Strategies A
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Indian Institute of
for the City of Uttpravan C
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Technology Madras
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A G Siddharth Pillai
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L Y Engineering Physics, IIT Madras
Uttpravan I Abinash Pati
N Engineering Physics, IIT Madras
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2. Energy, Water and Waste Flow in the City
Energy Consumption
:
Residential : 116 TWh
Commercial : 33 TWh
Per Capita : 1566 kWh
Hydroelectric generation: Water Consumption
27% of city electricity Average per day per person
needs : 142 litres Industries
Paper & Pulp
20 Organic
Integrated Textile Mills
40
Landfill/constru Food grains processing
ction
Waste Generation 30
Recyclable
Plastics manufacturing
10
Waste Water
0.6 kg per capita per day Treatment
Solid Waste Incinerable 23%

3. Waste Management
Bioreactor Landfill :
- a sanitary landfill that uses enhanced
microbiological processes to transform and
stabilize the readily and moderately
decomposable organic waste constituents
within 5 to 10 years of bioreactor process
implementation
- significantly increases the extent of organic
waste decomposition, conversion
rates and process effectiveness
- Liquid addition
- PH treatment
-Temperature management
Benefits:
- rapid organic waste decomposition
- maximizing landfill gas capture
-Increased landfill space capacity reuse due to
rapid settlement during operational
time period

4. Waste Management – Paper and Pulp
- just 27% is recycled compared to the world highest of 69%
- paper forms >50% of the total solid waste
Hyderabad Model:
Waste collection – separate into dry and wet parts+ landfill material
Automated vacuum collection – high speed waste segregation – used in 30 countries
Huge capital is required to install state of the art equipment to process the municipal solid waste.
Therefore, Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management is possible, provided Government extend financial and
infrastructure support as below:
i. Reasonable tipping fee to be paid to the contractor in the range of Rs.1600 to Rs.2000 per tonnes to cover the
cost of source segregation and other processes
ii. Government should allocate land of about 200 Acres to handle the municipal solid waste
iii. It requires capital investment of about Rs. 400 Crore.
Dry Segregation using
recyclables Mechanized Technology
Collection
Wet waste Compost/biogas

5. Waste Management – Plastic
Primary recycling involves processing of a waste/scrap into a product with characteristics similar to those of
original product.
Secondary recycling involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into materials that have characteristics different
from those of original plastics product.
Tertiary recycling involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels from plastics waste/scrap as part of the
municipal waste stream or as a segregated waste.
Quaternary recycling retrieves the energy content of waste/scrap plastics by burning / incineration. This process
is not in use in India.
Polymer Coated Bitumen Road
• Good skid resistance and texture values.
• The unevenness index values of these roads are nearly 3000 mm/km, which indicate a good surface evenness.
• The plastic tar roads have not developed any potholes, rutting, raveling or edge flaw, even though these roads
are more than four years of age.
• Higher percentage of polymer coating improves the binding strength of the mix.

6. Waste Management – Textile
Selection and Substitution of Chemicals used
• Substitution of conventional surfactants with high toxicity (e.g. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons APEO, NPE) by
biodegradable or bioeliminable surfactants.
• Substitution of complexing agents by biodegradable or bioeliminable compounds that do not contain
Nitrogen or Phosphor in their molecules
Install automated dosing and dispensing systems which measure the exact amount of chemicals and auxiliaries
required.
Combine desizing, scouring and bleaching in one single step for cotton woven fabrics and its blends with
synthetic fibres. New auxiliaries, formulations, automatic dosing and steamers allow the "Flash
Steam", procedure with telescopes desizing, alkaline cracking and pad-steam peroxide bleaching into a single
step.
ALSO : Minimise transport, at source management- so create a self sufficient society

7. Waste Management – Food grains
Bulking agent- high C:N ratio- like saw dust
From
DAIRY- Whey (4-5 lactose), 9 kg per 1 kg of cheese
fermentation- beverages and ethyl alcohol
concentration- protein foods
pasteurization- whey cream
MEAT- Animal feeding, Tallow for Cosmetics, slaughter house blood is rich in protein.
SUGAR Canning- bagasse,the fibrous residue can be used as fuel – minimise dependence on oil crops.
Composting-- Aerated static piles air is introduced to the stacked pile via perforated pipes and blowers. This
method requires no labour to turn compost but is weather sensitive, and can have unreliable pathogen
reduction due to imperfect mixing.
Bins using wire mesh or wooden frames allow good air circulation, are inexpensive, and require little labour. -
Vermicompost

8. Energy Management – Residential and Commercial
Gives user more control over their energy Power line communication to meter and manage the
consumption electrical requirements of the building
Cost per connection terminal : 500 INR Infrastructure already in place
Savings of up to 40% in
HVAC; 30-50% in lighting
Break even in 2 to 3 years
First step in making grids
smart

9. Energy Management - Industrial
Electricity produced from 1 Solar Pond
h.a. solar pond = 50 kW
(24x7)
Annual production =
440,000 kWh Installation costs are that
of the clay or the plastic
Running cost = 25000 INR pond filter
Equipment cost = 80000 INR
These are average energy Break even can vary from
costs whereas other sources 3 to 7 years
are mentioned in peak
energy costs
The Bhuj solar pond
successfully demonstrated
the expediency of the
technology by supplying
80,000 litres of hot water
daily to the plant.

10. Energy Management - Industrial
Small Hydro Power
- Up to 25 MW capacity
Case study – Kerala’s SHPs
- 3 MW capacity Investment of 2 to 3 INR
- 880 lakhs of investment for 1 unit
- Net profit per year (after 3rd
year) : 180 lakhs
- Implementation period : 12
months Break even : 2 to 4 years

11. Water Management - Paper
We assume the average fresh specific water consumption of about 150 m3/ton (average figure
for India) of paper product, which is far above the global best specific water consumption of
28.66 m3/ton (for large scale wood based pulp and paper mill) .This large gap is primarily
attributed to the use of obsolete technology /equipments and poor water management
practices.
Zero discharge Concept-
the main objective in a zero discharge treatment system is to see that
i) does not generate any additional pollutants;
ii) production of waste is minimized by suitable selection of unit processes and adjusting
operating parameters;
iii)pollutants in the wastewater are transfered to solid phase (sludge);
iv) sludge is stored in a secured landfill;
v) recovery of reusable materials, especially water, is achieved and remnants directed to waste
recovery

12. Water Management – Food grains
reduce water consumption from 4,25,000 gallons/month to 3,00,000 gallons/month in a span of
1.5 years.
1) direct in-plant reuse (e.g., recovery of sugars from fruit canning),
2) sale to external markets (e.g. recovery of pasta starch for animal feed or for compost), or
3) use in energy recovery (e.g., through biological or thermo chemical gasification).
Source reduction
- Changing production procedures to minimize product or byproduct wastage, such as installing
spill collection trays to collect solids at appropriate places in the production line.
Modernizing water sprays to include jets or nozzles, using high-pressure low-volume washing
systems, and auto shut-off valves.
Emerging technology :
- Pneumatic transport- coffee bean plantations (vactrain)
-Process Modeling is a technique to use computers to optimize process conditions. Process
modeling will help fine-tune such input parameters as material or water flow
velocity, temperature, and chemical concentration.
Uses ANN and fuzzy based logic

13. Water Management – Food grains
Treatment:
Centrifugation, Evaporation, gravity separation and Filtration.
Biotreatment involves the use of a biological reactor that contains a high specific concentration of
either suspended or attached growth microorganisms As wastewater is passed through the
reactor, the microorganisms metabolize organic compounds into carbon dioxide.

14. Water Management – Textile
In the processes which are highly water-intensive, water is used to remove natural impurities and
wash out chemicals, and to keep concentrations low thereby allowing diffusion to proceed.
So any reduction in water usage gives liquors that are proportionally stronger, and a limit is reached
where further changes may be detrimental to the quality of the textile product.
Hydrogen peroxide can be used instead of calcium hypochlorite during actual bleaching operations
Segregation of streams based on TSS(total suspended solids)
different operations have different TSS. Rinsing, stone washing