1. Kluuvin Apteekki pharmacy owner Pia Moksi is considering outsourcing her company's accounting tasks to a cloud-based accounting system. Currently, Pia handles all 22 accounting tasks herself which is becoming a significant time burden.
2. Cloud accounting systems could allow Pia to selectively outsource some tasks while maintaining control over the accounting process through real-time access. However, Pia has concerns about security, privacy, and dependency on the cloud provider.
3. Pia has identified three potential cloud accounting systems but needs to carefully evaluate the advantages and risks of each option in the context of her business to determine the best solution. The case aims to help students guide Pia
This document discusses the potential move of Kluuvin Apteekki, a privately owned pharmacy in Helsinki, to adopt cloud-based accounting services. It currently employs 16 people and the owner, Pia Moksi, handles all accounting tasks which has become burdensome. The summary discusses the accounting processes currently used, the potential benefits of cloud-based services including automation, integration and real-time access. It also notes potential risks like loss of control over data, dependence on software providers and issues with integration. It concludes that while cloud-based services could aid growth through flexibility and scalability, potential issues around privacy, costs and technology readiness need to be addressed.
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of accounting information systems on the profitability of small businesses in Kampala, Uganda. The study found that most small businesses do not use accounting information systems, which results in low profits due to difficulties tracking financial records, forecasting demand, and making informed decisions. When accounting systems were used, businesses saw increased profits in both the short and long term. However, standards like costing systems and inventory models did not always apply to small businesses. Overall, the study found a positive relationship between using accounting information systems and higher profitability levels for small businesses.
Book keeping and accounting practices in small scale enterprise with special ...ResearchWap
The study is about book keeping and accounting practices in small scale enterprise with special emphasis on p.a. water, ughelli, ughelli north lga of delta state
Erudite Finlop and Lawton virtual finance depttshasadear48
This virtual finance department provides accounting, taxation, and financial services to small and medium enterprises. It offers bookkeeping, tax preparation, financial statement preparation, and a virtual CFO as a complete outsourced package. Using an expert team of qualified accountants, it aims to help clients manage their finances cost-effectively while ensuring accuracy, updates, communication, and advice for improved performance. Data security and confidentiality are also priorities. Outsourcing to this department reduces expenses compared to maintaining an in-house team while providing specialized expertise, oversight, and support.
Louise Hurrell has over 10 years of experience in accounting and finance roles. She has advanced skills in Excel and experience using accounting software packages like SAP, Oracle, and Sage. Her most recent role is as a direct sales representative for a charity, where she exceeded sales targets. Prior experience includes management accounting roles preparing financial reports and analyzing budgets and expenses. She strives for excellence in both individual and team settings.
Designed the 80/20 fully Integrated tax system for South African Revenue Serv...San-Mark Antonio Trimble
This project was presented to demonstrate how effective the ICA business model helped to enhance the SA Revenue Services - Increase tax collections, while eliminating tax evasion, fraud and also minimize human intervention. Proposals also made to the SADC countries to improve their tax systems.
The Role of Bookkeeping on the Survival of Very Small Businesses in the Kumba...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper examines the effect of bookkeeping on the survival of Very Small businesses in the Kumba municipality. A sample of 150 respondents was selected through stratified and random sampling. Data was collected mainly through questionnaire. Descriptive (percentages) and inferential (the Chi square) statistical tools were used for the analysis and testing of hypotheses. The findings revealed that most very small businesses in the Kumba Municipality have an account clerk and record their transactions manually following the single entry system. The major bookkeeping challenge they face is the lack of time, as such many of them maintain only the sales book. The study also revealed that when adequately kept, bookkeeping significantly influences the survival of very small businesses in the Kumba municipality as it enables them to trace their problems and to provide appropriate solutions. It was recommended that very small business owners should acquire further training in bookkeeping or employ qualified bookkeepers to assist them in their tasks.
Accounting Career Essay
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This document discusses the potential move of Kluuvin Apteekki, a privately owned pharmacy in Helsinki, to adopt cloud-based accounting services. It currently employs 16 people and the owner, Pia Moksi, handles all accounting tasks which has become burdensome. The summary discusses the accounting processes currently used, the potential benefits of cloud-based services including automation, integration and real-time access. It also notes potential risks like loss of control over data, dependence on software providers and issues with integration. It concludes that while cloud-based services could aid growth through flexibility and scalability, potential issues around privacy, costs and technology readiness need to be addressed.
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of accounting information systems on the profitability of small businesses in Kampala, Uganda. The study found that most small businesses do not use accounting information systems, which results in low profits due to difficulties tracking financial records, forecasting demand, and making informed decisions. When accounting systems were used, businesses saw increased profits in both the short and long term. However, standards like costing systems and inventory models did not always apply to small businesses. Overall, the study found a positive relationship between using accounting information systems and higher profitability levels for small businesses.
Book keeping and accounting practices in small scale enterprise with special ...ResearchWap
The study is about book keeping and accounting practices in small scale enterprise with special emphasis on p.a. water, ughelli, ughelli north lga of delta state
Erudite Finlop and Lawton virtual finance depttshasadear48
This virtual finance department provides accounting, taxation, and financial services to small and medium enterprises. It offers bookkeeping, tax preparation, financial statement preparation, and a virtual CFO as a complete outsourced package. Using an expert team of qualified accountants, it aims to help clients manage their finances cost-effectively while ensuring accuracy, updates, communication, and advice for improved performance. Data security and confidentiality are also priorities. Outsourcing to this department reduces expenses compared to maintaining an in-house team while providing specialized expertise, oversight, and support.
Louise Hurrell has over 10 years of experience in accounting and finance roles. She has advanced skills in Excel and experience using accounting software packages like SAP, Oracle, and Sage. Her most recent role is as a direct sales representative for a charity, where she exceeded sales targets. Prior experience includes management accounting roles preparing financial reports and analyzing budgets and expenses. She strives for excellence in both individual and team settings.
Designed the 80/20 fully Integrated tax system for South African Revenue Serv...San-Mark Antonio Trimble
This project was presented to demonstrate how effective the ICA business model helped to enhance the SA Revenue Services - Increase tax collections, while eliminating tax evasion, fraud and also minimize human intervention. Proposals also made to the SADC countries to improve their tax systems.
The Role of Bookkeeping on the Survival of Very Small Businesses in the Kumba...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper examines the effect of bookkeeping on the survival of Very Small businesses in the Kumba municipality. A sample of 150 respondents was selected through stratified and random sampling. Data was collected mainly through questionnaire. Descriptive (percentages) and inferential (the Chi square) statistical tools were used for the analysis and testing of hypotheses. The findings revealed that most very small businesses in the Kumba Municipality have an account clerk and record their transactions manually following the single entry system. The major bookkeeping challenge they face is the lack of time, as such many of them maintain only the sales book. The study also revealed that when adequately kept, bookkeeping significantly influences the survival of very small businesses in the Kumba municipality as it enables them to trace their problems and to provide appropriate solutions. It was recommended that very small business owners should acquire further training in bookkeeping or employ qualified bookkeepers to assist them in their tasks.
Accounting Career Essay
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QBOAV Law Firm Financial Reporting - WizxpertBookkippo
They were issued by the London-based Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and address record keeping, account reporting, and other aspects of financial ... IFRS specify in detail how companies must maintain their records and report their expenses and income. And get more information about law firm financial reporting you can visit us.
https://www.wizxpert.com/
Dairy Farm is a large Asian retailer with over 3,000 outlets across Asia. In the late 1990s, competition increased and Dairy Farm sought to reduce costs through outsourcing. In 1999, Dairy Farm partnered with Capgemini to deliver finance and accounting services from centers in China and Australia. This resulted in over 55% savings in finance costs. Pleased with the success, in 2003 Dairy Farm extended the partnership with Capgemini for a full scope of business process outsourcing services across finance, HR, and procurement. This allows Dairy Farm to access world-class capabilities without incurring capital costs and has facilitated continued growth.
Holy Chipotle - What's Hot About a World Class Closeeprentise
The concept of a world-class close has been around for decades, and with the economy booming, stalling, and then doing who-knows-what in the future, revisiting the elements of a world-class close can bring unexpected benefits to any organization. Driving toward a world-class close means by definition that IT and Finance will become more flexible, more strategically aligned with the business, adopt continuous improvement policies and practices, improve the timeliness and accuracy of financial reports, and enhance overall financial reporting and analysis.
View the original Blog post: http://www.eprentise.com/blog/trends-and-technology/holy-chipotle-whats-hot-about-a-world-class-close/
Website: www.eprentise.com
Twitter: @eprentise
Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/0/+Eprentise/posts
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/eprentise
Ensure your data is Complete, Consistent, and Correct by using eprentise software to transform your Oracle® E-Business Suite.
Mantralogix how to plug slow profit leaksMantralogix
Reclaiming Profit with Fresh Perspective
Mid-market companies are the main driver of our economy and the number one contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP).
At the outset of creating a business, the owner(s) and/or employees that are in place create paper-based processes, which allow the company to start up and grow.
As the company grows, one of two things usually happens. The company owner(s) stays involved and deeply analyzes every process, which can sometimes create analysis paralysis and slow down growth. The better option is for the owner(s) to connect with trusted industry partners to focus on change management elements so they themselves can focus on their core business.
Series of presentations from the MantraVision Caribbean 2016 Event held on April 20th by Mantralogix Inc.
http://insights.mantralogix.com/mantravision-caribbean-2016
Corporate income tax is one of the largest expense lines on the consolidated income statement. The tax expense often represents as much as 40% of total profit. Even larger tax numbers lurk on the balance sheet. Yet, the systems in use to calculate the tax provision in most companies continue to be a disconnected array of point solutions and spreadsheets that lack the transparency warranted by such material numbers. Not surprisingly, the accounting for income tax has been an area of increasing scrutiny both internally and externally to corporate finance and tax.
Why does the corporate tax provision process continue to be a challenge that few companies are able to solve?
Government Agency Puts Accurate Information at Heart of CustomerCapgemini
A large Dutch government agency needed to improve its business information and reporting structure to pursue service excellence while cutting costs. Capgemini conducted a diagnostic scan by surveying stakeholders and interviewing employees. Capgemini analyzed the results and recommended establishing a centralized, cost-efficient Business Intelligence environment. Capgemini laid the groundwork for improved insight and helped transfer BI ownership to the Finance & Control department to transform the agency into a smarter, leaner organization focused on service.
Budgeting is a constant in any business environment. How do you ensure you're purchasing goods and services of sufficient quality to keep your manufacturing and internal operations growing while keeping costs in check? We're all accustomed to making purchase decisions in our daily lives, but the way businesses do it is a whole field.
The challenges of modern financial reportingKaizenlogcom
The document discusses the results of a survey conducted on the challenges of modern financial reporting. The survey found that:
- Financial reporting is still a major challenge for most finance teams due to issues like managing narrative text, integrating multiple data sources, and collaborating throughout the reporting process.
- Most finance teams spend at least a week preparing monthly and quarterly reports, with some spending over two weeks.
- Reports often involve contributions from multiple departments and up to 50 individuals, making workflow and version management difficult.
Accounting software has become widespread in Australia due to improved affordability and efficiency. This paper discusses the history and development of accounting information systems in Australia, analyzing the current market size and how leaders have gained competitive advantages. While the sector has grown, gaps remain for customers. Recommendations are provided to address these gaps.
This document provides a finance roadmap for Company X with recommendations to improve their finance systems and procedures. It summarizes the current processes, which are very manual and time-consuming using multiple linked Excel spreadsheets. This leads to wasted time checking for errors and a lack of controls. The document recommends transitioning budgets and other key processes to an accounting system like Paprika to save significant time, improve accuracy and allow remote access. Quick wins include protecting Excel formulas and using consistent job numbers and budget naming. Medium-term recommendations focus on fully utilizing Paprika to streamline processes and free up staff for more strategic work.
7 Challenges Small Businesses Face Maintaining Accounting Records.pptxvirtuousbookkeeping
Managing accounting records efficiently is one key to a successful business. However, this can be a challenge to business owners. Find out what these challenges are and how to overcome them.
This document provides an overview of the study material for the Advanced Tax Laws and Practice module of the Professional Programme conducted by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI). It outlines the syllabus, contents, recommended books and journals for reference. The study material covers Direct Taxation, Indirect Taxation and International Taxation laws and practices in India. It aims to provide expert knowledge on taxation frameworks and their application to financial planning and management decisions.
1 THE EFFECT OF TAXATION ON BUSINESS DECISION (A CASE STUDY OF AL-BABELLO TRA...Sabrina Baloi
This document is a thesis submitted by Bala Bello to the Department of Accounting & Finance at Nasawara State University in Nigeria. The thesis examines the effect of taxation on business decisions using Al-Babello Trading Company Limited as a case study. It provides background on the company and outlines the objectives of the study, which are to identify Al-Babello's business decisions, examine tax avoidance techniques used, analyze the impact of taxation on decisions, and recommend strategies to minimize negative effects. The study aims to provide guidance to Al-Babello's financial managers and other distribution companies facing tax difficulties.
Watch the movie Dirt. Write a note. The notes do not have to be in .docxalehosickg3
Watch the movie: Dirt. Write a note. The notes do not have to be in sentence or paragraph form; bullet points work. They should make up 1.5 pages. In addition, half a page single space reflection on your reaction/thoughts/opinions on the movie. Last, make up 5 potential multiple choice questions with the answers for the movie.
.
Watch the PBS video, States Grapple with Funding Education amid Bu.docxalehosickg3
Watch the PBS video,
States Grapple with Funding Education amid Budget Shortfalls
. Locate a relevant article discussing current economic impacts on school funding for a federal education program.
Analyze the impact of budget shortfalls in meeting the goals of the program. Discuss the consequences for schools that are unable to meet policy or program outcomes due to lack of funds. Support your statement with information from a minimum of two credible resources. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.
.
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Dairy Farm is a large Asian retailer with over 3,000 outlets across Asia. In the late 1990s, competition increased and Dairy Farm sought to reduce costs through outsourcing. In 1999, Dairy Farm partnered with Capgemini to deliver finance and accounting services from centers in China and Australia. This resulted in over 55% savings in finance costs. Pleased with the success, in 2003 Dairy Farm extended the partnership with Capgemini for a full scope of business process outsourcing services across finance, HR, and procurement. This allows Dairy Farm to access world-class capabilities without incurring capital costs and has facilitated continued growth.
Holy Chipotle - What's Hot About a World Class Closeeprentise
The concept of a world-class close has been around for decades, and with the economy booming, stalling, and then doing who-knows-what in the future, revisiting the elements of a world-class close can bring unexpected benefits to any organization. Driving toward a world-class close means by definition that IT and Finance will become more flexible, more strategically aligned with the business, adopt continuous improvement policies and practices, improve the timeliness and accuracy of financial reports, and enhance overall financial reporting and analysis.
View the original Blog post: http://www.eprentise.com/blog/trends-and-technology/holy-chipotle-whats-hot-about-a-world-class-close/
Website: www.eprentise.com
Twitter: @eprentise
Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/0/+Eprentise/posts
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/eprentise
Ensure your data is Complete, Consistent, and Correct by using eprentise software to transform your Oracle® E-Business Suite.
Mantralogix how to plug slow profit leaksMantralogix
Reclaiming Profit with Fresh Perspective
Mid-market companies are the main driver of our economy and the number one contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP).
At the outset of creating a business, the owner(s) and/or employees that are in place create paper-based processes, which allow the company to start up and grow.
As the company grows, one of two things usually happens. The company owner(s) stays involved and deeply analyzes every process, which can sometimes create analysis paralysis and slow down growth. The better option is for the owner(s) to connect with trusted industry partners to focus on change management elements so they themselves can focus on their core business.
Series of presentations from the MantraVision Caribbean 2016 Event held on April 20th by Mantralogix Inc.
http://insights.mantralogix.com/mantravision-caribbean-2016
Corporate income tax is one of the largest expense lines on the consolidated income statement. The tax expense often represents as much as 40% of total profit. Even larger tax numbers lurk on the balance sheet. Yet, the systems in use to calculate the tax provision in most companies continue to be a disconnected array of point solutions and spreadsheets that lack the transparency warranted by such material numbers. Not surprisingly, the accounting for income tax has been an area of increasing scrutiny both internally and externally to corporate finance and tax.
Why does the corporate tax provision process continue to be a challenge that few companies are able to solve?
Government Agency Puts Accurate Information at Heart of CustomerCapgemini
A large Dutch government agency needed to improve its business information and reporting structure to pursue service excellence while cutting costs. Capgemini conducted a diagnostic scan by surveying stakeholders and interviewing employees. Capgemini analyzed the results and recommended establishing a centralized, cost-efficient Business Intelligence environment. Capgemini laid the groundwork for improved insight and helped transfer BI ownership to the Finance & Control department to transform the agency into a smarter, leaner organization focused on service.
Budgeting is a constant in any business environment. How do you ensure you're purchasing goods and services of sufficient quality to keep your manufacturing and internal operations growing while keeping costs in check? We're all accustomed to making purchase decisions in our daily lives, but the way businesses do it is a whole field.
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The document discusses the results of a survey conducted on the challenges of modern financial reporting. The survey found that:
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- Reports often involve contributions from multiple departments and up to 50 individuals, making workflow and version management difficult.
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This document provides a finance roadmap for Company X with recommendations to improve their finance systems and procedures. It summarizes the current processes, which are very manual and time-consuming using multiple linked Excel spreadsheets. This leads to wasted time checking for errors and a lack of controls. The document recommends transitioning budgets and other key processes to an accounting system like Paprika to save significant time, improve accuracy and allow remote access. Quick wins include protecting Excel formulas and using consistent job numbers and budget naming. Medium-term recommendations focus on fully utilizing Paprika to streamline processes and free up staff for more strategic work.
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Managing accounting records efficiently is one key to a successful business. However, this can be a challenge to business owners. Find out what these challenges are and how to overcome them.
This document provides an overview of the study material for the Advanced Tax Laws and Practice module of the Professional Programme conducted by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI). It outlines the syllabus, contents, recommended books and journals for reference. The study material covers Direct Taxation, Indirect Taxation and International Taxation laws and practices in India. It aims to provide expert knowledge on taxation frameworks and their application to financial planning and management decisions.
1 THE EFFECT OF TAXATION ON BUSINESS DECISION (A CASE STUDY OF AL-BABELLO TRA...Sabrina Baloi
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Analyze the impact of budget shortfalls in meeting the goals of the program. Discuss the consequences for schools that are unable to meet policy or program outcomes due to lack of funds. Support your statement with information from a minimum of two credible resources. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.
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Watch the 1985 movie Fletch, starring Chevy Chase, and write.docxalehosickg3
Watch the 1985 movie
Fletch,
starring Chevy Chase
,
and write a paper that describes in detail at least six scenes and indicates the crimes depicted. Provide support for your analysis, arguing why each scene reflects the elements of a particular crime and what defenses might apply.
has to be 2 pages or more.
.
Watch the documentary and answer one or more of the following qu.docxalehosickg3
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- What is the relation between colonialism and the industrial revolution?
- What is the role played by missionaries, explorers, businessmen, local chiefs, colonial officers, journalists etc.?
- How were colonialism and exploitation justified?
Links to the documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUZLtkLA0VE
Here is some additional info:
http://www.africanfilm.com/Congo.htm
.
Watch one or more of the following videos discussing randomness, sta.docxalehosickg3
Watch one or more of the following videos discussing randomness, statistics, and the science of prediction, and then submit a brief (1/2 to 1-page) summary.
Upload the file in
doc
,
docx
, or
pdf
format
(if
pdf
, make sure you saved it or exported it as a
pdf
and did not scan or photograph it).
Tell me
in your own words
(DO NOT simply cut and paste)
what the overall video was about, describe 1 or 2 of the examples that you found most interesting/useful, and discuss if and how your view or acceptance of statistics/
probabilty
you hear in the media will change.
Leonard
Mlodinow
, author of "The Drunkard's Walk" talks at Google --
http
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=F0
sLuRsu
1Do
Charles
Wheelan
, author of "Naked Statistics" --
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
cIbr
_
AksnAc
Nate Silver, 30+ year old engineer and forecasting superstar --
https
://
www
.
youtube
.com/watch?v=
eE
4
qCJBgfIk
He founded the data journalism website
FiveThirtyEight
.com (
http
://
fivethirtyeight
.com/
) where his team looks at, analyzes, and uses statistics and probability in the everyday areas of politics, economics, science, life, and sports. Check it out, I think you'll like it!
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Good Will Hunting (1997)
Peaceful Warrior (2006)
Rain Man (1988)
Girl Interrupted
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
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Using the main characters in the movie you chose, answer the following questions:
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•How does self-efficacy relate to personality?
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https://youtu.be/1d0O8MAMyAM
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.
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Warehousing
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2.
Packaging and Material Management
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Please respond to the following:
Based on the lecture and Webtext materials, address the following:
Identify and discuss a specific event in the U.S. where social upheaval occurred.
Analyze specific reasons why developed nations do not experience the same kinds of social upheaval.
Discuss substantive ways in which armed conflict can contribute to or distract a developing economy and infrastructure.
Note
: Please discuss all issues in a sensitive and respectful manner. When discussing a developing country, focus on the country you will use for Assignment 1 next week. Cite your sources. Include one source outside the webtext or lecture.
1968 was a year of social upheaval in the U.S. Consider these events and others as you respond to the discussion question this week.
The
Tet Offensive
was a surprise military action launched by
North Vietnam
in January 1968 against South Vietnam and allied U.S. forces.
The Johnson administration's poor handling of this event and lack of honesty in addressing the American public gave momentum to the anti-war movement.
Both
Martin Luther King
Jr. and Democratic presidential candidate
Robert Kennedy
were assassinated in the spring of 1968.
Also in the spring of 1968, student activists organized campus protests, rallies,
sit-ins
, and marches, culminating in the largest student strike in U.S. history on April 26.
The Democratic National Convention was disrupted by anti-war demonstrations.
.
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Select one among the following groups from Chapter 1:
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Abused individuals
Chronically ill and disabled people
People diagnosed with HIV/AIDS
People diagnosed with mental conditions
Suicide- and homicide-liable people
People affected by alcohol and substance abuse
Indigent and homeless people
Immigrants and refugees
Groups for special consideration (you may propose a different vulnerable population at the consent of the instructor)
Once you have selected a group of interest, write a three page paper that covers the following:
Discuss the impact that at least two of the factors below have on the vulnerability of your chosen group:
Age
Gender
Culture/Ethnicity
Income
Analyze the intersection of social, political, and economic factors affecting vulnerability (must address all three factors).
Draft the design of a new model program, not currently existent within your community. Provide a two- to- three paragraph statement that introduces your proposed community program. This section is tentative and might change as you conduct more research. At a minimum, however, items to address should include:
An explanation of the issues and risk factors experienced by the selected population.
An evaluation of the health needs of the group and a proposed continuum of care level (preventive, treatment, or long-term care) based on the group’s issues, risk factors, and needs. Justify the proposed level with supportive research/evidence.
A description of one to two proposed services your program will include.
Your assignment should be a minimum of three pages in length (excluding title and reference pages), and should include a minimum of three scholarly sources cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
Voices of DemocracyThe documents created at the inception of Ameri.docxalehosickg3
Voices of Democracy
The documents created at the inception of American democracy trace their lineage to the Magna Carta signed by King John of England in 1215. The Magna Carta was written by King John’s Barons to protect their rights and property from the King. They forced the King to affix his seal to the document under threat of civil war. The American colonists believed they were the inheritors of those rights from the King of England and as a result the Magna Carta was an inspiration for the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson, in the Declaration of Independence, wrote about every man’s fundamental right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The framers of the United States Constitution sought to design a system of government that would help make the ideals of the Declaration of Independence a reality. Today, United States Supreme Court justices refer to the Constitution as “the supreme law of the land” for guidance as they attempt to adjudicate modern-day conflicts. Much of the influence and authority of the Supreme Court rests in the interpretation of the original concepts and principles of the Constitution.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Declaration of Independence in this week’s Learning Resources. Focus on the democratic principles outlined in the document.
Review the transcript of the Constitution of the United States in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the relationship between the principles summarized in the Constitution and those detailed in the Declaration of Independence.
Review the article “Magna Carta and Its American Legacy” in this week’s Learning Resources. Think about how the Magna Carta influenced concepts and principles in founding documents of democracy.
Peruse the Supreme Court of the United States website and review arguments for current cases.
Select a democratic concept or principle that is represented in the Declaration of Independence and/or the Constitution.
Think about where and how your selection appears in the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, and how it might be used by a Supreme Court justice in a Supreme Court case. If you live outside the United States, how do you think this democratic principle might affect the court system in your country?
With these thoughts in mind:
Post by Day 4
an analysis of the democratic concept or principle represented in the Declaration of Independence and/or the Constitution you selected for this Discussion and an explanation of why you selected it.Explain how the concept or principle might be used by a Supreme Court justice in a modern-day Supreme Court case to adjudicate a current conflict.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
.
Vital statistics collected by federal, state, & local governments ar.docxalehosickg3
Vital statistics collected by federal, state, & local governments are the raw data used for research in epidemiology, environmental health, social & behavioral factors in health, and the medical care system. List 3 ways these vital statistics are used as part of public health's assessment function. Explain why this data is necessary (be specific).
Define what is meant by chronic disease and chronic disease management. Give an example of how Public Health/Epidemiology has impacted chronic disease management. List 2 strategies to mitigate/limit the effects of an identified 'chronic disease'.
Each question 100 -200 word , please provide refrence
.
Vladimir Putin was recently reelected to another term as President o.docxalehosickg3
Vladimir Putin was recently reelected to another term as President of Russia (2012). Based on your readings and your knowledge, do you feel that Russia is ready to resume its role as superpower much like they did during the Cold War as a result of Putin’s continued leadership? Does Russian aggression in Ukraine since 2013 constitute the first incident of a “new Cold War” whereby Russia will seek to reacquire the former Soviet Republics, such as Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia, amongst others.
.
Vissing (2011) explains culture as an organized system of living an.docxalehosickg3
Vissing (2011) explains culture as “an organized system of living and thinking. It contains shared attitudes, values, goals, and behaviors that are present in individuals, groups, organizations, or regions of the world” (p. 24). After reading Chapter 3 in the text and “The Relation Between Culture and Social Structure,” summarize some of the ways that the role of culture can shape our expectations about how people are supposed to behave. Moreover, discuss how culture is involved in the consequences when a person does not behave as one is supposed to. Be sure to use the following terms in your explanation:
values
,
norms
,
material
,
status
,
groups
, and
roles
.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
Reference:
Vissing, Y. (2011).
Introduction to sociology
. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
.
Visit the Endeavour Space Shuttle (I Already went there) at the .docxalehosickg3
Visit the
Endeavour Space Shuttle
(I Already went there) at the Science Center. It's near USC in downtown LA.
Instructions:
2-page report, single spaced, font 12 pts. Times New Roman, and 1 inch margins. Your report should contain a discussion of how
any
aspect of what you learned in your visit about (Endeavour Space Shuttle) connects to any class material (Ch. 1 thru 14) covered. Tell me what you learned and how it connects to class.
In other words, describe a specific space mission, project, or instrument and describe how the technology, science, or engineering connects to the material in our class. Be very specific for full credit.
Note: "Consider this a technical research project; basic equations are helpful and expected"
.
Visit the Endeavour Space Shuttle (any day) at the Science Cente.docxalehosickg3
Visit the
Endeavour Space Shuttle
(any day) at the Science Center. Fees vary so visit the
Reservation Desk
for info. For
directions click here
. It's near USC in downtown LA.
Instructions:
2-page report, single spaced, font 12 pts. Times New Roman, and 1 inch margins. Your report should contain a discussion of how
any
aspect of what you learned in your visit(s) connects to any class material (Ch. 1 thru 14) covered. Tell me what you learned and how it connects to class. In other words,describe a specific space mission, project, or instrument and describe how the technology, science, or engineering connects to the material in our class. Be very specific for full credit.
Consider this a technical research project; basic equations are helpful and expected.
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Teaching CaseManaging themove to the cloud – analyzingth
1. Teaching Case
Managing themove to the cloud – analyzing
the risks and opportunities of cloud-based
accounting information systems
Aleksandre Asatiani, Esko Penttinen
Aalto University School of Business, Department of Information
and Service Economy, Finland
Correspondence:
A Asatiani, Aalto University School of Business, Department of
Information Systems Science, P.O. Box 1210
(Runeberginkatu 14-16), 00760, Helsinki, Finland.
Tel: +358 40 193 1391
Abstract
The accounting industry is being disrupted by the introduction
of cloud-based accounting
information systems (AIS) that allow for a more efficient
allocation of work between the
accountant and the client company. In cloud-based AIS, the
accountant and the client
company as well as third parties such as auditors can
simultaneously work on the data in real
time. This, in turn, enables a much more granular division of
work between the parties. This
teaching case considers Kluuvin Apteekki, a small pharmacy
business whose owner faces
critical management decisions on how to embrace this new
opportunity to move to the cloud.
Students are guided to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks
of cloud computing in the
2. specific context of accounting services. Also, the owner must
make a set of critical decisions
concerning which tasks to outsource. The accounting process
comprises of several tasks and
sub-tasks, adding to the complexity of the decision making
problem. The main learning
outcome of the case is related to the development of the skills
and competencies needed in
creating a strong business case for implementing IT-enabled
business processes.
Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases (2015) 5,
27–34. doi:10.1057/jittc.2015.5;
published online 5 May 2015
Keywords: cloud computing; cloud-based accounting
information systems; selective outsour-
cing; accounting processes
Introduction
I t is 6 pm on Saturday and Kluuvin Apteekki, a pharmacy
indowntown Helsinki has closed an hour ago.
KluuvinApteekki’s sole owner and chief pharmacist Pia Moksi
is
sitting in her small office at the back of the pharmacy. Other
employees have already left home and Pia has just finalized the
closing routine; the weekend is finally here. Even though it has
been a very long week, Pia is not in a hurry to leave. This is one
of the rare moments when she has some time to reflect on
what has been going on in the pharmacy during the week and
think about the future. She noticed already a while ago that, in
the last couple of years, moments like this have become a rare
luxury.
Managing a pharmacy in the highly competitive environ-
ment of the Finnish capital was never an easy task. However,
as business grew, the amount of administrative work related to
4. pharmacists (higher degree), three pharmacists, two techni-
cians, as well as nine part-time employees: two pharmacists,
a beautician, two technicians and four pharmacist trainees
(see Figure 1). The turnover of the company last year was
around €2.2 million.
Kluuvin Apteekki was established four years ago and has
been growing ever since. In addition to the main pharmacy in
the city centre, Kluuvin Apteekki recently opened another
small pharmacy in the district of Merihaka (Figure 2), which
employs one of the certified pharmacists and contributes €419
thousand to the turnover.
The pharmacy business in Helsinki is very competitive and
at the same time, highly regulated by the state. Prescription
drug sales and marketing are tightly controlled, and so are
the other aspects of the business, such as the location of
the pharmacies, their density in particular areas as well as the
number of stores each company can own simultaneously. All
this leaves limited space for creating competitive advantage.
Thus, Kluuvin Apteekki always tried to stand out by offering
exceptional customer service and by organizing clever sales
campaigns for items not regulated by state (e.g. beauty and
personal-care products). In addition, Pia has paid special
attention to administrative efficiency to keep operation costs
down.
Accounting process in Kluuvin Apteekki
The overall accounting process in Kluuvin Apteekki consists
of five main groups of tasks: sales, purchases, payments,
reporting and payroll. Each of these groups consist of three–
six tasks that need to be completed, which add up to 22
accounting tasks in total. Table 1 provides a concise descrip-
tion of each group. The list of all tasks is presented in Table
A1, Appendix.
5. Even though the tasks are essentially the same across
different companies, there is no silver bullet for accounting
related problems as the complexity of each task can vary
greatly from company to company (see Figure 3 for an
illustration of the generic accounting process in a Finnish
SME). Each accounting task has its own specifics, and
depending on the company context, it may require a different
amount of information, workload, or expertise. For example,
for a company with one or two permanent employees, the
processing of the payroll can be a non-issue, as the process
would be mostly the same every month. However, for a
company employing tens or even hundreds of part-time
workers with fluctuating work shifts and high employee
turnover, the process can become very complex.
Pia Moksi is no stranger to the pharmacy administration
with experience of nearly 20 years; first as a pharmacist and an
administrator of a pharmacy in a small town in Eastern
Finland for 15 years and then the last four years as the owner
of Kluuvin Apteekki. She knows the ins and outs of the
business. Therefore, at the start, she made a decision to do all
of the accounting tasks herself in Kluuvin Apteekki. This made
a lot of sense as Pia has a rich experience of dealing with
pharmacy accounting under her belt as well as tens of hours
spent on self-education, accounting courses, and seminars.
Transferring all this expertise to an employee seemed like a
huge task with an uncertain outcome.
Pia uses a number of information systems in order to deal
with the tasks. In addition to the widely used Microsoft Excel,
Pia has acquired software specialized for pharmacies in Fin-
land to manage product, client and supplier registers, and to
keep track of invoices. Even though Pia is familiar with
electronic banking, the effort to digitize the invoicing process
has not been successful. Last year, all of the 630 outgoing sales
invoices were sent in paper by traditional mail, and out of the
6. 840 received purchase invoices, 92% were received as paper,
5% were as email attachments and only 3% as structured
e-invoices.1 The reason is that Kluuvin Apteekki is a small
player on the market, with very little influence on either
suppliers or buyers to persuade them to switch to e-invoicing.
Big suppliers usually enforce their mode of invoicing to
smaller buyers, as well as their own information systems to
process them. The pharmacy business is regulated and there
are very few suppliers to deal with, thus Kluuvin Apteekki
does not always have an alternative. On the positive side, the
suppliers remain unchanged throughout the years, making the
processing of their invoices relatively easy, once the invoicing
method is adopted.
Payroll processing in Kluuvin Apteekki is quite complex as
nine out of the 16 employees work part-time. On average,
part-time employees work three six-hour shifts per week.
However, this varies somewhat depending on the workload
and availability of workers. Therefore, Pia has to record hours
performed by workers every day. State legislation and collec-
tive agreements in the pharmacy industry also oblige employ-
ers to keep track of things like overtime work, public holidays,
evening hours, and employee experience. These need to be
factored in when paying salaries. Irregularities such as sick and
maternity leaves add to the administrative burden, as they
have to be processed accordingly. The payroll is also very
sensitive to inaccuracies, as it deals directly with the employ-
ees’ pay checks. Unpaid hours or missing overtime pay may
cause tensions very quickly and, therefore, would require swift
action to minimize the damage to employee morale.
On one hand, tasks related to reporting are less frequent
than any other process in accounting. On the other hand, they
are the most difficult and complex to process. Books need to
be closed in the end of each financial period and everything
has to be checked thoroughly. Errors in the reporting process
7. might have far-reaching consequences and, therefore, Pia
considers them to be associated with high risk. For example,
calculations have to be done carefully in order to deduce the
right amount of tax to be paid. Errors in annual reports may
also lead to heavy fines from the tax authorities. Apart from
the mathematical precision and attention to detail, reporting
requires good knowledge of the tax regulations and a vision
related to the financials of the company, as those allow the
Owner/Chief
pharmacist
Certified pharmacist
(Merihaka branch)
5 pharmacists (3 full-
time, 2 part-time)
4 technicians (2 full-
time, 2 part-time) +
Beautician
4 pharmacist trainees
Figure 1 Organizational structure at Kluuvin Apteekki.
Managing the move to the cloud A Asatiani and E Penttinen
28
company to efficiently invest its income to the development of
the business and minimize the amount of the taxes paid.
Moreover, tax regulations change from year to year and,
therefore, Pia thinks that the person doing to the reporting
8. process needs to be trained yearly to keep up to date on these
changes in tax legislation.
Accounting services in Finland
The market of outsourcing financial administration is highly
competitive in Finland. At the moment, more than 4000
independent accounting companies offer their services, and
there are more than 150 information systems that help
companies to accomplish the task. A few of those systems are
cloud-based accounting information systems (AIS), a new
breed of systems that offer the whole service and all function-
alities over the Internet. Many cloud-based AIS also connect
their system with third party digital services from banks and
authorities, making it easy to conduct transactions and
government reports electronically. The software providers
usually operate through the accounting companies that sell
the software forward to their customers bundled together with
the accounting services (see Figure 4). For this reason, the
software providers accentuate the features that allow for
simultaneous work on the data by multiple parties (such as
the accountant, the client company, and the auditor), paving
the way for more efficient outsourcing arrangements. While
such a set-up enables the client company to smoothly move
from one accountant to another if needed (provided they work
with the same cloud system), client companies become highly
dependent on the of cloud service provider.
Cloud computing
For some time, Pia has been considering to reorganize her
accounting process. While searching for information on
alternatives, she came across the concept of cloud-based AIS,
which, at the same time, intrigued and puzzled her. According
to the local vendors of cloud-based AIS, their systems made
accounting easier by greatly automating the process, integrat-
ing all the company data into one service, and allowing its
9. users to receive the information in real time. What is more,
these cloud-based accounting information systems also
allowed their users to outsource accounting processes in a
flexible manner. ‘Because everything is on the Internet, it is all
very flexible. You can freely choose the tasks you want to
outsource and, at the same time, maintain control over the
process, thanks to the real-time features provided by the
system,’ the representative of the accounting company tried
to comfort Pia, noticing a skepticism in her look.
All this sounded very attractive, but Pia did not want to take
anything at face value. So she decided to find out more. She
read some research papers on cloud and they informed Pia
that cloud computing refers to the information technology
service model, where hardware and software services are
delivered on-demand to customers across distributed IT
resources and network in a self-service fashion, independent
of the device and location (Motahari-Nezhad et al., 2009;
Marston et al., 2011). Also, she learned that cloud has three
service models. First, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model
provides on-demand, ready-to-use software over the network
to the user, familiar examples being consumer products such
as Dropbox and Google Docs. Second, Platform-as-a-Service
offers users a capability to deploy their own software or third
party software compatible with the cloud provider’s environ-
ment. Third, Infrastructure-as-a-Service provides only funda-
mental resources, such as computational power, networking
and storage (Figure 5).
In addition to the service models, Pia discovered that cloud
has different deployment models. A private cloud is a secure
solution that assumes that the implementation of all layers of
cloud (infrastructure, platform and software) stays within the
company IT. While this solution offers high levels of control
over the service, security, and privacy of the data, it is also
expensive as the company takes all the responsibility of
11. manner, which are affordable and attractive to IT customers
and investors (Motahari-Nezhad et al., 2009). It can be argued
that the promising business benefits of the cloud resulted in
high expectations.
Again, all this sounded interesting and promising if some-
times unclear and confusing. As a result of her research, she
identified three systems that seemed to be worth considering
(see Table 2). Pia evaluated three systems highlighting the
important dimensions, such as user interface, integration
capabilities, modularity, and price.
The great promises, presented by cloud vendors, were
backed up with clever jargon, numbers, and overall excite-
ment. However, as Pia is looking for the solution for her
business, she cannot tolerate any uncertainty. ‘ “Good enough”
is not good enough for me,’ thought Pia. Therefore, she
decided to go beyond abstract benefits and concentrate on
the concrete features of cloud computing.
Cloud computing is associated with lower costs as the whole
service runs on the computers of the service provider. Also,
cloud-based systems are delivered as SaaS, which means that
there are no costly investments into the software licenses, and
the user can pay for everything based on usage. However, Pia
has already invested in her software and any payment for the
new system seemed like an additional cost. The ‘pay per use’
-model, offered by some systems, was also suspicious to her as
she already had to deal with possible hidden costs from
accountants, and this seemed like another possible source of
such costs. ‘You need to think the long term,’ said the
representative of the accounting company, ‘The demand for
accounting services for a small business like you varies greatly
and, therefore, paying for it per use would end up in large
savings in the long term compared to the fixed fee.’ Still, to
12. Pia it seemed like an additional problem of crafting and
managing service-level agreements with both the accountant
and the software provider, while constantly expecting unpleas -
ant surprises.
The other advertised benefits of the cloud systems seemed
to be centred on scalability, flexibility, and accessibility.
Vendors of cloud-based software claimed that their systems
could integrate all the company’s processes in the same place
and allow access 24/7 from any Internet connected device.
Furthermore, because the data does not have to be stored and
processed by the clients’ computers, services can be rearranged
in real time. This, in turn, adds to the flexibility of the process:
Pia may decide, for example, to process more invoices herself
without changing the agreements with the accountant. This
meant that Pia could opt for minimal services at the begin-
ning, but scale her usage as needed any time. All these benefits
related to scalability and flexibility sounded very exciting. Pia
thought that with the cloud-based systems it would be much
easier to expand her business and open new pharmacies, as the
software required for operations will be already accessible
from day one. However, at the same time she had mixed
feelings. Powerful data centres, application integration, virtual
business environments … Is all this still suitable for a small
company like hers? Does she really need all these capabilities,
which – no doubt – come at a price? Are there some benefits to
cloud systems that are less ambitious but would be extremely
helpful for her particular business?
Accessibility was, on the other hand, more tangible and
extremely interesting for Pia. ‘Just imagine I could be on top of
things from anywhere,’ thought Pia. With the cloud system,
she would be able to work together with her accountant from
any location as long as she has an Internet connection. She
could check the status of her company in real time, using the
software at conferences or even at home in her cosy armchair
13. instead of spending long winter evenings at a closed phar-
macy, after all her employees had already left home. Currently,
Pia’s system does not allow for the real-time inclusion of
accountants and auditors in the work processes. In the current
set-up, the data is not accessible to multiple parties simulta-
neously, and, therefore, it would need to be manually sent
between these parties each time changes are made in the
system.
Accessibility also solved an important issue of control for
Pia. Her main concern with the outsourcing of accounting was
her inability to check what the third party accountant does.
‘Now, with this new cloud system, I can actually outsource the
accounting, but at the same time keep my hand on the pulse,
by being able to check each and every transaction from my
phone, or tablet at any given moment,’ thought Pia. However,
with this luxury, there came a number of problems. ‘This
means I have to share all my data with the software provider,
Table 1 Groups of accounting tasks at Kluuvin Apteekki
Group of
tasks
Description
Sales Sales represent a detailed itemization of sales
made, presented in date sequence. It may also
contain credits issued that reduce the amount of
sales (e.g. for products returned by customers).
The information in a sales ledger can be quite
detailed, including such items as the sale date,
invoice number, customer name, items sold, sale
amounts, freight charged, sales taxes, value-added
tax, and so on.
14. Purchases The purchase ledger is a sub-ledger in which all
purchases made by Kluuvin Apteekki are
recorded. The purchase ledger shows which
purchases have been paid for and which
purchases remain outstanding. A typical
transaction entered into the purchase ledger will
record an account payable, followed at a later date
by a payment transaction that eliminates the
account payable.
Payments Payments refer to all monetary transactions
between Kluuvin Apteekki and third parties for
the goods or services that are purchased by the
company or additional fees and payments due.
Reporting Accounting reports are referred to as periodic
statements, which show the financial position of a
firm at a given time or over a stated period,
resulting from its business transactions and
operations.
Payroll Payroll refers to the amount paid to employees
for services they provided during a certain period
of time and is crucial to the companies as payroll
and payroll taxes can significantly affect the net
income of the company.
Managing the move to the cloud A Asatiani and E Penttinen
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which, from all I know, can be on the other side of the world.’
Pia has been following the news, and privacy and data security
seemed like a big deal with all these Internet services. Every-
thing from companies misusing customer data to governmen-
15. tal spying seemed to be present, which was not reassuring Pia.
‘News are news, but is it really worth it to put the privacy of
my business data at risk?’ she thought.
‘And what happens if I want to change my software
provider or accountant?’ Pia wondered. The latter, according
to the representative of accounting company, was easy: ‘All the
data and tools are in the cloud, so you can leave us at any given
moment.’ However, the fact that ‘all the data and tools are in
the cloud’ was troubling Pia. The prospect of being locked-in
into one software provider was not very appealing. ‘But what if
I want to change the software? What if the software provider
goes out of business? Would it be at all possible to move my
stuff to the other vendor?’ Pia had not got proper answers to
these questions from her potential software vendors.
Pia was also worried about cloud-related integration issues.
Cloud-based services are not immune to the problems related
to integration with existing databases, software and other
cloud services (Willcocks et al., 2013). Pia after all, had
existing accounting arrangements and information systems
employed to manage them. How would those systems and
Generic Accounting Process
R
ep
or
tin
g
S
al
19. Prep.annual
pension
insurance
Financial
statements
Annual tax
report
Annual statistics
report
Figure 3 Generic accounting process in Finnish SMEs.
Managing the move to the cloud A Asatiani and E Penttinen
31
data work with the new cloud systems? Would there be some
migration issues? What would be an impact to her business?
After analyzing the benefits and risks of the cloud, Pia had
mixed feelings about the cloud and outsourcing of accounting
tasks. Are the benefits worth the risks? Or do the risks of both
outsourcing and cloud overweigh the benefits they can
provide? Which provider should Pia choose? Does cloud and
outsourcing suit her company in general?
Process arrangements in cloud
Reflecting on the current state of affairs for some time on that
Saturday evening, Pia started to realize that she needed to act
soon. Maintaining the status quo in this situation could
jeopardize the growth of her business as well as have a
20. damaging effect on the efficiency of operations. However, Pia
realized that adopting a cloud-based AIS was just the begin-
ning of a journey. Technology is an important piece in a
jigsaw, but it is not all that matters. Without appropriate
process reorganization, Pia’s migration to the cloud would
have limited positive effect, if any.
Throughout these 4 years, Pia has several times been
coming back to the idea of using external help to deal with
accounting. The conversations during the Pharmacy Days
earlier this year motivated her to come back to this question
once again. However, this time she decided to go one step
further. Pia conducted an Internet research of outsourcing
options, surveyed her friends and colleagues with outsourcing
experience, and even met representatives from a couple of
accounting companies offering their services. In spite of the
rich information Pia received as a result of the effort, the
decision seemed to be more complex than ever. For one, Pia
was now certain that outsourcing is not a binary decision with
only yes and no answers. Contrary to that, the current
landscape of accounting outsourcing, offered a variety of
options. Some of the people she talked with, outsourced most
or all of the accounting, while others had delegated just the
payroll and reporting to the third party. Yet another contact
admitted that he had settled for outsourcing invoicing,
performing the rest of the tasks himself. What made matters
worse was the fact that everyone claimed that their way of
arranging tasks with their accounting service provider was the
best balance between the potential risks and benefits.
As a result, Pia decided to focus on her own situation and
hope that the right solution would emerge in the end. The
main reason she considered to outsource in the first place was
the desire to have more time to concentrate on the core
business of the pharmacy.
21. One of the biggest promises of outsourcing is the ability of
the company to concentrate on core competences. Focusing
on core competencies, in turn, frees up resources to be used
more productively. This benefit was clear to Pia. She herself
felt that she could have been investing so much more time on
thinking about growth opportunities and strategic choices for
her pharmacy rather than spending time on accounting
processes. Pia also remembered how much outsourcing helped
some of her colleagues to concentrate on management and
strategy development.
‘And besides, you get access to the professionals, they make
their living from accounting, they surely are better at these
things than us, pharmacists,’ Pia recalled the comment from
Sami, a fellow pharmacy owner she met during Pharmacy Days.
On one hand, this sounded logical, as she did not have, after all,
a formal accounting or business education and her experience,
however long, was limited to her particular pharmacy. There-
fore, a professional accountant should provide a quality service,
and perhaps one or two tricks that would improve the efficiency
of the process. On the other hand, doing accounting on her own,
she is in control of the situation. Can she trust an external
accounting company with such critical processes just like she
trusts herself? ‘It takes me a long time to make sure there are no
inaccuracies and errors. In other words, will some stranger have
the same commitment to my business as I do?’ Pia thought.
Besides, she heard some stories from her friends who had to
change their accountants because of the fact that the service
provider had been incompetent or irresponsible.
Another big motivator for outsourcing seems to be cost
reduction. ‘Accounting takes a lot of my time, and I am too
expensive,’ thought Pia. ‘But, what kind of cost savings are we
talking about?’ Pia asked herself trying to understand how this
benefit would be relevant to her pharmacy business. Estimating
22. the costs of outsourcing seemed to be a difficult task. While on
the surface everything was clear, her meetings with accountants
left Pia suspicious. There were fixed fees, like software licenses
and a basic monthly service fee, but there also seemed to be a
potential for some hidden costs. ‘Well, it is difficult to say like
that, it all depends on the workload, like the number of invoices
your company needs to process, or whether it is the end of the
financial period,’ answered a representative of one of the
accounting companies to Pia’s question about the precise cost
of the service. ‘But, the fee is always fair and our clients are
always happy,’ he added. Pia thought, ‘Maybe I am expensive,
but at least I know how expensive.’
The above mentioned risks seemed potentially catastrophic,
in case they materialized. Her pharmacy business is small and
Cloud-
based AIS
Accounting
company
Customer Cloud-based AIS
provider
AIS
development
Customer
data
Acc
oun
ting
ser
23. vic
es
Banking Tax office 3
rd party services (e.g.
invoice scanning)
Figure 4 Structure of outsourcing relationship in cloud-based
accounting
information systems.
SaaS
Software-as-a-Service
PaaS
Platform-as-a-Service
IaaS
Infrastructure-as-a-Service
End-user applications (e.g.
accounting applications)
Application development platforms
(e.g. Microsoft Azure)
Hardware infrastructure (e.g.
servers)
Figure 5 Cloud service models.
Managing the move to the cloud A Asatiani and E Penttinen
32
24. Pia would not be able to afford paying increased service fees. In
addition, accounting companies have multiple customers, many
of which are much larger and potentially more interesting than
her pharmacy. Howwould she ensure that an accounting service
provider would take her interests into account and value their
relationship? How can she ensure high level of quality and
anticipate the increase in rates? Surely, a service contract would
be made, but Pia is no lawyer, and fine print in the contract may
always turn against her. ‘It was completely her fault and the law
was on our side, but what could we do? Going to the court
would have been more time consuming and expensive. So we
just switched to another firm,’ said one of Pia’s colleagues
during
a recent phone conversation.
All these questions were heavily weighing on her mind. If
after the Pharmacy Days she was quite excited about the whole
idea of outsourcing, after considering its risks, she was not at
all sure anymore if this is the right decision. ‘But after all,
it can’t be that bad, my friends and competitors have made it
work,’ thought Pia and continued ‘And I can really use all that
free time I could get from getting rid of accounting.’ She could
also start slow, try outsourcing some processes and continue
others by herself for a while. But how to choose which
processes to outsource then? On the basis of what? What
would be the optimal combination, or timeframe? What
outsourcing arrangements would optimally utilize the cloud?
Discussion questions
Pia is at a crossroads with important decisions that will affect
the
fate of her whole company. She needs to find answers to the
important questions and define what would be the best solution
25. for her company. She turns to you as a strategy and transforma-
tion consultant to help her in analyzing the accounting
processes
at Kluuvin Apteekki and to determine the course of action that
she as the owner should take regarding these processes.
Specifically, she wants you to answer the following ques-
tions with solid arguments:
1. Which cloud-based accounting information system should
Pia select and why?
2. Should Pia be worried about possible lock-in with either
accountant or system provider?
3. How should Pia mitigate the possible data security risks?
4. Is price an important factor when choosing the system?
5. What is the optimal division of work between Pia and the
accountant? Should Pia outsource all the accounting tasks,
use selective outsourcing, or keep all tasks to herself?
Evaluate each accounting task on their suitability to out-
sourcing in the cloud context. Use Table A1 provided in
Appendix and discuss the implications of your choices.
6. How to ensure a good fit between the selected system and
the work arrangement?
7. What are the transaction costs incurred by the decision?
8. What about long term strategy? Reflect on the implications
of your choices in the future.
Note
1 Structured e-invoice refers to an invoice that is transmitted
electronically in a structured format. A structured e-invoice may
26. Table 2 Viable cloud-based accounting information systems
available to Kluuvin Apteekki
System 1 System 2 System 3
System user interface User-oriented (high level
of usability)
Function-oriented (highly
efficient interface)
Function-oriented (highly efficient
interface)
Target user of the system Client company Accountant
Accountant
Connection to accounting
service
Unbundled from
accounting services
Unbundled from accounting
services. Optional services from
partner network.
Tied with accounting services
Customer-specific
customization
Limited to standard
settings
Limited to standard settings Moderate customization upon
27. request
Integration with third
party enterprise systems
Integrated with partner
apps
No third party integration Limited integration upon request
Integration with third
party reporting and
payment services
Limited Yes Yes
Modularitya No Yes No
Years in business 9 14 30
Provider origin International Finland Finland
Price Starting at €20/month,
+transaction feesb
+accountant feesc
Starting at €69/month,
+transaction feesb +accountant
feesc
Starting at €150/month (no
transaction fees, package includes 2h
of accounting services)
aAbility to use only certain modules of the system
bTransaction fee is €0.95/transaction (charged for sales and
purchase invoices and monthly salary payments)
28. cAccounting services typically cost approximately €65/h in
Finland
Typically, an accountant spends 5min per invoice (sales or
purchase invoice including payment and VAT calculations), 7
min per employee
payroll calculations (including salary payment) per empl oyee
per month. In addition, an accountant spends around 3 h on
annual reports
once a year.
Managing the move to the cloud A Asatiani and E Penttinen
33
be in EDI (electronic data interchange) or XML (extensible
mark-
up language) formats. The essential difference between
structured
e-invoice and non-structured invoice is that a structured e-
invoice
is machine-readable.
References
Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J. and Ghalsasi,
A. (2011). Cloud
Computing – the Business Perspective, Decision Support
Systems 51(1): 176–189.
Motahari-Nezhad, H.R., Stephenson, B. and Singhal, S. (2009).
Outsourcing
Business to Cloud Computing Services: Opportunities and
Challenges,
Technical Report HPL-2009-23.
29. Willcocks, L., Venters, W. and Whitley, E.A. (2013). Moving to
the Cloud
Corporation: How to Face the Challenges and Harness the
Potential of Cloud
Computing. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
About the authors
Aleksandre Asatiani is doctoral candidate at the department
of information and service economy and a research coordi-
nator at the Real-Time Economy Competence Center at Aalto
University School of Business. His research focuses on adop-
tion and use of cloud in organizations, and technology-based
innovation.
Esko Penttinen is Professor of Practice at Aalto University
School of Business. Esko leads the Real-Time Economy
Competence Center and he is also chairman of XBRL Finland.
His research interests include adoption of inter-organizational
information systems, focusing on application areas such as
electronic financial systems, and government reporting.
Table A1 Accounting processes in Kluuvin Apteekki
In-house Outsourced
Sales Client register maintenance
Product register maintenance
Sending sales invoices
Handling of sales invoices
Sending note of complaint
Sales ledger maintenance
Purchases Supplier register maintenance
Receiving purchase invoices
Handling purchase invoices
30. Handling purchase, travel & other costs
Purchases ledger maintenance
Payroll Personnel register maintenance
Basic payroll data maintenance
Payroll calculations
Reporting Preparation of balance sheet and income statement
Preparation and sending of VAT
Preparation and sending of annual salary reports
Preparation and sending of annual pension insurance reports
Payments Periodic VAT payments
Salary payments
Payments for purchases, travel and other expenses
Monthly payroll tax payments
Appendix
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