PPT is for teachers who are eager to know the content of seventh standard Biology text book. Based of TamilNadu State board syllabus. This is Part I. Kindly use it for your exam preparation and teaching. Use with out paying anything to anyone. Give and share to others.
Dr. Mahr-un-Nisa has over 13 years of experience in teaching and research. She has taught both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in human and animal nutrition. She has supervised 4 PhD students and 15 MSc students. She has published over 150 research articles and authored/co-authored 5 books and several other publications. She has also completed over 8 research projects and is currently working on 2 projects. She has received several awards for her research productivity and teaching. She is actively involved in various administrative roles and extracurricular activities at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad.
This document provides an overview of animal breeding and genetics concepts. It discusses what animal breeding is, defines a breed, and covers the two fundamental questions faced by animal breeders: what is the best animal and how do you breed animals to improve future generations. Key methods discussed include selection, mating, identification, recording, and estimating breeding values. A brief history of animal breeding is also provided.
The document discusses the work of the Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems (CIKS) relating to traditional rice varieties in Tamil Nadu over the past 25 years. CIKS has been involved in conservation of seeds, scaling up cultivation, developing organic production methods, and linking farmers to markets. Recent support from GIZ enabled characterization of nutritional properties of varieties and increased cultivation. The publication summarizes CIKS's efforts and traditional knowledge on rice varieties from sources like Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. It also assesses the marketing potential for traditional varieties.
This document provides an overview of a course on basic plant breeding techniques. The course objectives are to understand how breeders meet breeding goals, learn classical and modern breeding methods, and see examples of genetics' importance in modern breeding. Key learning outcomes are to understand plant breeding developments, basics of genetics, and breeding concepts. The document then discusses the history and milestones of plant breeding, achievements in various crops, activities in plant breeding like creation of variation and selection, and breeding objectives like increasing yield and improving quality. It also covers concepts of centers of origin and diversity first proposed by Vavilov.
This document provides information on various topics related to animal husbandry and agriculture. It discusses animal husbandry practices like dairy farm management and poultry farm management. It also covers topics like animal breeding techniques, fisheries, beekeeping, plant breeding practices including those for disease resistance and food quality improvement, green revolution, and mutation breeding. The document aims to educate about scientific livestock and crop management for increased food production.
The Crop Ontology is a controlled vocabulary for plant breeding data that aims to standardize terminology across crops and languages. It provides definitions and relationships between trait terms to improve data sharing and analysis. The ontology is being developed collaboratively by crop experts and is mapped to other related ontologies. It is powering various crop databases and tools to allow interoperability of phenotypic and genetic data.
Research and innovation: key inputs for sustainable developmentSIANI
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) is a pan-African organization headquartered in Kenya that conducts research and capacity building on insects and their application across Africa. The organization has over 500 staff from 42 countries working across four thematic areas of plant, animal, human, and environmental health. Key projects include developing the push-pull technology to control stemborers and Striga weed in crops, researching fall armyworm impact on maize, discovering disease-blocking symbionts in mosquitoes, and developing odor-baited traps and repellents to manage tsetse flies. Icipe also researches the use of insects for food, feed, and their extraction of oils and
Dr. Mahr-un-Nisa has over 13 years of experience in teaching and research. She has taught both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in human and animal nutrition. She has supervised 4 PhD students and 15 MSc students. She has published over 150 research articles and authored/co-authored 5 books and several other publications. She has also completed over 8 research projects and is currently working on 2 projects. She has received several awards for her research productivity and teaching. She is actively involved in various administrative roles and extracurricular activities at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad.
This document provides an overview of animal breeding and genetics concepts. It discusses what animal breeding is, defines a breed, and covers the two fundamental questions faced by animal breeders: what is the best animal and how do you breed animals to improve future generations. Key methods discussed include selection, mating, identification, recording, and estimating breeding values. A brief history of animal breeding is also provided.
The document discusses the work of the Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems (CIKS) relating to traditional rice varieties in Tamil Nadu over the past 25 years. CIKS has been involved in conservation of seeds, scaling up cultivation, developing organic production methods, and linking farmers to markets. Recent support from GIZ enabled characterization of nutritional properties of varieties and increased cultivation. The publication summarizes CIKS's efforts and traditional knowledge on rice varieties from sources like Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. It also assesses the marketing potential for traditional varieties.
This document provides an overview of a course on basic plant breeding techniques. The course objectives are to understand how breeders meet breeding goals, learn classical and modern breeding methods, and see examples of genetics' importance in modern breeding. Key learning outcomes are to understand plant breeding developments, basics of genetics, and breeding concepts. The document then discusses the history and milestones of plant breeding, achievements in various crops, activities in plant breeding like creation of variation and selection, and breeding objectives like increasing yield and improving quality. It also covers concepts of centers of origin and diversity first proposed by Vavilov.
This document provides information on various topics related to animal husbandry and agriculture. It discusses animal husbandry practices like dairy farm management and poultry farm management. It also covers topics like animal breeding techniques, fisheries, beekeeping, plant breeding practices including those for disease resistance and food quality improvement, green revolution, and mutation breeding. The document aims to educate about scientific livestock and crop management for increased food production.
The Crop Ontology is a controlled vocabulary for plant breeding data that aims to standardize terminology across crops and languages. It provides definitions and relationships between trait terms to improve data sharing and analysis. The ontology is being developed collaboratively by crop experts and is mapped to other related ontologies. It is powering various crop databases and tools to allow interoperability of phenotypic and genetic data.
Research and innovation: key inputs for sustainable developmentSIANI
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) is a pan-African organization headquartered in Kenya that conducts research and capacity building on insects and their application across Africa. The organization has over 500 staff from 42 countries working across four thematic areas of plant, animal, human, and environmental health. Key projects include developing the push-pull technology to control stemborers and Striga weed in crops, researching fall armyworm impact on maize, discovering disease-blocking symbionts in mosquitoes, and developing odor-baited traps and repellents to manage tsetse flies. Icipe also researches the use of insects for food, feed, and their extraction of oils and
Strategies for enhancement in food production2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy farm management, apiculture, poultry farming, animal breeding techniques, fisheries, and plant breeding. It describes practices like selecting high-yield breeds, maintaining animal health and hygiene, controlling breeding through techniques like artificial insemination, and developing disease-resistant crop varieties through methods such as cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and tissue culture. The document also discusses initiatives like the Green Revolution and Blue Revolution that have aimed to increase global food supply through agricultural advances.
Echinodermata are a phylum of exclusively marine animals characterized by spiny skin and radial symmetry. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and brittle stars. Echinoderms play important economic and ecological roles. They are used as food and in scientific research due to their large egg production. Their hard skeletons are also used as agricultural lime. Echinoderms help maintain ocean habitats and ecosystems by filtering water, consuming waste and sick animals, and cleaning the ocean floor and coral reefs.
Unit 1 introduction to environmental studiesYashGupta744
This document provides an overview of environmental studies as a multidisciplinary field. It discusses the definition and scope of environmental studies, including its biological, physical, social, and economic components. It also outlines some key issues covered within the field such as sustainable resource use and management, public awareness of environmental problems, and important government and non-government organizations working in environmental protection in India. Finally, it briefly profiles some influential Indian and international figures who have contributed to environmental conservation efforts.
In situ conservation involves protecting plants and animals within their natural habitats, including through protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. Ex situ conservation protects species outside their natural environments in zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, and gene banks. The document provides examples of different protected area types in India and discusses the goals and methods of ex situ conservation facilities.
This document provides an introduction to the Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Field Guide published by the Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It was created to help identify and document biodiversity in Andhra Pradesh, which contains over 2,800 plant and 5,757 animal species across diverse ecosystems like forests, grasslands, wetlands and agricultural areas. The guide is intended to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation and assist in preparing People's Biodiversity Registers at the local level as mandated by India's Biological Diversity Act of 2002.
Dr. Amit Hemant Mishal is an Associate Professor who teaches courses on special education. The document discusses various topics related to animal husbandry, including cattle farming, poultry farming, apiculture, uses of animals, animal shelters, feeding, health, crossbreeding, occupations related to agriculture like dairy farming and transport, and specific practices for sheep rearing, poultry farming, pearl culture, lac industry, sericulture, and pisciculture.
Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and Sustainable Useanswervivek
Plant genetic resources are the most valuable and essential basic raw materials to meet the current and future needs of crop improvement programs.
It has become increasingly clear during the last few decades that meeting the food needs of the world's growing population depends, to a large extent, on the conservation and use of the world's remaining plant genetic resources.
Square Foot Gardening (SFG) for raising vegitable garden. You could produce your requirement of vegitables etc. suing very little space and effort/inputs.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of leaves and bark extracts of Ficus racemosa in animal models. Rats were treated with various polar and non-polar extracts of F. racemosa leaves and bark and subjected to ethanol-induced and aspirin-induced ulcer models. The results found that the methanolic bark extract of F. racemosa at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed highly significant anti-ulcer activity, reducing ulcer formation in both models. Overall, the study demonstrates that F. racemosa extracts have anti-ulcer properties and validates some traditional uses of this plant for treating inflammatory conditions and ulcers.
This document provides information about animal husbandry and related topics. It defines animal husbandry as the practice of breeding and raising livestock. It then discusses different aspects of animal husbandry including dairy farm management, poultry farm management, bee keeping, fisheries, animal breeding techniques like artificial insemination, and multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology. The document also summarizes plant breeding techniques and applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crop improvement.
The document summarizes activities at the Adarsh Seuj Prakalpa organization in India. It describes how they helped transform a ruined building into a school for the Singpho tribe to teach their language and culture. It also describes new techniques for growing potatoes without digging in the soil to reduce disease, and alternatives to chemical pesticides and fertilizers like using karanj tree products that are safer for the environment and local communities.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life through the process of natural selection. Charles Darwin first articulated this in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, which put forth two main points: 1) species descended from ancestral species through descent with modification and 2) natural selection is the mechanism of evolution, whereby individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations, this leads to the accumulation of favorable traits in populations and the diversification of species from ancestral forms, as shown by evidence from the fossil record. Scientists test hypotheses about evolution through controlled experiments and studies.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Ch 09 - Strategies for enhancement in food production || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy and poultry farm management, beekeeping, fisheries, and plant and animal breeding. It describes the importance of these practices for increasing yields to meet rising population demands. Key methods discussed are selective breeding to improve traits, cross-breeding of livestock, artificial insemination, and development of high-yielding crop varieties through plant breeding techniques. The strategies have led to significant increases in global food production.
This document discusses sustainable agricultural practices and organic farming methods. It provides details on composting, using effective microorganisms, and producing organic liquid fertilizers and pesticides. The key principles of organic farming emphasized are feeding the soil and plants organically, using indigenous microorganisms and bio-nutrients, farming with air, water and sunlight, and applying nutrients based on the needs of the plants.
This document summarizes the plant genetic resources of India. It discusses the agro-ecological regions and centers of diversity in India. It provides an appraisal of the genetic diversity found in crop plants and wild plants of agricultural importance. It describes the build-up of genetic resources through exploration and collection activities in the 1970s, both within India and abroad via germplasm exchange. It discusses future plans for exploration and collection. It addresses genetic resources conservation through both in-situ and ex-situ methods. It provides references and an appendix with additional information.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy farm management, apiculture, poultry farming, animal breeding techniques, fisheries, and plant breeding. It describes practices like selecting high-yield breeds, maintaining animal health and hygiene, controlling breeding through techniques like artificial insemination, and developing disease-resistant crop varieties through methods such as cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and tissue culture. The document also discusses initiatives like the Green Revolution and Blue Revolution that have aimed to increase global food supply through agricultural advances.
Echinodermata are a phylum of exclusively marine animals characterized by spiny skin and radial symmetry. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and brittle stars. Echinoderms play important economic and ecological roles. They are used as food and in scientific research due to their large egg production. Their hard skeletons are also used as agricultural lime. Echinoderms help maintain ocean habitats and ecosystems by filtering water, consuming waste and sick animals, and cleaning the ocean floor and coral reefs.
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In situ conservation involves protecting plants and animals within their natural habitats, including through protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. Ex situ conservation protects species outside their natural environments in zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, and gene banks. The document provides examples of different protected area types in India and discusses the goals and methods of ex situ conservation facilities.
This document provides an introduction to the Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Field Guide published by the Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It was created to help identify and document biodiversity in Andhra Pradesh, which contains over 2,800 plant and 5,757 animal species across diverse ecosystems like forests, grasslands, wetlands and agricultural areas. The guide is intended to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation and assist in preparing People's Biodiversity Registers at the local level as mandated by India's Biological Diversity Act of 2002.
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It has become increasingly clear during the last few decades that meeting the food needs of the world's growing population depends, to a large extent, on the conservation and use of the world's remaining plant genetic resources.
Square Foot Gardening (SFG) for raising vegitable garden. You could produce your requirement of vegitables etc. suing very little space and effort/inputs.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of leaves and bark extracts of Ficus racemosa in animal models. Rats were treated with various polar and non-polar extracts of F. racemosa leaves and bark and subjected to ethanol-induced and aspirin-induced ulcer models. The results found that the methanolic bark extract of F. racemosa at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed highly significant anti-ulcer activity, reducing ulcer formation in both models. Overall, the study demonstrates that F. racemosa extracts have anti-ulcer properties and validates some traditional uses of this plant for treating inflammatory conditions and ulcers.
This document provides information about animal husbandry and related topics. It defines animal husbandry as the practice of breeding and raising livestock. It then discusses different aspects of animal husbandry including dairy farm management, poultry farm management, bee keeping, fisheries, animal breeding techniques like artificial insemination, and multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology. The document also summarizes plant breeding techniques and applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crop improvement.
The document summarizes activities at the Adarsh Seuj Prakalpa organization in India. It describes how they helped transform a ruined building into a school for the Singpho tribe to teach their language and culture. It also describes new techniques for growing potatoes without digging in the soil to reduce disease, and alternatives to chemical pesticides and fertilizers like using karanj tree products that are safer for the environment and local communities.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life through the process of natural selection. Charles Darwin first articulated this in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, which put forth two main points: 1) species descended from ancestral species through descent with modification and 2) natural selection is the mechanism of evolution, whereby individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations, this leads to the accumulation of favorable traits in populations and the diversification of species from ancestral forms, as shown by evidence from the fossil record. Scientists test hypotheses about evolution through controlled experiments and studies.
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Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
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This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy and poultry farm management, beekeeping, fisheries, and plant and animal breeding. It describes the importance of these practices for increasing yields to meet rising population demands. Key methods discussed are selective breeding to improve traits, cross-breeding of livestock, artificial insemination, and development of high-yielding crop varieties through plant breeding techniques. The strategies have led to significant increases in global food production.
This document discusses sustainable agricultural practices and organic farming methods. It provides details on composting, using effective microorganisms, and producing organic liquid fertilizers and pesticides. The key principles of organic farming emphasized are feeding the soil and plants organically, using indigenous microorganisms and bio-nutrients, farming with air, water and sunlight, and applying nutrients based on the needs of the plants.
This document summarizes the plant genetic resources of India. It discusses the agro-ecological regions and centers of diversity in India. It provides an appraisal of the genetic diversity found in crop plants and wild plants of agricultural importance. It describes the build-up of genetic resources through exploration and collection activities in the 1970s, both within India and abroad via germplasm exchange. It discusses future plans for exploration and collection. It addresses genetic resources conservation through both in-situ and ex-situ methods. It provides references and an appendix with additional information.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Teacher eligibility test tet science seventh standard - part i
1. Teacher Eligibility Test
Standard VII
Biology
Part I
D. Arnold Robinson
Asst. professor in Bilogical Science
Meston College of Education
Royapettah Chennai
2. • Applied Biology
Animals in Daily Life - Uses of animals -
Animal products (Food, Clothing, etc.,) -
Animal Fibers – Sericulture – Apiculture –
Poultry - Animal protection and maintenance
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
4. Uses of animals
• Based on the utility of
animals, they are classified
into three groups
1. Food yielding animals-
reared for milk, eggs and meat –
honey –fish for protein
2. Fibre yielding animals- Llama
and goat provide us fur. Silk
moth gives us silk fibre.
3. Draught animals- used for
ploughing and transporting
1. czÎjU«éy§FfŸ
2. cnuhk«jU«éy§FfŸ
3. ÏGit éy§FfŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
6. ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• 1. Wool: Wool is obtained from hairs on the bodies
of animals such as sheep, llama and goat. It is used
to make sweaters, shawls, blankets, socks, hand
gloves etc.
• 2. Meat: Animals such as goat, sheep, pig, poultry
birds, prawn, crab etc. yield flesh as food.
• 3. Silk: Silk is obtained from silkworm and it is used
for making silk clothes.
• 4. Leather: The skin of animals such as goat, sheep,
and cattle is used for manufacturing leather goods
( bags, shoes, purses, suitcases, belts).
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
7. • 5. Pearl : Pearl is a valuable gem obtained
from pearl oysters and is used in making
ornaments.
• 6. Lac : Some insects secrete a resin like
substance called lac. It is used for making
paints, varnish, printing inks and cosmetics.
• 7. Milk: Animals like cows, buffaloes and
goats give milk as food.
• 8. Honey: Honey is obtained from honey
bees. It is consumed along with food and
used in the preparation of certain medicines.
• 9. Egg: Poultry birds such as hen, duck,
goose and turkey give us eggs as food.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
8. Wool
• Wool is a thick coat of hairy fibres (fleece)
obtained from sheep, goat, yak and other
animals.
• It is composed of a protein called keratin.
• Several breeds of sheep are reared in our country
that yield different kinds of wool.
The skin of sheep has two types of hair.
• a) Coarse beard hair
• b) Fine soft under hair m) brhubrhu¥ghdcnuhk«.
M) äUJthdbkšèa cnuhk«.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
9. Processing of wool
• Australian scientists have invented a way of
removing wool from Sheep without shearing.
• The new wool harvest technology is called
Bioclip.
• woollen fleece of sheep
“gnah»ë¥”
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
10. • Normally fine hairs provide the fibres for making
wool.
• Yak wool is common in Tibet and Ladakh.
• Angora wool is obtained from Angora goats
which are found in Jammu and Kashmir.
• The wool from Angora goat is called as “Mohair”.
• The under hair of Kashmiri goat (Pashmina) is
woven into fine shawl. It is very soft and
expensive.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
11. Silk
• Silk is also a natural animal fibre. Silk worm
secretes the silk fibre.
• The best known type of silk is obtained from the
cocoon of larvae of mulberry silkworm.
• Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
12. • Uses of Silk
• Silk is used for making silk clothes, parachutes,
insulation coils for telephone and wireless
receivers.
• Pure silk is one of the finest natural fibres and
is said to be the “queen of fibres”
g£lhilfŸ,ghuhN£jahç¡fΫ,bjhiyngÁk‰W«f«Ãæšyh V‰Ãæš fh¥Ãl¥g£l f«Ã¢RUshfΫg£L¥ga‹ gL»wJ
öag£L v‹gJ g£L¥ó¢Áæl äUªJ»il¡F« äUJthd Ïa‰if ÏiH MF«. ÏJ “ÏiHfë‹ Ïuhâ” vdΫ
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
13. SERICULTURE
The types of silk
are
1. Mulberry silk
2. Tassar silk
3. Eri silk
4. Muga silk
äf¤bjh‹ikahdbjhêšfëš ÏJΫ x‹W.
g£L¥ó¢Á
T£L¥òG
Ïs«cæç
K£ilfŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
15. Steps of preparing silk fibre
• hundreds of eggs at a time
• eggs are kept under hygienic conditions and
under suitable temperature
• fed on mulberry leaves.
• After 25 to 30 days of feeding, they spin a
protective case around them called cocoons.
• Hot water
• The process of taking out threads from the
cocoon is called Reeling. (RUSjš)
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
16. • It is believed that silk was first dicovered in
China by the Empress Si Ling Chi
• India is the world’s second largest producer of
Silk.
• Kancheepuram, Siruvanthadu, Thirubhuvanam
and Arani are famous for silk in Tamil Nadu.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
18. Composition of Honey.
Sugar - 75%
Water - 17%
Minerals - 8%
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
19. • A well known Italian breed called Apis mellifera
is the best for bee-keeping
• It has high honey collecting capacity and it does
not sting much.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
20. POULTRY (nfhê ts®¥ò)
• Several kinds of birds like hen, duck, turkey,
goose etc..
• Namakkal district in Tamil nadu is famous for
poultry industry.
• Hens that hatch eggs are called Broody hens
(milfh¡F«nfhêfŸ).
• They sit on eggs and keep them warm. This is
known as incubation (milfh¤jš).
• The eggs hatch after 21 days.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
21. • TAPCO- Tamil Nadu Poultry Development
Corporation
Silver Revolution
• The massive step taken in India to increase
egg production by adopting enlightened
practices of poultry is called Silver Revolution.
• btŸë¥ òu£Á
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
22. ANIMAL PROTECTION AND
MAINTENANCE
• We have to protect them to maintain the
balance in nature because our own survival
depends on this.
• Some of the famous wildlife sanctuaries in
Tamil Nadu are Vedanthangal,Mudumalai,
Mundanthurai, Kalakadu and Kodiakarai.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
24. • Blue Cross is a registered animal welfare
society.
• It helps to find homes for uncared animals and
promote animal Protection.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
25. Health and Hygiene
• Nutrition in Plants and Animals –
• Mode of nutrition in plants
- Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Other modes of nutrition in plants
• Nutrition in animals
- Nutrition in amoeba
- Human digestive system
- Types of teeth
– Ruminants
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
26. • Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Photosynthesis ( xë¢nr®¡if)
Leaves have a wonderful
green substance called
chlorophyll (g¢ira«).
Air comes into the leaf
through tiny openings
named stomata
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
27. Photosynthesis can be represented by
the equation given below
StarchChlorophyll
Sunlight
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
28. • Other Modes of Nutrition in Plants
• Saprophytes
• Parasites
• Insectivorous Plants
• Symbiotic Plants
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
29. Symbiotic Plants
• Two different types of organisms
live together and mutually help
each other for nutrition.
• Lichens are organisms that consist
of a fungus and alga.
The algae gives food to the
fungus and the fungus absorbs
water and minerals and gives to
algae.
Here, both the organisms help
mutually. The phenomenon by
which two different organisms live
together for mutual help is called
symbiosis. The organisms are called
symbionts.
T£Læ®th. Kiw
T£LæçfŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
30. Nutrition in Animals
• Nutrition includes five steps
• Ingestion
• digestion
• absorption - The process by which the
digested food passes into the villi of the wall
of the intestine is called absorption.
• Assimilation
• Egestion
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
32. Nutrition in Amoeba
• Amoeba is a unicellular organism. It lives in the stagnant water
bodies. It feeds on microscopic organisms.
• Though amoeba is a one-cell animal, it takes in solid food through
its body surface. So the mode of nutrition is holozoic.(KGéG§F C£lKiw)
• Whenever the food touches the body surface of amoeba, it engulfs
the food with the help of pseudopodia (false feet) and forms the
food vacuole.
• The food is digested with the help of enzymes inside the food
vacuole.
• The digested food reaches the entire cell by diffusion.
• Amoeba uses the food for getting energy, making proteins for
growth, etc.
• The undigested food is thrown out of the body through its body
surfaces.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
33. Human Digestive System
• This system is made up of mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
Teeth
Salivary Glands
• There are three pairs of salivary glands in our mouth.
These glands secrete a watery fluid called saliva.
• It makes the food wet so that we can easily swallow it.
• It contains an enzyme called amylase which helps in
the digestion of starch.
Tongue
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
34. Stomach
• Stomach secretes
digestive juice called
gastric juice
(Ïiu¥igÚ®)
Small Intestine
• It is a very long tube and
is about 7 metre in
length.
• Here the food is mixed
with bile juice,
pancreatic juice and
intestinal juice.
• These juices help in completing the digestion.
äjÚ®,fizaÚ®,ÁWFlšÚ®
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
35. At the end of digestion,
• carbohydrates are broken down into glucose
and fructose,
• proteins into amino acids and
• fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
• This digested food is absorbed by the villi in
the small intestine.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
36. Large Intestine
• It is about 1.5 metre in length and helps in
absorbing water. It is the place for temporary
storage of undigested food.
• Digestion does not take place here.
• Anus
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
37. How the food moves
in our digestive system
• Food in the digestive system moves from the
oesophagus to the anus by rhythmic contraction and
expansion of the wall of the digestive system.
• This movement is called peristalsis
• Flšjirfë‹Óuhd RU§Fjšk‰W«éçtiljyhšczthdJczΡFHèèUªJky¥òiH¡F
miyngh‹Wbrš»wJ.
• Ï›tiyÏa¡f¤Â‰F¡
FlšjirmiyÎv‹W bga®.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
39. • Types of Teeth
• We all have two sets of teeth in our life time. The first set of
teeth grows when a baby is about one year old. This set of
teeth is called milk teeth.
• They are twenty in number. Milk teeth stay in a child up to
the age of seven to eight years.
• New set of teeth grow. They are called permanent teeth.
• They are thirty-two in number. Of these, sixteen are in the
upper jaw and sixteen are in the lower jaw.
• There are four types of teeth
incisors, canines, premolars and molars
bt£L¥g‰fŸ, nfhiu¥g‰fŸ, K‹,Ë filth¥g‰fŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
40. Incisors: These are chisel shaped
teeth at the front of the mouth. They
are eight in number. Four are present
in each jaw. These are used for biting
the food.
Canines: These are sharp and
pointed teeth. They are four in number
and two are present in each jaw.
Canines are used for cutting and
tearing of food.
Premolars: These are large teeth
behind canines on each side. They
have large surface. They are eight in
number and four are present in each
jaw. They help in chewing and grinding
the food.
Molars: These are very large teeth
present just behind the premolars.
They have more surface area than
premolars. They are used for chewing
and grinding of food like premolars.
They are twelve in number and six are
present in each jaw.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
41. Dental formula of human being =I2/2 ; C1/1; PM2/2 M 3/3 X 2 = 32
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
43. In the rumen, the grass is fermented with the help of certain bacteria
and the partially digested grass is called cud. (Mfhu¡ fts«)
Cud - brought back - mouth (small quantities)- chews it.
The process of chewing the cud is called rumination.
Animals which chew the cud are called ruminants.
A Cow makes 40,000 to 60,000 jaw movements per day while it keeps
on chewing and rechewing
Grass is rich in cellulose which is a kind of carbohydrate.
Herbivorous animals can digest it. The other animals and
humans cannot digest cellulose.
mirnghLjš
mirnghL«ghÿ£ofŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
44. • There is a sac-like structure called caecum
between the small and large intestine in
ruminants.
• This sac contains some bacteria which
produce an enzyme called cellulase which
digest the cellulose.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
45. Interesting facts about teeth in other animals.
1. Birds have no teeth.
2. Rats have continuously growing teeth.
3. The tusks of elephants are actually incisors
that have become very long.
4. Very few adult humans have all the 32
teeth.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
46. My Body
• Human Body – Form & Function –
• Brief overview of human body—structure & functions
of all the Human organ systems
• The body & health as understood in the Indian
system of health care - Diseases, Disorders and
preventing Diabetes Mellitus
- Advantages of physical activity
- Preservation of food
- Methods of preservation (heating, freezing,
drying and adding preservatives)
- Fast food – its ill effects
- Science today
- Irradiated food4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
49. Functions:
1. It protects the inner part of the body.
2. It works as an excretory organ by way of
sweating.
3. It acts as a sense organ.
4. It helps to produce Vitamin D.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
50. • The Digestive System
• The Respiratory System
- Respiration is essential for the survival of
living organisms. It is a process in which food is
broken down into simpler forms with the help of
oxygen and enzymes
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
51. Functions:
1.Lungs procure oxygen from the surrounding and
conduct it to the tissues through the bloodstream.
(Inspiration)
2.Oxygen is used to combust the food and the
carbondioxide produced in this process is released
into the surrounding through lungs.(Expiration)
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
52. • The Skeletal System
- The Skeletal System
includes bones and other tissues
such as cartilages and ligaments. in
our body.
- The Skeletal System is made up
of 206bones.
• Bone marrow produces blood
cells like Red Blood Cells, White
Blood Cells and Platelets.
FU¤bjY«òfŸ, jireh®fŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
53. The Muscular System
• The Muscular System is made up of
3 typesof muscles.
– skeletal muscles (striated muscle),
– smooth muscles (non-striated muscle)
and
– cardiac muscles
- vY«ò¤ jirfŸ (tçÍil¤ jirfŸ),
- bk‹ jirfŸ (tça‰w jirfŸ),
- Ïja¤ jirfŸ.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
54. • Skeletal muscles are
attached to the bones.
• Smooth muscles are found
in the walls of blood
vessels and in the lining of
hollow organs such as
stomach, intestines etc.
• Cardiac muscle is
exclusively found in the
heart.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
56. Functions:
1. Skeletal muscles give shape to the
body and make the movements of our
body possible.
2. These muscles generate the heat
required for maintaining our body
temperature.
3. Other muscles enable movements in
the internal organs.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
57. • Our facial expressions are formed by the
action of about 40muscles
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
59. • RBC contain red pigments called
haemoglobin, which gives red
colour to the blood.
Functions
1. Blood transports nutrients,
oxygen, wastes and hormones.
2. It regulates the water level and
the body temperature
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
60. • The normal pulse rate is 72 / minute.
Some animals like
lobster and crabs
have blue blood.
The blood of the
cockroach is
colourless.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
65. The Excretory System
The Excretory System helps in the elimination of wastes
from our body. It comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of
ureters, a urinary bladder and urethra.
The blood is filtered and the waste is separated to form
urine, which is expelled periodically.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
66. The Reproductive System
The Reproductive System is mainly composed
of testes in males and ovaries in females.
The testes produce male gametes called
sperms.
The ovaries produce female gametes called
eggs.
This system helps in producing
new individuals for the survival of human race.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
67. The Body and Its Health as understood in
the Indian System of Health Care
• Health Care is prevention of illness and
treatment for illness.
• Most of the rural people rely on two types of
medicines.
• They are the Siddha and the Ayurveda systems
of medicine.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
68. Siddha system of medicine
(Tamil maruthuvam)
• Siddha vaidhya is an indigenous traditional system
originated in Tamilnadu.
• It has references from age old literature such as
‘Thirumandiram’, ‘Thirukkural’ and ‘Tholkappiam’.
• The Siddha is a traditional Tamil system of medicine which
is also practised in the neighbouring states of Kerala,
Karnataka and Andhra pradesh.
• The Siddha Medical System was founded by a group of 18
spiritual people called Siddhars.
• The word ‘Siddhar’ is derived from “Siddhi” which means
“Eternal Bliss”.
• Agastiyar, being the first Siddhar, is called the Father of
Siddha Medicine.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
69. The concept of the Siddhars is “FOOD IS MEDICINE, MEDICINE IS FOOD”.
Diet and lifestyle play major roles in maintenance of good
health and in curing diseases. The medicines are prepared
from plants (mooligai), metals and minerals (dhatu) and
animal products (jeeva).
Around 1,200 herbs are used in the preparation of Siddha
medicine.
The concept of treatment is to treat the sick with leaves,
and subsequently with roots of the herbs.
If the severity of illness is not reduced, then they go for
powders (paspam).
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
70. Some of the medicines used
in Siddha are Chooranam,
Mathirai,
Thailam, Legiyam,
Rasayanam,
Paspam, Chendooram and
so on.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
71. Ayurveda
• Ayurveda is a ‘System of healing using natural
means’ (herbs).
• It which the Science of Life
(Ayur = Life, Veda = Science).
• The object of Ayurveda
is to counteract the
imbalance of Vaatham,
Pitham and Kabam
which originate
from the body.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
72. This system of healing is believed to treat the
ailments of body, mind and spirit.
The most amazing part of Ayurveda is that it
includes almost all methods of healing like
Yoga,
Meditation,
Purification.
In this system,
herbs, massages, diet and exercises are used
individually and collectively to cure a number
of ailments.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
73. Homeopathy Medicine
Homeopathy is a form of alternative medicine, first
proposed by the German Physician Samuel
Hahnemann, in 1796.
Unani Medicine
Unani Medicine is a form of traditional medicine
based on the teachings of the Greek physician
Hippocrates and the Roman physician Galen, and
is developed into an elaborate medical system by
the Arab and the Persian physicians.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
74. DISEASES, DISORDERS AND PREVENTION
Healthy food habits are:
1. eating right amount of food
and right type of food at
regular intervals.
2. drinking 3 to 5 litres of
water per day.
3. increasing intake of fibre
rich foods like greens, leafy
vegetables, whole grains
and seasonal fruits.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
75. Diabetes mellitus
The food - broken down into glucose (a source of
energy needed for all living beings).
Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreas to control
glucose level.
When the glucose level in blood exceeds the normal
limit (80-120mg/dl), the person is said to be affected by
Diabetes.
Diabetes is not a disease but a disorder. It may lead
to harmful conditions like obesity, hypertension, heart
ailments, etc.,
It is caused due to lack of physical activity, unhealthy
food habits and lack of insulin.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
79. ADVANTAGES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
• Physical exercise is essential for all human
beings.
• Aerobic exercises supply oxygen efficiently to
the muscles, heart, lungs and the circulatory
system.
• A good supply of oxygen to the body is a sign
of good health.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
80. • It burns unwanted calories, reduces weight
and prevents obesity.
• It helps in lowering the blood glucose level.
• It helps in reducing blood cholesterol level.
• It reduces hypertension and improves the
quality of life
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
82. Methods of Preservation
• Preservation involves prevention of the growth
of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms in
the food.
• Common methods of preserving food are:
- drying,
- freezing,
- heating,
- addition of salt or sugar
• modern methods like irradiation is also used to
preserve food
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eÅd Kiwahdf®ŢRKiwæY«czÎgj¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
84. Drying
This method involves the removal of water
content from the food by drying.
The harvested cereal grains are properly dried
in the sun to reduce the moisture in them.
This prevents the food from the attack of
insects, fungi and bacteria.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
85. Heating
• Heating is a method of food preservation. It kills
the microorganisms and denatures the enzymes
present in the food. Hence food is stored safely.
• eg. boiling of milk before it is stored or used.
Whenever we think of heating, the word
‘pasteurized milk’ comes to our mind.
• The process of heating milk at a temperature of
70 degree C to 75degree C for some time and
immediately cooling is called pasteurization. This
method was discovered by Louis Pasteur.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
86. Freezing
• Frozen food like
meat and fish at
very low
temperature
prevents water
activity in the food
material.
• Thus the microbial
growth and enzyme
activity can be
prevented.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
87. Addition of salt
• When salt is added to
food, it removes the water
from food by osmosis.
• When there is no
moisture in the food,
microorganism and
enzymes cannot act on
the food.
• Food like meat, fish,
gooseberry, lemon,
tamarind, raw mangoes
etc. are preserved by
salting.4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
89. Addition of sugar
• When sugar is added to food, sugar dissolves
in the water content of the food and does not
allow the water to be available.
• So, in the absence of water, microbes do not
grow. Hence the food is preserved.
• Preservation of food by adding sugar not only
saves the food from spoilage, but also
produces new food such as jam, jelly,
murrabbas, squash etc.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
90. Fast food and its ill Effects
• These food items are unhealthy and do not
contain the nutrients and vitamins of a
wholesome home cooked meal.
• Negative effects of fast food
• - Fast food item have a very high energy
density. Food item with a high energy density
confuse the brain’s control system.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
91. Continuous intake of fast food leads to
weight gain and obesity. This is because fast
food interferes with the normal appetite control
systems
The human appetite was designed for low
energy density food and not for high energy
density food.
• Fast food may speed up the risk of clogged
arteries, which may lead to heart attacks.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
92. • Fast food meals are high in saturated fats, low
quality carbohydrates and high salt content.
Our body requires fibre and healthier
saturated fats.
• Fast food represents a dietary pattern that is
the opposite of what is recommended for a
healthy body.
• “Fast food can be delicious but it is a silent
killer”.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
93. Science Today - Irradiated
Food preservation
• Heating, drying, pickling, cold
• food can be preserved by some modern
methods like irradiation – a process by which
food is exposed to X-rays, Gamma rays or
Ultraviolet rays.
• These rays are powerful enough to kill the
bacteria and the moulds.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
94. • The skeletal system is made up ________bones.
• i) 206
• ii) 306
• iii) 606
• b) The muscle found exclusively in the heart is
________
• i) skeletal muscle
• ii) cardiac muscle
• iii) smooth muscle
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
95. • c) The endocrine glands secrete chemicals called
________
• i) Enzymes
• ii) Vitamins
• iii) Hormones
• d) _________is an ancient system of natural medical
healing that
• originated in India.
• i) Siddha
• ii) Ayurveda
• iii) Unani
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
96. • e) Pasteurization method was discovered by
________.
• i) Hippocrates
• ii) Louis Pasteur
• iii) Agastiyar
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
97. • World of Plants
• Plants – Morphology - Characteristics of living
things - Habitat – various habitats of plants -
Herbs, shrubs and trees - Parts of plant - Root,
stem, leaves and flowers - Modification of
roots, stems, leaves - Kinds of stem -
Movements in plants - Observation of plants &
trees, recording data, drawing
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
98. Characteristics of Living things
• Things that have life are called living things.
• need food,
• respire to convert food into energy.
• grow at certain stages of life.
• respond to their surroundings.
• live for a definite span of time.
• reproduce their own kind.
• are made up of cells.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
99. HABITAT –VARIOUS HABITATS
OF PLANTS
• All plants are well adjusted to the place where
they live.
• mid¤J¤ jhtu§fS«j‹ thêl¤Â‰FV‰g j‹id¤ jftik¥ò¢brpJ
bfhŸ»‹wd.
• A place of living is called a habitat. Plants live
in different habitats such as water, land,
desert, hills and so on.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
101. Hydrophytes
Hydrophytes means water plants
(Hydro = Water, and Phytes = Plants).
These plants live in the water of
ponds, lakes and rivers.
Plants which live in water are called
hydrophytes.
They are divided into three types:
a) Free-floating hydrophytes
b) Attached floating hydrophytes
c) Submerged hydrophytes
eg. Water hyacinth (Agayatamarai)
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Ï) _oe»a Ú®thoe¤jhtu§fŸ
m) jå¤J äj¡F« Ú®thoe¤jhtu§fŸ
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
102. eg. Water-lily (alli), Lotus4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
104. Adaptations of Hydrophytes
• 1. Root system is poorly developed. In some
cases roots are even absent.
• 2. Stem is thick, short and spongy with air
spaces to float in water.
• 3. Leaves have a waxy-coat that prevents their
decay in excess water.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
105. 2. Mesophytes
2. Ïilãy¤jhtu§fŸ
• These plants grow in places with moderate
water supply.
• They cannot grow in places with too much of
water or too little water.
• Most of the crop plants
are mesophytes.
• eg. Wheat, maize,
sunflower, mango, neem.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
106. Adaptations of mesophytes
• 1. They have well developed root system.
• 2. Leaves are usually large
and broad.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
107. 3.Xerophytes
• (Xero = Desert and Phytes = Plants)
• Plants which grow in dry areas (deserts) are called
Xerophytes.
• The plant body is adapted to cope with the water
scarcity, high temperature, strong winds, etc.
• eg. Opuntia
(chappathikalli).
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
108. ADAPTATIONS OF XEROPHYTES:
1. They have long roots which go deep into the
ground so as to absorb water.
2. In Opuntia, the stem is thick, flat and green
and does the function of photosynthesis.
3. Leaves are reduced or modified into
spinesto prevent the loss of water from
their surface.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
109. HERBS,SHRUBS AND TREES
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• Flowering plants can be grouped based on
their size of stem.
1.Herbs
Small plants with soft and green stems are
called herbs.
They are non-woody plants and do not
grow more than one metre in height.
• eg. Radish, wheat, paddy, sunflower.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
110. 2.Shrubs
• The medium sized plants with a thin but hard
and woody stem are called shrubs.
• They do not have a clear main stem.
• They tend to branch and become bushy.
• eg. Rose, jasmine, croton, Tulsi, lemon.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
111. 3.Trees
Tall and big plants with a distinct hard and
woody stem are called trees.
The main stem is called trunk which gives
out branches and leaves.
• eg. Neem, mango, teak,
coconut, banyan.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
113. PARTS OF A PLANT
• Two main systems,
Root System (underground part),
Shoot System (aerial part).
The root System consists of main root and its lateral branches.
The Shoot System has a stem, branches and leaves.
The flowering plant produces flowers, fruits and seeds at
maturity.
Root, stem and leaves are called vegetative parts of a plant as
they do not take part in reproduction. (clš cW¥òfŸ)
• Flowers, fruits and seeds are reproductive parts of a plant
as they take part in reproduction. (Ïd¥bgU¡f cW¥òfŸ)
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
114. ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES AND FLOWERS
Root system
• The part of the plant which grows under the soil is
called Root System.
• It usually develops from the radicle of embryo.
• It is the descending part of the plant.
• It grows away from sunlight.
• It does not have chlorophyll.
• Nodes and Inter-nodes are absent.
• It does not bear leaves or buds.
• Root system is broadly classified in two types.
1. Tap root system
2. Adventitious root system
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2. nt‰¿lnt®¤bjhF¥ò
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
117. Adventitious Root System
• Roots that grow from any part of the plant other
than the radicle are called adventitious roots.
• These roots arise in cluster which are thin and
uniform in size. As these roots arise in cluster, they
are also called as fibrous roots. rš èn t ®¤ b j h F¥ ò
• Most monocot plants show adventitious roots.
Eg:
Rice,
grass,
maize,
bamboo
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
118. Normal functions of roots
• 1. Roots absorb water and minerals from the
soil and transport to the stem.
• 2. Roots fix the plant firmly to the soil.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
119. Shoot system
• The part of the plant which grows above the
ground is called shoot system.
• It develops
from the plumule
of the embryo.
• Stem is the
ascending
part of the
plant axis.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
120. • It grows towards the sunlight.
• The shoot consists of main stem with branches,
nodes, internodes, leaves, buds, flowers and
fruits.
• Young stems - green and old stems - brown
colour.
• The place from where the leaf arises is known as
node.
• The distance between the two successive nodes
is called internode.
• It bears buds either in the axils of leaves or at the
tip of the stem.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
122. Normal functions of stem
• 1. Support: The stem holds the branches,
leaves, flowers and fruits.
• 2. Conduction: The stem transports water and
minerals from roots to the upper parts. It also
transports the prepared food from leaves to
other parts.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
123. Leaf
• Leaf is a thin, broad, flat and green part of the
plant.
• The leaf consists of three main parts.
– leaf blade (leaf lamina),
– leaf stalk (Petiole)
– leaf base.
Ïiy¤jhŸ,
Ïiy¡fh«ò,
Ïiyao¥gFÂ4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
124. Leaf blade (leaf lamina):
• It is the
expanded part of
the leaf which is
green in colour.
• It has a midrib (a
main vein) in the
centre of the leaf
blade.
• The midrib has
branches on
either side which
are called veins.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
125. Petiole
• The stalk of the leaf is called petiole.
• It connects the lamina to the stem.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
127. Normal functions of leaf
• 1. Synthesis of Food: Leaves produce food by
photosynthesis.
• 2. Exchange of Gases: Leaves exchange gases
through stomata.
• Plants take in Co2
and give out oxygen
during photosynthesis.
• They take in oxygen
and give out Co2
during respiration.
• This is called exchange
of gases in plants.
4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai
128. • 3. Transpiration: The loss of excess water from
the leaf in the form of water vapour through
stomata is called transpiration
Úuhé¥ngh¡F4/21/2017
D.Arnold Robinson Asst. Prof. in Bio.
Science Meston College of Education
royapettah Chennai