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Tax Expenditures atleast250words One typical characteristic differentiating U.S. public policy compared to Europe is that U.S. governments often use tax incentives rather than explicit government programs to pursue particular policy goals (which include providing pensions, medical insurance, home ownership, or private investment). For example, European governments might provide larger government pensions for retirees where the U.S. might provide modest government pensions through Social Security and then encourage firms to provide additional pensions for its workers by giving tax breaks for the funds that the firms devote to their pension plans. Look at the list of tax expenditures in Table 12-1 of your text. Which do you think are more valuable than others? Why? Would public goals sometimes be better pursued through explicit government spending rather than the equivalent tax breaks? Offer examples. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. the 7th ed. of the text is attached below Division of Government Functions atleast250words Our federal system divides responsibilities between the various levels of government (federal, state, local). Take a look at the government functions listed in the United Nations Classification of Governmental Functions in Appendix 5-2 of the text. Discuss which functions you think would best be handled at the central, state and local levels and why. Beyond determining which level of government may best handle certain functions, it is important to consider funding sources. How do you think functions at the state and local levels should be funded -- through grants or own-source revenue? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of each option? .

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Assignment 4: Argument Paper – Multiyear Plans and Analysis Due Week 10 and worth 220 points One conservative argument against Medicare andSocial Securitystates that calling these programs “entitlement programs” is a misnomer and that they are actually the biggest income redistribution programs from the rich to the poor in the United States. Other conservatives state that stronger entitlement programs are nothing more than schemes for younger taxpayers to fund retirees. Proponents argue that Social Security benefits matter in the overall federal deficit reduction, and still others support privatization as the key to stabilizing the troubled system. In a four- to five-page paper, address the following federal and state issues with entitlement programs: 1. Are Social Security taxes a good investment? 2. Evaluate the current funding process for Social Security and Medicare. 3. In looking through the National budget entitlement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid represent the biggest threat to the U.S. budget deficit. What reforms do you suggest to help avoid an unsustainable increase to the debt? 4. Do you think the federal government should increase spending on Social Security and Medicare for the elderly? If not, should the elderly fund retirement and medical costs? 5. Do you believe government efforts to manage Social Security and Medicaid has made things worse or better? Provide research support for your position (in the summary of the paper). 6. Discuss your recommendations to deal with the rising costs of Social Security and Medicare as well as the Welfare Reform Act of 1996. Assignment Resources:  https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html to gain some background and history on the Social Security Program  http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Th-W/Welfare-Reform-Act-1996.html  http://www.welfareinfo.org/reform/  https://www.ssa.gov/history/tally1996.html ...

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in Chapter 6, Miller introduces the components of funding or revenue received by our government. Four of the components are Individual Income Taxes, Corporate Income Taxes, Social Insurance Taxes, Excise Taxes. a. Of the four sources of funding listed above, which sources are likely to increase/decrease Again, be sure to distinguish between a change in dollar terms versus a change in its contribution to overall funding/revenue. b. Choose one of the sources of funds and explain the underlying economics and/or demographics that would lead to its becoming a larger (smaller) percentage of the budget over the next decade or so. For example, we might see an increase in funding for social insurance taxes if future generations are required to pay higher taxes. Explain your answer and document with support from at least one outside source other than the text book. .

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BPA 301 Week 1 DQ 1.doc BPA 301 Week 1 DQ 2.doc BPA 301 Week 1 DQ 3.doc BPA 301 Week 1 Individual Assignment Article Analysis Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 2 DQ 1.doc BPA 301 Week 2 DQ 2.doc BPA 301 Week 2 DQ 3.doc BPA 301 Week 2 Individual Assignment Federalism Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Government Relationships Paper and Presentation.doc BPA 301 Week 3 DQ 1.doc BPA 301 Week 3 DQ 2.doc BPA 301 Week 3 DQ 3.doc BPA 301 Week 3 Individual Assignment Role of Administrators Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Funding Sources and Planning Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 4 DQ 1.doc BPA 301 Week 4 DQ 2.doc BPA 301 Week 4 DQ 3.doc BPA 301 Week 4 Individual Assignment Diversity Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Effective Leaders Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 5 DQ 1.doc BPA 301 Week 5 DQ 2.doc BPA 301 Week 5 DQ 3.doc BPA 301 Week 5 Individual Assignment Government Website Paper.doc BPA 301 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Public Policy Trends Paper and Presentation.doc

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Assessment 4 Study Guide Citing: Shafritz, J. M., Russell, E. W., & Borick, C. P. (2013). Introducing public administration (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Reading Assignment Chapter 13: Public Financial Management Unit Lesson Budgeting is an important area within public institutions. This allows the jurisdiction to reference these important documents when there are questions regarding expenditures, line item purchases, and overall capital budgets. Capital budgets normally are written and established in the year prior to the implementation, for example, budgets for 2013 would be asked for during 2012. These budgets can be used for formulating how much of a surplus will be made available for contractors that may be working for the institution, security measures such as cameras that may be needed for security at a public venue, and being able to budget for supplies that are required for everyday functioning capacity within the organization. Budget formatting can be intriguing for most public entities and the professionals working within those organizations. The size of technological spreadsheets that cite policies and create a timeline for the expenditures being used have a section specially designated for program objectives, and have a section that normally is set aside to delineate the government’s total service effort. The flow of management funds is the backbone of any institution, government entity, or public service venue. Without the flow of monetary compensation and grant money distribution, there will be limited capabilities for the designated organization to perform the work necessary to manage the business. As with many changes over the past several decades, monetary systems and funds being made available are beginning to diminish from the Federal government. The monies that are received, for example, by a fire department can be used to purchase apparatus, new firefighting clothing and protective equipment, and other provisions to support the public organization. While looking at the budget from the federal, state, local, or community governments, consideration must be given to whether the monies being used and given to local entities are going to be used for economic growth. There will be disagreements concerning the appropriation of funds and fund management for the communities, but also for the main distributor-the federal government. The budget is the key focal point for public administration to function and make decisions. Monies that are received by public entities create a huge sense of power for those who shape the methods of how the monies are going to be spent. The upper management or executives must learn the conceptual framework that is used for budgeting, financing, and the allocation of those funds that have been received. Thus an accountant will be necessary for any good executive team within the organization. There are several different types of budgets that can be issued for an organization:.

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Retrieved from: http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/recollections/current-issues-and-programs-in-social-welfare/ 1 Bottom of Form Current Issues and Programs in Social Welfare by Dr. Jerry Marx, Social Work Department, University of New Hampshire Social Insurance Programs Social Security American social welfare, thanks to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Social Security Act of 1935, is furthered currently by two major categories of cash support programs: social insurances? and public assistance?.1 Social insurances are based on the prior earnings and payroll contributions of an individual, while public assistance, commonly known as “welfare,” is based on the financial need of an individual. The primary social insurance programs today in America are Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance, Unemployment Insurance, and Workers Compensation. Let’s begin with ((Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance)), commonly referred to as “social security.” Social security, like other social insurances, is an example of a “universal” program, because American citizens are entitled to participate in the program as a social right.2 In other words, program participation in not based on financial need. Social security constituted one-fifth of all federal government spending in 1995.3 In that year, a total of $332.6 billion was spent on the program. Funding for social security actually comes from a payroll tax, which is shared in an equal proportion by the employer and employee. A practice begun during the Nixon Administration, social security benefits are adjusted when the cost of living increases.4 To receive benefits, a person must contribute payroll taxes during their working years.5 Those individuals contributing payroll taxes for a minimum of 10 years (i.e., 40 quarters in social security eligibility terms) are covered permanently under the program. Individual benefit levels are determined by the level of covered earnings (i.e., how much money paid in) and the age of retirement. The “disability insurance” part of social security assists adults between the ages of 18 and 64 who are unable to engage in substantial employment.6 When the individual turns 65 years of age, “disability benefits” automatically become “old-age” benefits. To receive disability benefits, an individual must show medical proof of a disability and proof that the disability prevents “gainful employment.” “Survivors insurance” covers children under 18 years of age, dependent parents, and dependent widowers or widows. These categories of recipients receive benefits when an insured worker dies. A fundamental point to remember is that social security is a very effective anti-poverty program! Most recipients are raised above the poverty line by social security. In 1992, only 14% of people aged 65 or older lived in poverty in the United States – thanks in large part to social security benefits!7 Unemployment Insurance Unemployment insurance is a second major social insurance progra ...

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n a 750-word evaluation, assess the pressures affecting public sector budgeting designed to delivering public goods and services, evaluate the consequences of two externalities and their impact on public sector budgeting, and suggest the most practical way to study the fiscal impact of public sector budgeting Thread Outline Use bolded statements as headings in your thread. I. Analyze the practical pressures affecting public sector budgeting designed for delivering public goods and services . II. Evaluate the consequences of two externalities and their impact on public sector budgeting. III. Suggest the most practical way to study the fiscal impact of public sector budgeting A public good is a good or service that can be consumed simultaneously by everyone and from which no one can be excluded, even if they do not pay for it themselves. It generally is paid for by a third party such as the government (taxes). Public goods pose a free-rider problem that occurs when those who benefit from a public good (such as public roads or hospitals), or services do not pay for them or under-pay. A private good is one for which those who do not pay for it can be excluded. Externalities are a consequence of a governmental activity that affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved. Externalities by nature often are environmental . Some examples of negative externalities include: Air pollution Water pollution Farm animal production Passive smoking. Traffic congestion Noise pollution Market failure is an inefficient allocation of resources . Government failure occurs when government intervention results in a more inefficient and wasteful allocation of resources. Budgetarily , governments can intervene (1) through taxes and through subsidies . Reply Prompt : Reply to two classmates’ threads taking the conversation deeper and expanding upon areas where you agree and disagree. Make sure that you support your assertions with scholarly and/or biblical references. Each reply must be 250 words, citations in APA format. .

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Week 5 Discussion 1 Types of Budgeting Discuss the differences between the rational budgeting and incremental budgeting models. What advantages and disadvantages can you identify relating to both models? What improvements, if any, would you make to either model? Discussion 2 Revenue Streams for Public Organizations As noted in the readings, taxes and user fees provide much of the revenue for public organizations that is necessary to fund public programs. Yet, despite these revenue streams, local, state, and federal governments consistently face budgetary shortfalls in attempting to fund public programs. What changes, if any, would you make to the way governments obtain revenue for public programs? Consider the following questions: would you make any changes to individual and corporate income tax rates, property taxes, or sales taxes? Would you increase or decrease user fees? Do you think that a flat tax might be a more appropriate way to generate revenue? Would a national sales tax (not to be confused with state sales taxes) be a sensible method to raise revenue? Cropf, R. (2008). American public administration: public service for the 21st century (1st ed.) New York, NY: Pearson Longman. .

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DQ #4 Explain the US Government Thrift Savings Plans. Solution The US Government Thrift Savings Plans is a defined-contribution plan designed to give federal employees the same retirement savings related benefits which will be equal to that of workers in the private sector enjoy with 401(k) plans. Contributions to these plans are automatically deducted from each paycheck of federal employees. The thrift savings plan offers six different funds (government security fund, fixed-income fund, common stock fund, small cap stock fund, international stock fund and a life cycle fund) in which federal employees can invest. Because the thrift savings plan is based on tax-deferred contributions, any contributions made into it will not be taxed until the money is withdrawn, which can be deferred until retirement. Other Benefits of these US Government Thrift Savings Plans includes 1) agency matching contributions 2) agency automatic contributions 3) catch up contributions and 4) low expense ratios. .

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1. Explain how the federal government promotes business, labor, and agriculture in the United States. Also, describe how the federal government uses its monetary policy as an economic management tool. 2. Discuss the various ways federal, state, and local governments attempt to promote education as equality of opportunity. What are the some positives and negatives you see in the involvement of government in the education system? 3. Discuss the differences that exist between social insurance programs and public assistance programs. What is your opinion regarding how far the government should go in providing assistance to those who need these programs? 4. H ow does the United States differ in providing economic security to its citizens from that of the European democracies? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying in-text citations. .

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Test the operation of the ports of your Development board as follows.docx

jonghollingberry

Terms [1] Describe the facts relating to the event/place/person/group [2] Describe the mythical version or mythical aspects of how the story was retold in later years [3] Tell when & why Americans (or a specific sub-group thereof) promoted the mythical version instead of the facts the "Massachusetts Revolution of 1774" vs. Battle of Lexington & Concord Paul Revere and his "Midnight Ride" Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen united States (popularly known as the "Declaration of Independence") "Molly Pitcher" The "coldest winter" at Valley Forge Dunmore’s & Clinton’s Proclamations vs. "patriot slaves" Great Siege of Gibraltar vs. Battle of Yorktown ----------------------------------------- Part 2 -- ESSAY QUESTION Describe briefly why the United States needed to replace the Articles of Confederation, then describe in detail how the Constitution (as amended with the Bill of Rights) successfully resolved the problems facing the new nation in the 1780s. *The essay one page lenght *The terms about a paragraph lenght .

Terms[1] Describe the facts relating to the eventplacepersongr.docx

jonghollingberry

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