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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. DC MOTORS
It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Its action is
based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force ,
whose direction is given by Fleming's left hand rule which in turn
produces torque for rotation.
4. STATOR
A stator is the static part of the DC machine that houses the field windings and receives the supply. A
rotor is the rotating part of the DC machine that brings about the mechanical rotations.
YOKE
The magnetic frame or the yoke of DC motor made up of cast iron or steel and forms an integral part of
the stator or the static part of the motor.
POLES
The magnetic poles of DC motor are structures fitted onto the inner wall of the yoke with screws.
FIELD WINDING
The field winding of DC motor are made with field coils (copper wire) wound over the slots of the pole
shoes in such a manner that when field current flows through it, then adjacent poles have opposite
polarity are produced. The field winding basically form an electromagnet, that produces field flux within
which the rotor armature of the DC motor rotates, and results in the effective flux cutting.
ARMATURE WINDING
The armature winding of DC motor is attached to the rotor, or the rotating part of the machine, and as a
result is subjected to altering magnetic field in the path of its rotation which directly results in magnetic
losses. The armature core are provided with slots made of the same material as the core to which the
armature winding made with several turns of copper wire distributed uniformly over the entire periphery
of the core.
5. COMMUTATOR
The armature core are provided with slots made of the same material as the core to which the
armature winding made with several turns of copper wire distributed uniformly over the entire
periphery of the core. It helps to develop a continuous and unidirectional torque.
BRUSHES
The brushes of DC motor are made with carbon or graphite structures, making sliding contact over
the rotating commutator. The brushes are used to relay the current from external circuit to the
rotating commutator form where it flows into the armature winding. So, the commutator and brush
unit of the DC motor is concerned with transmitting the power from the static electrical circuit to the
mechanically rotating region or the rotor.
6. WORKING
• When armature windings are connected to a DC supply, an
electric current sets up in the winding. Magnetic field may be
provided by field winding (electromagnetism) or by
using permanent magnets. In this case, current carrying
armature conductors experience a force due to the magnetic
field, according to the principle stated above.
• Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional
torque. Otherwise, the direction of force would have reversed
every time when the direction of movement of conductor is
reversed in the magnetic field.
7. DISADVANTAGES OF BRUSHES
• Brush DC motors are inexpensive and reliable and have a high ratio
of torque to inertia. Because they need few or no external
components, they are also suitable for operation under rugged
conditions.
On the downside, the brushes wear down over time and produce
dust; brush motors require periodic maintenance for brush cleaning
or replacement. Other disadvantages include poor heat dissipation
due to limitations of the rotor, high rotor inertia, low maximum
speed, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by brush
arcing.
8. BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
• Brushless dc motors (BLDC) motors don’t use carbon brushes
or a mechanical commutator. Forcing the rotor to rotate is done
by successively energizing coils around the stator, and
commutation is performed via a complex electronic controller
used in conjunction with a rotor position sensor
• In contrast to the brush DC motor, the permanent magnet is
mounted on the rotor; the stator is made of slotted, laminated
steel and contains the coil windings.
9. CONSTRUCTION
• In this motor, the permanent magnets attach to the rotor. The current-
carrying conductors or armature windings are located on the stator. They
use electrical commutation to convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
• The main design difference between a brushed and brushless motors is the
replacement of mechanical commutator with an electric switch circuit. A
BLDC Motor is a type of synchronous motor in the sense that the magnetic
field generated by the stator and the rotor revolve at the same frequency.
10. WORKING
• BLDC motor works on the principle similar to that of a Brushed DC motor. The Lorentz force law
which states that whenever a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field it experiences a
force. As a consequence of reaction force, the magnet will experience an equal and opposite force.
In the BLDC motor, the current carrying conductor is stationary and the permanent magnet is
moving. When the stator coils get a supply from source, it becomes electromagnet and starts
producing the uniform field in the air gap. Though the source of supply is DC, switching makes to
generate an AC voltage waveform with trapezoidal shape. Due to the force of interaction between
electromagnet stator and permanent magnet rotor, the rotor continues to rotate.
• With the switching of windings as High and Low signals, corresponding winding energized as
North and South poles. The permanent magnet rotor with North and South poles align with stator
poles which causes the motor to rotate.
11. BLDC MOTOR CONTROLLER
• BLDC motor controllers differ according to the method they use to detect the
rotor’s position. we can make the measurements with the help of position
sensors or using a sensorless technique.
• Hall-effect sensors
• rotary encoders
• variable reluctance sensors
• Resolvers
• optical sensors
12.
13. ADVANTAGES
• Brushless motors are more efficient as its velocity is determined by the
frequency at which current is supplied, not the voltage.
• As brushes are absent, the mechanical energy loss due to friction is less
which enhanced efficiency.
• BLDC motor can operate at high-speed under any condition.
• There is no sparking and much less noise during operation.
• More electromagnets could be used on the stator for more precise control.
14. ADVANTAGES
• BLDC motors do not have brushes which make it more reliable, high life
expectancies, and maintenance free operation.
• There is no ionizing sparks from the commutator, and electromagnetic
interference is also get reduced.
• Such motors cooled by conduction and no air flow are required for inside
cooling.
• BLDC motors accelerate and decelerate easily as they are having low rotor
inertia.
15. DISADVANTAGES
• BLDC motor cost more than a brushed DC motor.
• The limited high power could be supplied to BLDC motor, otherwise,
too much heat weakens the magnets and the insulation of winding
may get damaged.
16. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRUSHED DC MOTOR AND
BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
BRUSHED DC MOTOR
• It uses brushes to deliver current to
the motor windings through
mechanical commutation.
• Lower speed compared to BLDC.
• Control is simple
• Arcs in the brushes generate noise
BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
• It uses Electrical commutation to
deliver the current.
• Highspeed because of the absence
of brushes and commutator
• Control is complex and expensive.
• Low electrical noise
17. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRUSHED DC MOTOR
AND BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
BRUSHED DC MOTOR
• Periodic maintenance required.
• Moderate efficiency
• Short life
• No controller is required
• Armature winding is on rotor; Fixed
magnets are placed on either side of the
rotating electromagnet
BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
• Less required in absence of brushes
• High efficiency
• Long life
• Controller is always required to keep
motor running
• Armature winding is on stator and fixed
magnets are on rotor
18. APPLICATIONS
• Brushless DC motors (BLDC) use for a wide variety of application
requirements such as varying loads, constant loads and positioning
applications in the fields of industrial control, automotive, aviation,
automation systems, health care equipments etc.
• Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and electric bicycles
• Industrial robots, CNC machine tools, and simple belt driven systems
• Washing machines, compressors and dryers
• Fans, pumps and blowers.