The document analyzes the materials and design of a modular car scissor jack. It discusses the stresses experienced by different jack components and evaluates material candidates using merit indices and Ashby plots. Silicon carbide, GFRP, and alumina were ranked highest for the jack arms. Titanium alloy and magnesium alloy were best for the plates. Carbon steel was selected for the screw and pins based on its strength and cost advantages over alternatives like titanium and aluminum alloys. Finite element analysis found a safety factor of 45 for a 1000 N load using GFRP arms.
A scissor lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically. The mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a criss-cross "X" pattern, known as a pantograph (or scissor mechanism)
The goal of this study is to apply the knowledge obtained from studying in the university and solve the substantial task of creating a design of a hydraulic cylinder in a scissors lifting platform.
To verify the validity of the theory, the practice work was accomplished. The selection of the material.
calculations of the loads and stresses were performed and explained. As the result of the work the 3D & 2D models of the hydraulic cylinder was created using Autodesk inventor.
Team members:
Ahmed Kamal Shalaby
Ahmed Gaber Ahmed
Esraa Mahmoud Saleh
Alaa Refaay Garib
A scissor lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically. The mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a criss-cross "X" pattern, known as a pantograph (or scissor mechanism)
The goal of this study is to apply the knowledge obtained from studying in the university and solve the substantial task of creating a design of a hydraulic cylinder in a scissors lifting platform.
To verify the validity of the theory, the practice work was accomplished. The selection of the material.
calculations of the loads and stresses were performed and explained. As the result of the work the 3D & 2D models of the hydraulic cylinder was created using Autodesk inventor.
Team members:
Ahmed Kamal Shalaby
Ahmed Gaber Ahmed
Esraa Mahmoud Saleh
Alaa Refaay Garib
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
Design and Analysis of Connecting Rod of Diesel Engineijtsrd
The main objective of this study is to review the weight optimization and cost reduction of a connecting rod in a Diesel engine. To get the idea about designing the connecting rod, various stresses to be considered while designing the connecting rod .This has entailed performing a detailed load analysis. The most important factors that are concentrated are stress distribution and deflections. In this project the connecting rod is designed with respect to all the available constraints using advanced cad software CATIA. Later the product file is converted to .stp file format standard exchange of product file and imported to ANSYS workbench to find deformation and analytic valve with respect to the model or product definitions. A. Vijay Kumar | K. Mihir | M. Mrudul | P. Pavan Kumar ""Design and Analysis of Connecting Rod of Diesel Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23182.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23182/design-and-analysis-of-connecting-rod-of-diesel-engine/a-vijay-kumar
Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and PhotoelasticityIOSR Journals
Abstract: The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle
that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of
functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress
induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are
produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of
reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the
centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and
the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using
Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results
obtained in FEA is done experimentally by the method of Photo elasticity(Optical Method). The method of
Photoelasticity includes the casting of Photoelastic sheet using Resin AY103 and Hardner HY951, preparation
of the model from Photoelastic sheet calibration of the sheet to determine material fringe value.
Keywords - Big End fillet section ,Connecting Rod, Compressive Stresses , Failure of Connecting Rod, FEA,
Photoelasticity, Small End fillet section, Tensile Stresses.
Connecting Rods are practically generally used in all varieties of automobile engines. Acting as an
intermediate link between the piston and the crankshaft of an engine. It is responsible for transmission of the up
and down motion of the piston to the crankshaft of the engine, by converting the reciprocating motion of the
piston to the rotary motion of crankshaft. Thus, this study aims to carry out for the load, strain and stress analysis
of the crank end of the connecting rod of different materials. Based on which the High Strength Carbon Fiber
connecting rod will be compared with connecting rod made up of Stainless Steel and Aluminum Alloy. The
results can be used for optimization for weight reduction and for design modification of the connecting rod. Pro-E
software is used for modeling and analyses are carried out in ANSYS software. The results archived can also help
us identify the spot or section where chances of failure are high due to stress induced. Also the results obtained
can be used to modify the existing designs so that better performance and longer life cycle can be archived.
Keywords —Connecting Rod, Pro-E, FEA, ANSYS Workbench, Crank, Crankshaft, Piston, Carbon Fiber,
Stainless Steel, Aluminum Alloy.
Design and Analysis of Flange CouplingIJERA Editor
The approach utilizes standard design equations of these couplings and links them together in computer software to determine the design parameters of the couplings. In general, most flange coupling is available in transformation system and automobile industries. A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two cast iron flanges. To achieve a require goal, a design of bolted unprotected flange coupling is modeled in to a cad package named Solid works. Furthered the finite element analysis module is created in ANSYS Workbench by using ANSYS Static Structural module which has a predefined process to obtain optimum results.
DESIGN OF FIXTURE OF CONNECTING ROD FOR BORING OPERATIONijsrd.com
Connecting rod is very important part of engine. It should be accurately machined with the acceptable tolerance. Also the fluctuations of dimensions in work-piece to work piece should be minimum so that it will be easier to assemble in engine. But it has been observed that the required dimensions for the bolt diameter and smaller end diameter for the connecting rod are not continuously achievable by using the existing fixture. The diameters required of the bolts and the smaller end of the said connecting rod are 10±0.05 mm and 24±0.01 mm respectively The aim of this project is to design and development of a new fixture for machining (Boring) operation using designing software's i.e. Pro E and analysis using ANSYS ,which can eliminate the said problems. And the production rate will also increase up to 15% which is quite objective. So for that, a new hydraulic fixture is designed and observed that dimensional accuracy, increased production rate up to 15% and more output per day with boring operation. Which defines process is satisfactory enough and validates the project.
Design mini-project for TY mechanical studentsRavindra Shinde
In these project, we have designed a lifting table suitable to use in college . By adjusting the height of table any student can have proper sitting posture and position. It is also helpful for programmers/coders who have to seat for a long time, by having such a table they can do coding in a standing position too.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
Design and Analysis of Connecting Rod of Diesel Engineijtsrd
The main objective of this study is to review the weight optimization and cost reduction of a connecting rod in a Diesel engine. To get the idea about designing the connecting rod, various stresses to be considered while designing the connecting rod .This has entailed performing a detailed load analysis. The most important factors that are concentrated are stress distribution and deflections. In this project the connecting rod is designed with respect to all the available constraints using advanced cad software CATIA. Later the product file is converted to .stp file format standard exchange of product file and imported to ANSYS workbench to find deformation and analytic valve with respect to the model or product definitions. A. Vijay Kumar | K. Mihir | M. Mrudul | P. Pavan Kumar ""Design and Analysis of Connecting Rod of Diesel Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23182.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23182/design-and-analysis-of-connecting-rod-of-diesel-engine/a-vijay-kumar
Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and PhotoelasticityIOSR Journals
Abstract: The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production critical component. Every vehicle
that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod .From the viewpoint of
functionality, connecting rods must have the highest possible rigidity at the lowest weight. The major stress
induced in the connecting rod is a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are
produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of
reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the
centrifugal effects. The result of which is, the maximum stresses are developed at the fillet section of the big and
the small end.Hence, the paper deals with the stress analysis of connecting rod by Finite Element Method using
Pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS WORKBENCH 11.0 software. The comparison and verification of the results
obtained in FEA is done experimentally by the method of Photo elasticity(Optical Method). The method of
Photoelasticity includes the casting of Photoelastic sheet using Resin AY103 and Hardner HY951, preparation
of the model from Photoelastic sheet calibration of the sheet to determine material fringe value.
Keywords - Big End fillet section ,Connecting Rod, Compressive Stresses , Failure of Connecting Rod, FEA,
Photoelasticity, Small End fillet section, Tensile Stresses.
Connecting Rods are practically generally used in all varieties of automobile engines. Acting as an
intermediate link between the piston and the crankshaft of an engine. It is responsible for transmission of the up
and down motion of the piston to the crankshaft of the engine, by converting the reciprocating motion of the
piston to the rotary motion of crankshaft. Thus, this study aims to carry out for the load, strain and stress analysis
of the crank end of the connecting rod of different materials. Based on which the High Strength Carbon Fiber
connecting rod will be compared with connecting rod made up of Stainless Steel and Aluminum Alloy. The
results can be used for optimization for weight reduction and for design modification of the connecting rod. Pro-E
software is used for modeling and analyses are carried out in ANSYS software. The results archived can also help
us identify the spot or section where chances of failure are high due to stress induced. Also the results obtained
can be used to modify the existing designs so that better performance and longer life cycle can be archived.
Keywords —Connecting Rod, Pro-E, FEA, ANSYS Workbench, Crank, Crankshaft, Piston, Carbon Fiber,
Stainless Steel, Aluminum Alloy.
Design and Analysis of Flange CouplingIJERA Editor
The approach utilizes standard design equations of these couplings and links them together in computer software to determine the design parameters of the couplings. In general, most flange coupling is available in transformation system and automobile industries. A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two cast iron flanges. To achieve a require goal, a design of bolted unprotected flange coupling is modeled in to a cad package named Solid works. Furthered the finite element analysis module is created in ANSYS Workbench by using ANSYS Static Structural module which has a predefined process to obtain optimum results.
DESIGN OF FIXTURE OF CONNECTING ROD FOR BORING OPERATIONijsrd.com
Connecting rod is very important part of engine. It should be accurately machined with the acceptable tolerance. Also the fluctuations of dimensions in work-piece to work piece should be minimum so that it will be easier to assemble in engine. But it has been observed that the required dimensions for the bolt diameter and smaller end diameter for the connecting rod are not continuously achievable by using the existing fixture. The diameters required of the bolts and the smaller end of the said connecting rod are 10±0.05 mm and 24±0.01 mm respectively The aim of this project is to design and development of a new fixture for machining (Boring) operation using designing software's i.e. Pro E and analysis using ANSYS ,which can eliminate the said problems. And the production rate will also increase up to 15% which is quite objective. So for that, a new hydraulic fixture is designed and observed that dimensional accuracy, increased production rate up to 15% and more output per day with boring operation. Which defines process is satisfactory enough and validates the project.
Design mini-project for TY mechanical studentsRavindra Shinde
In these project, we have designed a lifting table suitable to use in college . By adjusting the height of table any student can have proper sitting posture and position. It is also helpful for programmers/coders who have to seat for a long time, by having such a table they can do coding in a standing position too.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
This presentation aims to design and analysis of the structure of Hyperloop chassis, which was designed for Hyperloop Pod Building Competition organized by SpaceX 2019.
Design and analysis of knuckle and hub of FSAE race carSangram Pisat
Knuckle and hub assembly popularly known as upright assembly is one of the most important part of automobile. Upright assembly of Formula student race car is completely different from normal vehicle.
This presentation gives you the information from research to the manufacturing of upright assembly of FSAE race car. It gives information of Knuckle and hub assembly of Team MH-08 racing, 1st formula student racing team in whole Konkan region which has been participating in Formula Student India from last three years. Team MH-08 racing represents Rajendra Mane college of Engineering and Technology, Ambav, Ratnagiri.
ABSTRACT: The roll cage is used as a structural base for all terrain vehicles and it also protects the occupant in case of impact and roll-over accidents so determining the strength and impact withstanding capacity of the roll Cage plays important role for the design and it is also a supporting structure for the engine. Most of the forces are taken up by the roll cage.This paper aims at Finite Element analysis of roll cage. Stress analysis carried out using Ansys workbench and it includes torsional analysis .modal analysis for the maximum operating speed of the vehicle.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
TAMU MEEN 475 Group D Presentation F2017
1. Modular Car Scissor Jack Analysis
MEEN 475 - 501, Group D
December 4, 2017
Brendan Cooper | Anissa Kneese | Natalie Pardivala | Miguel Rico | Ian Legg
3. Scissor Jack Mechanics
• Car jacks carry ⅓ - ¼ of the
total weight of a vehicle
– Depends on the point of lift
• Weight acts on the top plate
– distributed load, bending stress
• Pins transfer load to arms
– shear stress, 2 points/pin
• Arms transfer load to screw
– compressive and bending stress
• Screw
– tensile stress
4. Merit Indices and Ashby Plots
Arms Merit Indices: E/ρ, E1/3/ρ
Derivation:
S=F/𝛅=3EI/L3, m=bhL⍴
I=bh3/12, 𝛅=12FL3/3Ebh3
b=12FL3/3Eh3 𝛅
m=12FL4⍴/3𝛅h2E
M=E/⍴
Screw: σy/ρ, Pins: 𝜏y/ρ, Plates: σy
1/2/ρ
Function Support load from plates, transfer load to screw
Constraints Must have a length of 8 in
Must have a thickness of 0.13 in
Must have a height of 3.5 in for the top plate, and 1 in for the
side plates.
Objective Maximize stiffness
Minimize buckling
Minimize mass
Free Variables Material choice
5. Scissor Jack Arm Material Properties
Material Density (g/cc) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Strength (MPa)
GFRP S Glass 2.53 89 4600
CFRP (std CF) 1.60 70 600
SiC 3.16 415 250
Alumina (Al-95) 3.65 303 137
Al 6061- T6 2.70 68.9 276
MT-17C W Alloy 17 275 517
A36 Carbon Steel 7.85 200 250
Material Families Identified:
1. GFRP
2. CFRP
3. SiC
4. Alumina - Al2O3
5. Aluminum Alloy
6. Tungsten Alloy
7. Steel
6. Results from AHP Method and FEA
Rank Arm Material
1 Silicon Carbide
2 GFRP S Glass
3 Alumina Al-95
4 MT-17C W Alloy
5 A36 Carbon Steel
6 CFRP (Std CF)
7 Al 6061-T6
Property Importance:
Elastic Modulus - 2
Density - 3
Yield Strength - 4
Cost - 5
(Eliminate ceramics for possible ultimate
failure that could result in safety issues)
FEA with GFRP S Glass:
Overall Factor of Safety: 45
1000 N bearing load applied on each top hole
Materials Chosen for all Parts:
Pins: 1080 High Carbon Steel
Screw: 1080 High Carbon Steel
Plates: Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-4V
Weight/Unit: 9.31 lbs, Material Cost/Unit: $62.80
7. References
1. Merit Indices. Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Accessed 3 Dec.
2017.http://mech.vub.ac.be/teaching/info/Ontwerpmethodologie/Appendix
%20les%203%20Material%20indicespdf.
2. Nucor Fastener Division. Shear Strength: Technical Data Sheet. Dec.
3,2017.https://www.nucor-
fastener.com/Files/PDFs/TechDataSheets/TDS_013_Shear_Strength.pdf
3. S, Choudhary, et al. “Development of Motorized Car Jack.” OMICS
International, OMICS International, 22 May 2016,
www.omicsonline.org/open-access/development-of-motorized-car-jack-
2168-9873-1000216.php?aid=76286&view=mobile.
10. Merit Indices and Ashby Plots
Pin Merit Index: 𝜏y/ρ
Function Connect the jack arms to the top and
base plates
Allow rotation of the jack arms
Constraints Must have a diameter of 0.5 in
Must have a length of 4.5 in
Objective Maximize strength
Minimize mass
Free
Variables
Material choice
11. Merit Indices and Ashby Plots
Plate Merit Index: σy
1/2/ρ
Function Control position of scissor jack
assembly, provide tensile strength
Constraints Must be threaded
Must be long enough to attach both
hinges of the jack
Must have a radius of 1 in
Must have a thread pitch of .15 in
Must have 7 threads per inch
Objective Maximize tensile strength
Minimize mass
Free Variables Material choice
12. Merit Indices and Ashby Plots
Screw Merit Index: σy/ρ
Function Control position of scissor jack
assembly, provide tensile strength
Constraints Must be threaded
Must be long enough to attach both
hinges of the jack
Must have a radius of 1 in
Must have a thread pitch of .15 in
Must have 7 threads per inch
Objective Maximize tensile strength
Minimize mass
Free
Variables
Material choice
13. Scissor Jack Pin Material Properties
Material Density (g/cc) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Shear Strength (MPa)
Carbon Fiber Composite 1.77 35.9 260
Ti 6Al-4V 4.43 113.8 550
Al 6061-T6 2.70 68.9 207
1080 Steel 7.85 205 520
4130 Steel 7.85 205 400
1010 Steel 7.87 200 230
Ni Alloy 8.43 207 450
Mg AZ63 1.83 50 160
14. Scissor Jack Plate Material Properties
Material Density (g/cc) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Strength (MPa)
AZ91D Magnesium Alloy 1.81 46 160
Al 6061-T6 2.70 68.9 276
Ti 6Al-4V 4.43 110 900
A36 Carbon Steel 7.88 200 250
600 Nickel Alloy 8.47 207 255
Zamak 3 Zinc Alloy 6.60 130 221
Tungsten Carbide 15.6 630 300
15. Scissor Jack Screw Material Properties
Material Density (g/cc) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Tensile Strength (MPa)
Carbon Fiber Composite 1.77 35.9 103
Ti 6Al-4V 4.43 113.8 620
Al 6061-T6 2.70 68.9 276
1080 Steel 7.85 205 585
4130 Steel 7.85 205 435
1010 Steel 7.87 200 365
Ni Alloy 600 8.43 207 552
Mg AZ63 1.83 50 97
16. Results from AHP Method
Rank Arm Material
1 Silicon Carbide
2 GFRP S Glass
3 Alumina Al-95
4 MT-17C W Alloy
5 A36 Carbon Steel
Rank Plates Material
1 Ti 6Al-4V
2 AZ91D Mg Alloy
3 6061-T6 Al
4 A36 Steel
5 ---
Rank Screw Material
1 1080 Carbon Steel
2 Ti 6Al-4V
3 Ni Alloy 600
4 6061-T6 Al
5 ---
Rank Pins Material
1 1080 Carbon Steel
2 Carbon Fiber
3 Ti 6Al-4V
4 Mg AZ63
5 ---
